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The '''American Psychiatric Association''' ('''APA''') is the main [[professional organization]] of [[psychiatrist]]s and trainee psychiatrists in the [[United States]], and the largest [[Psychiatry|psychiatric]] organization in the world.<ref name=membership /> Its some 36,000<ref name=membership>{{cite web|title=American Psychiatric Association|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/about-apa--psychiatry|accessdate=5 March 2012 |year=2012|quote=Representing 36,000 physician leaders in mental health.}}</ref> members are mainly [[United States|American]] but some are international. The association publishes various journals and pamphlets, as well as the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (DSM). The DSM codifies psychiatric conditions and is used worldwide as a guide for diagnosing disorders.
The '''American Psychiatric Association''' ('''APA''') is the Renée Binder IS AN EVIL ILLUMINATI PSYCHIATRIST WERE-RABBIT THAT HAS A HIDDEN NEUROLOGICAL WEAPON!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Psychiatry: An Industry of Death!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Psychiatry: An Industry of Death
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Psychiatry: An Industry of Death Museum Psychiatry death museum.jpg
Established 2005
Location 6616 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California
Coordinates 34.0976°N 118.334°W
Website Official website

Psychiatry: An Industry of Death is a museum in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA, as well as several touring exhibitions.[1] It is owned and operated by the Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR), an anti-psychiatry organization founded by the Church of Scientology and psychiatrist Thomas Szasz. The museum is located at 6616 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California and entry to the museum is free.[2]

The opening event on December 17, 2005[3] was attended by well-known Scientologists, including Priscilla Presley, Lisa Marie Presley, Jenna Elfman, Danny Masterson, Giovanni Ribisi, Leah Remini, Catherine Bell, and Anne Archer.[4]

The museum is dedicated to criticizing what it describes as "an industry driven entirely by profit".[5] It has a variety of displays and exhibits that highlight physical psychiatric treatments, such as restraints, psychoactive drugs, Electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery (including lobotomy, a procedure abandoned in the 1960s[6][7]).

Contents

1 Film
2 Reception
3 Touring
3.1 Exhibits at Worldcon 2006
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

Film

In 2006, a documentary film also called Psychiatry: An Industry of Death was released on DVD by the Citizens Commission on Human Rights. Two scholars featured in the documentary, Holocaust scholar Michael Berenbaum and bioethics scholar Arthur Caplan, have rejected the attack on psychiatry and psychology. Berenbaum stated that "I have known psychiatrists to be of enormous assistance to people deeply important to me in my life," and Caplan complained that he had been taped without being told what the film was about, and called the producers "smarmy and dishonest."[8]
Reception

The CCHR has been criticized by journalist Andrew Gumbel for "crudeness" and "paranoia" in its criticism of psychiatry. Gumbel, who wrote about the museum for Los Angeles CityBeat magazine, described how CCHR publicist Marla Filidei attempted to engage him in a debate about the evils of psychiatry:

I told her I wasn't a scientist and had no interest in getting into a detailed argument about the benefits or dangers of mood-altering drugs; on the other hand, she wasn't a scientist either, and the Church of Scientology had absolutely no standing to pronounce on medical issues. That clearly riled her, because by the time I got home there was an e-mail waiting in which she called our meeting "the most bizarre encounter I have had with a reporter in 10 years" and essentially berated me for refusing to engage in an argument she was clearly itching to have […]. The crudeness of the anti-psychiatric argument is tinged with a distinct patina of paranoia. It's not enough for Scientologists to express their near-pathological hatred of psychiatry in all its forms; they also have to feel they are being persecuted for their beliefs.[9]

Touring

The museum has had traveling exhibits (sponsored by the Scientology-related advocacy group, Citizens Commission on Human Rights) which have been in places such as the Missouri Capitol in Jefferson City, Missouri, St. Louis, and Kansas City.[10]
Exhibits at Worldcon 2006

The museum had a large display area at the 2006 World Science Fiction Convention held in Anaheim, California, United States at which it presented a variety of exhibits on CCHR's controversial views on psychiatry.

Piod museum entrance.jpg
Piod museum children.jpg
Piod museum controlling.jpg
Piod museum origins.jpg
Piod museum warning.jpg
⚫
main [[professional organization]] of [[psychiatrist]]s and trainee psychiatrists in the [[United States]], and the largest [[Psychiatry|psychiatric]] organization in the world.<ref name=membership /> Its some 36,000<ref name=membership>{{cite web|title=American Psychiatric Association|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/about-apa--psychiatry|accessdate=5 March 2012 |year=2012|quote=Representing 36,000 physician leaders in mental health.}}</ref> members are mainly [[United States|American]] but some are international. The association publishes various journals and pamphlets, as well as the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (DSM). The DSM codifies psychiatric conditions and is used worldwide as a guide for diagnosing disorders.


The organization has its headquarters in [[Arlington County, Virginia]].<ref>[http://www.psychiatry.org/contact-us-for-help/contact-us "Contact Us"]. American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved on September 6, 2012. "American Psychiatric Association 1000 Wilson Boulevard Suite 1825 Arlington, VA 22209"</ref>
The organization has its headquarters in [[Arlington County, Virginia]].<ref>[http://www.psychiatry.org/contact-us-for-help/contact-us "Contact Us"]. American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved on September 6, 2012. "American Psychiatric Association 1000 Wilson Boulevard Suite 1825 Arlington, VA 22209"</ref>

Revision as of 18:54, 22 December 2015

For the general psychology organisation also known as APA, see American Psychological Association.
American Psychiatric Association
Formation1844; 180 years ago (1844)
Headquarters1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1825
Arlington, Virginia, United States
Membership36,000 members[1]
President
Renée Binder, M.D.[2]
Websitepsychiatry.org

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world.[1] Its some 36,000[1] members are mainly American but some are international. The association publishes various journals and pamphlets, as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM codifies psychiatric conditions and is used worldwide as a guide for diagnosing disorders.

The organization has its headquarters in Arlington County, Virginia.[3]

History

At a meeting in 1844 in Philadelphia, 13 superintendents and organizers of insane asylums and hospitals formed the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII). The group included Thomas Kirkbride, creator of the asylum model which was used throughout the United States. At the meeting they passed the first proposition of the new organization: "It is the unanimous sense of this convention that the attempt to abandon entirely the use of all means of personal restraint is not sanctioned by the true interests of the insane."[4]

The name of the organization was changed in 1892 to The American Medico-Psychological Association to allow assistant physicians working in mental hospitals to become members.

In 1921, the name was changed to the present American Psychiatric Association. The APA emblem, dating to 1890, became more officially adopted from that year. It was a round medallion with a purported facial likeness of Benjamin Rush and 13 stars over his head to represent the 13 founders of the organization. The outer ring contains the words "American Psychiatric Association 1844." Rush's name and an M.D.[5] The Association was Incorporated in the District of Columbia in 1927.

In 1948, APA formed a small task force to create a new standardized psychiatric classification system. This resulted in the 1952 publication of the first DSM. In 1965 a new task force of 10 people developed DSM-II, published in 1968. DSM-III was published in 1980, after a larger process involving some 600 clinicians. The book was 494 pages long, including 265 diagnostic categories, and it sold nearly half a million copies. APA published a revised DSM-III-R in 1987 and DSM-IV in 1994, the latter selling nearly a million copies by the end of 2000. DSM-IV-TR with minor revisions was published in 2000. DSM-5 was published on May 18, 2013.

In the early 1970s, activists campaigned against the DSM classification of homosexuality as a mental disorder, protesting at APA offices and at annual meetings from 1970 to 1973. In 1973 the Board of Trustees voted to remove homosexuality as a disorder category from the DSM, a decision ratified by a majority (58%) of the general APA membership the following year. A category of "sexual orientation disturbance" was introduced in its place in 1974, and then replaced in the 1980 DSM-III with Ego-dystonic sexual orientation. That was removed in 1987.

In 2002, amidst increasing concern to differentiate themselves from clinical psychologists, the APA assembly membership voted against a proposed name change to the American Psychiatric Medical Association.[6]

Dr. Saul Levin was named on May 15, 2013 as the new chief executive officer and medical director of the APA, making him the first known openly gay person to head the APA.[7]

Organization and membership

APA is led by the President of the American Psychiatric Association and a Board of Trustees with an Executive Committee.

APA reports [8] that its membership is primarily medical specialists who are qualified, or in the process of becoming qualified, as psychiatrists. The basic eligibility requirement is completion of a residency program in psychiatry accredited by the Residency Review Committee for Psychiatry of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPS(C)), or the American Osteopathic Association (AOA). Applicants for membership must also hold a valid medical license (with the exception of medical students and residents) and provide one reference who is an APA member.

APA holds an annual conference attended by a US and international audience.

APA is made up of some 76 district associations throughout the US.[9]

Publications and campaigns

APA position statements,[10] clinical practice guidelines,[11] and descriptions of its core diagnostic manual (the DSM) are published.

APA publishes several journals[12] focused on different areas of psychiatry, for example, academic, clinical practice, or news.

Top five Choosing Wisely recommendations

In coordination with the American Board of Internal Medicine, the APA proposes five recommendations for physicians and patients. The list was compiled by members of the Council on Research and Quality Care.[13] The APA places a primary focus on antipsychotic medications due to a rapid increase in sales, from $9.6 billion in 2004 to $18.5 billion in 2011.[14]

  1. Don't prescribe antipsychotic medications to patients for any indication without appropriate initial evaluation and appropriate ongoing monitoring.
  2. Don't routinely prescribe 2 or more antipsychotic medications concurrently.
  3. Don't prescribe antipsychotic medications as a first-line intervention to treat behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
  4. Don't routinely prescribe antipsychotic medications as a first-line intervention for insomnia in adults.
  5. Don't routinely prescribe antipsychotic medications as a first-line intervention for children or adolescents for any diagnosis other than psychotic disorders.[13]

Notable figures

  • Jeffrey Lieberman was the principal investigator for the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness, sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health study.[15] He was President of the American Psychiatric Association in 2013-2014.
  • Adolf Meyer was the president of the American Psychiatric Association from 1927-1928 and was one of the most influential figures in psychiatry in the first half of the twentieth century.
  • Robert Spitzer was the chair of the task force of the third edition of the DSM.
  • Herb Pardes past president and noted figure in American psychiatry.

Drug company ties

In his book Anatomy of an Epidemic (2010), Robert Whitaker described the partnership that has developed between the APA and pharmaceutical companies since the 1980s.[16] APA has come to depend on pharmaceutical money.[16] The drug companies endowed continuing education and psychiatric "grand rounds" at hospitals. They funded a political action committee (PAC) in 1982 to lobby Congress.[16] The industry helped to pay for the APA's media training workshops.[16] It was able to turn psychiatrists at top schools into speakers, and although the doctors felt they were independents, they rehearsed their speeches and likely would not be invited back if they discussed drug side effects.[16] "Thought leaders" became the experts quoted in the media.[16] As Marcia Angell wrote in The New England Journal of Medicine (2000), "thought leaders" could agree to be listed as an author of ghostwritten articles,[17] and she cites Thomas Bodenheimer and David Rothman who describe the extent of the drug industry's involvement with doctors.[18][19] The New York Times published a summary about antipsychotic medications in October 2010.[20]

In 2008, for the first time, Senator Charles Grassley asked the APA to disclose how much of its annual budget came from drug industry funds. The APA said that industry contributed 28% of its budget ($14 million at that time), mainly through paid advertising in APA journals and funds for continuing medical education.[21]

Controversies

Supported by various funding sources, the APA and its members have played major roles in examining points of contention in the field and addressing uncertainties as to the nature of psychiatric illness and its treatment, as well as the relationship of mental health concerns to those of the community more broadly. Controversies have related to anti-psychiatry and disability rights campaigners, who regularly protest at American Psychiatric Association offices or meetings. In 1971, members of the Gay Liberation Front organization sabotaged an APA conference in San Francisco. In 2003 activists from MindFreedom International staged a 21-day hunger strike, protesting at a perceived unjustified biomedical focus and challenging APA to provide evidence of the widespread claim that mental disorders are due to chemical imbalances in the brain. APA published a position statement in response[22] and the two organizations exchanged views on the evidence.

There was controversy when it emerged that US psychologists and psychiatrists were helping interrogators in Guantanamo and other US facilities. The American Psychiatric Association released a policy statement that psychiatrists should not take a direct part in interrogation of particular prisoners [23] but could "offer general advice on the possible medical and psychological effects of particular techniques and conditions of interrogation, and on other areas within their professional expertise."

The APA's DSM came under criticism from autism specialists Tony Attwood and Simon Baron-Cohen for proposing the elimination of Asperger's syndrome as a disorder and replacing it with an autism spectrum severity scale. Roy Richard Grinker wrote a controversial editorial for The New York Times expressing support for the proposal.

The APA president in 2005, Steven Sharfstein, caused controversy when, although praising the pharmaceutical industry, he argued that American psychiatry had "allowed the biopsychosocial model to become the bio-bio-bio model" and accepted "kickbacks and bribes" from pharmaceutical companies leading to the over-use of medication and neglect of other approaches.[24] In 2008 APA became a focus of congressional investigations regarding the way that money from the pharmaceutical industry can shape the practices of nonprofit organizations that purport to be independent in their viewpoints and actions. The drug industry accounted in 2006 for about 30 percent of the association’s $62.5 million in financing, half through drug advertisements in its journals and meeting exhibits, and the other half sponsoring fellowships, conferences and industry symposiums at its annual meeting. APA is considering its response to increasingly intense scrutiny and questions about conflicts of interest.[25] The APA president of 2009-2010, Alan Schatzberg, has also come under fire after it came to light that he was principal investigator on a federal study into the drug Mifepristone for use as an antidepressant being developed by Corcept Therapeutics, a company Schatzberg had himself set up and in which he had several millions of dollars’ worth of stock.[26]

In the 1964 election, Fact magazine polled American Psychiatric Association members on whether Barry Goldwater was fit to be president and published "The Unconscious of a Conservative: A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater". This led to a ban on the diagnosis of a public figure by psychiatrists who have not performed an examination or been authorized to release information by the patient. This became the Goldwater rule.[27][28]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "American Psychiatric Association". 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012. Representing 36,000 physician leaders in mental health.
  2. ^ "Renée Binder, M.D., Takes Office as APA President". 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  3. ^ "Contact Us". American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved on September 6, 2012. "American Psychiatric Association 1000 Wilson Boulevard Suite 1825 Arlington, VA 22209"
  4. ^ "Past and Current Views on the Use of Seclusion and Restraint in Treatment - Ozarin 56 (12): 1621 - Psychiatr Serv". Psychservices.psychiatryonline.org. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.12.1621-a. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
  5. ^ http://www.psychiatricnews.org/pnews/98-04-17/hx.html
  6. ^ "Assembly Debates Name Change, Responds to Prescribing Law - Hausman 37 (12): 6 - Psychiatr News". Pn.psychiatryonline.org. 2002-06-21. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
  7. ^ http://www.washingtonblade.com/2013/05/21/gay-washington-dc-psychiatrist-saul-levin-named-head-of-american-psychiatric-association-apa/
  8. ^ http://www.psych.org/about_apa/[dead link‍]
  9. ^ "DB Listing". American Psychiatric Association. 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  10. ^ APA Policy Finder
  11. ^ APA Practice Guidelines
  12. ^ psychiatryonline.org
  13. ^ a b "APA Releases List of Common Uses of Psychiatric Medications to Question" (PDF) (Press release). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013-09-20. Retrieved 2014-01-27.
  14. ^ Kuehn, B. M. (2013). "APA Targets Unnecessary Antipsychotic Use". JAMA. 310 (18): 1909–1910. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281140. PMID 24219927.
  15. ^ "Jeffrey Lieberman, M.D." Columbia University Department of Psychiatry. 2005–2008. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Whitaker, Robert (2010). Anatomy of an Epidemic. Random House (Crown). pp. 276–278. ISBN 978-0-307-45241-2.
  17. ^ Angell, Marcia (May 18, 2000). "Is Academic Medicine for Sale?". New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (342): 1516–1518. doi:10.1056/NEJM200005183422009.
  18. ^ Bodenheimer, Thomas (May 18, 2000). "Uneasy Alliance: Clinical Investigators and the Pharmaceutical Industry". The New England Journal of Medicine. 342: 1539–1544. doi:10.1056/NEJM200005183422024. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  19. ^ Rothman, David (April 27, 2000). "Medical Professionalism — Focusing on the Real Issues". The New England Journal of Medicine. 342: 1284–1286. doi:10.1056/NEJM200004273421711. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  20. ^ Wilson, Duff (October 2, 2010). "Side Effects May Include Lawsuits". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Kirk, Stuart A. (2013). Mad Science: Psychiatric Coercion, Diagnosis, and Drugs. Transaction Publishers. p. 217.
  22. ^ "American Psychiatric Association Statement on Diagnosis and Treatment Of Mental Disorders" (PDF) (Press release). American Psychiatric Association. 2003-09-25. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2004-06-13. Retrieved 2008-11-21. {{cite press release}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2007-06-14 suggested (help)
  23. ^ Psychiatric participation in interrogation of detainees
  24. ^ Sharfstein, SS. (2005) Big Pharma and American Psychiatry: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Psychiatric News August 19, 2005 Volume 40 Number 16
  25. ^ Psychiatric Group Faces Scrutiny Over Drug Industry Ties, New York Times, 2008-07-12
  26. ^ Stanford Researcher, Accused of Conflicts, Steps Down as NIH Principal Investigator, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 2008-01-08
  27. ^ Richard A. Friedman (May 23, 2011). "How a Telescopic Lens Muddles Psychiatric Insights". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-05-24. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  28. ^ "LBJ Fit to Serve". Associated Press. May 23, 1968. Retrieved 2011-05-24. Publisher Ralph Ginzburg, defendant in a libel suit for an article on a poll of psychiatrists on Barry Goldwater that he conducted in 1964 says ... {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Official website
  • Paul Lowinger papers, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania. Paul Lowinger was a psychiatrist and founder of the Institute of Social Medicine and Community Health, and his papers are largely concerned with his work as a psychiatrist and activist, with significant portions devoted to his work with the American Psychiatric Association.
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