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==Use as an aerosol==
==Use as an aerosol==
The use of chlorofluorocarbons as aerosols in medicine, such as [[United States Pharmacopeia|USP]]-approved [[salbutamol]], has been phased out by the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]. A different propellant known as [[hydrofluoroalkane]], or HFA, which is not known to harm the environment, was chosen to replace it.<ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/mostread/s_493084.html 'Rescue' asthma inhaler replacements coming to Pa.]</ref>{{dead link|date=May 2016}}
The use of chlorofluorocarbons as aerosols in medicine, such as [[United States Pharmacopeia|USP]]-approved [[salbutamol]], has been phased out by the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]. A different propellant known as [[hydrofluoroalkane]], or HFA, which is not known to harm the environment, was chosen to replace it.<ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/mostread/s_493084.html 'Rescue' asthma inhaler replacements coming to Pa.] {{wayback|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/mostread/s_493084.html |date=20070216044756 }}</ref>


==Retrofitting==
==Retrofitting==

Revision as of 13:34, 27 May 2016

Dichlorodifluoromethane
Names
IUPAC name
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Other names
Carbon dichloride difluoride, Dichloro-difluoro-methane, Difluorodichloromethane, Freon 12, R-12, CFC-12, P-12, Propellant 12, Halon 122, Arcton 6, Arcton 12, E940, Fluorocarbon 12, Genetron 12, Refrigerant 12
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.813 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 200-893-9
E number E940 (glazing agents, ...)
KEGG
RTECS number
  • PA8200000
UNII
UN number 1028
  • InChI=1S/CCl2F2/c2-1(3,4)5 checkY
    Key: PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/CCl2F2/c2-1(3,4)5
    Key: PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYAX
  • ClC(Cl)(F)F
Properties
CCl2F2
Molar mass 120.91 g·mol−1
Appearance Colorless gas with ether-like odor
Odor ether-like at very high concentrations
Density 1.486 g/cm3 (−29.8 °C (−21.6 °F))
Melting point −157.7 °C (−251.9 °F; 115.5 K)
Boiling point −29.8 °C (−21.6 °F; 243.3 K)
0.286 g/l at 20 °C (68 °F)
Solubility in alcohol, ether, benzene, acetic acid Soluble
log P 2.16
Vapor pressure 568 kPa (20 °C (68 °F))
0.0025 mol kg−1 bar−1
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Damaging to Earth's protective ozone
Flash point Non-flammable [1]
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
760,000 ppm (mouse, 30 min)
800,000 ppm (rabbit, 30 min)
800,000 ppm (guinea pig, 30 min)
600,000 ppm (rat, 2 hr)[2]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 1000 ppm (4950 mg/m3)[1]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 1000 ppm (4950 mg/m3)[1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 15000 ppm[1]
Supplementary data page
Dichlorodifluoromethane (data page)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) is a colorless gas usually sold under the brand name Freon-12, and a chlorofluorocarbon halomethane (CFC) used as a refrigerant and aerosol spray propellant. Complying with the Montreal Protocol, its manufacture was universally banned in 1996 due to concerns about its damaging impact to the ozone layer.[4] Its only allowed usage is as fire retardant in submarines and aircraft. It is soluble in many organic solvents. Dichlorodifluoromethane was one of the original propellants for Silly String. R-12 cylinders are colored white.

Preparation

It can be prepared by reacting carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalytic amount of antimony pentachloride:

CCl4 + 2HF → CCl2F2 + 2HCl

This reaction can also produce trichlorofluoromethane (CCl3F), chlorotrifluoromethane (CClF3) and tetrafluoromethane (CF4).[5]

History

Charles (Boss) Kettering, vice president of General Motors Research Corporation, was seeking a refrigerant replacement that would be colorless, odorless, tasteless, nontoxic, and nonflammable. He assembled a team that included Thomas Midgley, Jr., Albert Leon Henne and Robert McNary. From 1930 to 1935 they developed dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2 or R12), trichlorofluoromethane (CCl3F or R11), chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2 or R22), trichlorotrifluoroethane (CCl2FCClF2 or R113), and dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CClF2CClF2 or R114), through Kinetic Chemicals which was a joint venture between DuPont and General Motors.[6]

Use as an aerosol

The use of chlorofluorocarbons as aerosols in medicine, such as USP-approved salbutamol, has been phased out by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. A different propellant known as hydrofluoroalkane, or HFA, which is not known to harm the environment, was chosen to replace it.[7]

Retrofitting

R-12 was used in most refrigeration and vehicle air conditioning applications prior to 1994 before being replaced by 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), which has an insignificant ozone depletion potential. 1992–1994 was the time period in which automobile manufacturers started using R-134a instead of R-12. When older units leak or require repair involving removal of the refrigerant, retrofitment to a refrigerant other than R-12 (most commonly R-134a) is required in some jurisdictions (such as Canada), but not in others (such as the USA). Retrofitment requires system flush and a new filter/dryer or accumulator, and may also involve the installation of new seals and/or hoses made of materials compatible with the refrigerant being installed. Mineral oil used with R-12 is not compatible with R-134a. Some oils designed for conversion to R-134a are advertised as compatible with residual R-12 mineral oil.

  • Time-series of atmospheric concentrations of CFC-12 (Walker et al., 2000)
    Time-series of atmospheric concentrations of CFC-12 (Walker et al., 2000)
  • 1990s sea surface CFC-12 concentration
    1990s sea surface CFC-12 concentration
  • 1990s CFC-12 oceanic vertical inventory
    1990s CFC-12 oceanic vertical inventory
  • CFC-12, CFC-11, H-1211 and SF6 vertical profiles
    CFC-12, CFC-11, H-1211 and SF6 vertical profiles

References

  1. ^ a b c d NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0192". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  2. ^ "Dichlorodifluoromethane". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  3. ^ a b "Dichlorodifluoromethane MSDS" (PDF). Synquest Labs.
  4. ^ Dichlorodifluoromethane at LearnChemistry (Royal Society of Chemistry)
  5. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  6. ^ Plunkett, Roy J. (1986). High Performance Polymers: Their Origin and Development. Elsevier Science Publishing Co. , Inc. pp. 261–262. ISBN 978-94-011-7073-4.
  7. ^ 'Rescue' asthma inhaler replacements coming to Pa. Archived 2007-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
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