Environmental terrorism: Difference between revisions
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== Definition == |
== Definition == |
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There are academic and semantic difficulties in defining "terrorism" and specifically "environmental terrorism", but discussions of environmental [[terrorism]] are growing with a focus on identifying possible risks to [[natural resources]] or environmental features. Some,<ref>{{cite web |
There are academic and semantic difficulties in defining "terrorism" and specifically "environmental terrorism", but discussions of environmental [[terrorism]] are growing with a focus on identifying possible risks to [[natural resources]] or environmental features. Some,<ref>{{cite web |
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|title=A New Vigilance: Identifying and Reducing the Risks of Environmental Terrorism |
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|publisher=[[Pacific Institute]] |
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|date=September 2001 |
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|url=http://www.pacinst.org/reports/environment_and_terrorism/environmental_terrorism_final.pdf |
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|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713022700/http://www.pacinst.org/reports/environment_and_terrorism/environmental_terrorism_final.pdf |
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including in the military |
including in the military |
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<ref>{{cite web |
<ref>{{cite web |
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|last1=Butts |
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|last2=Turner |
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|first2=C. W. |
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|last3=Jasparr |
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|first3=C. |
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|title=Environmental Security Cooperation |
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|publisher=Center for Strategic Leadership, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania |
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|date=September 2003 |
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|url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usacsl/Publications/CSL%20Issue%20Paper%2007-03.pdf |
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argue that attacks on natural resources can now cause more deaths, property damage, political chaos, and other adverse effects than in previous years. |
argue that attacks on natural resources can now cause more deaths, property damage, political chaos, and other adverse effects than in previous years. |
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Revision as of 23:35, 24 December 2016
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Environmental terrorism consists of one or more unlawful actions that harm or destroy environmental resources or deprive others of their use.[1] More colloquially, the phrase is also used to label actions seen as the unnecessary or unjustified destruction of the environment for personal or corporate gain.[citation needed]
Definition
There are academic and semantic difficulties in defining "terrorism" and specifically "environmental terrorism", but discussions of environmental terrorism are growing with a focus on identifying possible risks to natural resources or environmental features. Some,[2] including in the military [3] argue that attacks on natural resources can now cause more deaths, property damage, political chaos, and other adverse effects than in previous years.
Chalecki distinguishes between environmental terrorism and eco-terrorism. She notes that environmental terrorism can be defined "as the unlawful use of force against in situ environmental resources so as to deprive populations of their benefit(s) and/or destroy other property". In contrast, eco-terrorism is the destruction of property in the interest of saving the environment from human encroachment and destruction.[4] More concisely, environmental terrorism involves targeting natural resources. Eco-terrorism involves targeting the built environment such as roads, buildings and trucks, in defense of natural resources. Other analysts may fail to distinguish between these different threats.[5]
Eco-terrorism
The term eco-terrorism has been used in the media to refer to environmental terrorism. Usually however eco-terrorism refers to violence done to persons or property in the name of the environment or environmental causes. [citation needed]
See also
- Environmental vandalism
- Environmental impact of war
- List of environmental issues
- 1989 California medfly attack
References
- ^ Alpas, Hami (2011). Environmental Security and Ecoterrorism. Springer. p. 16. ISBN 9789400712379.
- ^ Chalecki, Elizabeth (September 2001). "A New Vigilance: Identifying and Reducing the Risks of Environmental Terrorism" (PDF). Pacific Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-13.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Butts, K.H.; Turner, C. W.; Jasparr, C. (September 2003). "Environmental Security Cooperation" (PDF). Center for Strategic Leadership, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-26.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ San Francisco Chronicle, July 1, 2001, page A10
- ^ "Environmental terrorism - definition".
Further reading
- Baechler, G. 1999. “Environmental Degradation and Violent Conflict: Hypotheses, Research Agendas, and Theory-building.” In Ecology, politics, and violent conflict, edited by Mohamed Suliman, 76-112. London: Zed Books.
- The Gilmore Commission. 2000. “Second Annual Report to the President and the Congress of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction. II. Toward a National Strategy for Combating Terrorism.” Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 15 December 2000.
- Gleick, P.H. 1993. "Water and conflict." International Security Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).
- Gleick, P.H. 1998. The World’s Water 1998-1999: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources. Covelo, CA: Island Press.
- Lietzmann, K.M. and G.D. Vest. 1999. Environment & Security in an International Context. Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society - Final Report, March 1999. Report No. 232. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. 174 pp.
- Schwartz, D.M. 1998. “Environmental Terrorism: Analyzing the Concept” Journal of Peace Research. Vol. 35, No. 4, July 1998, pp. 483-496.