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| berths = 7<ref>[http://www.pmac-ports.com/Port-Information/Barbados_Port_Inc-Information_2009.pdf 2009 Statistics], PMAC</ref>
| berths = 7<ref>[http://www.pmac-ports.com/Port-Information/Barbados_Port_Inc-Information_2009.pdf 2009 Statistics]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, PMAC</ref>
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The '''Port of Bridgetown''' (officially the '''Deep Water Harbour'''),<ref name="1978 expansion" /> ([[Automated Manifest System|AMS]] [[Seaport Code]]: '''27201''',<ref>[http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/schedules/fprtname.txt Foreign Port Codes], Census.gov</ref><ref>[http://www.page-int.com/?p=pages/resource-center/foreign-port-codes Foreign Port Codes], Page International - Port Codes</ref> [[UN/LOCODE]]: '''BB BGI''', Port [[Callsign]]: '''8PB''') is a [[seaport]] in [[Bridgetown]] on the southwest coast of Barbados.<ref>[http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/BRB_Port_of_Bridgetown_139.php "Port of Bridgetown"] World Port Source, Port Detail</ref> Situated at the North-Western end of [[Carlisle Bay, Barbados|Carlisle Bay]], the harbour handles all of the country's international bulk [[ship]]-based [[trade]] and [[commerce]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nationnews.com/story/289975730418660.php |title=Barbados 'best home port' |accessdate=2009-10-10 |first=C |last=T |authorlink= |date=2006-10-25 |format= |work=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |pages= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310184849/http://www.nationnews.com/story/289975730418660.php |archivedate=2007-03-10 |quote=Barbados has at times been billed the largest and most active cruise line home port in the world.
The '''Port of Bridgetown''' (officially the '''Deep Water Harbour'''),<ref name="1978 expansion" /> ([[Automated Manifest System|AMS]] [[Seaport Code]]: '''27201''',<ref>[http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/schedules/fprtname.txt Foreign Port Codes]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Census.gov</ref><ref>[http://www.page-int.com/?p=pages/resource-center/foreign-port-codes Foreign Port Codes], Page International - Port Codes</ref> [[UN/LOCODE]]: '''BB BGI''', Port [[Callsign]]: '''8PB''') is a [[seaport]] in [[Bridgetown]] on the southwest coast of Barbados.<ref>[http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/BRB_Port_of_Bridgetown_139.php "Port of Bridgetown"] World Port Source, Port Detail</ref> Situated at the North-Western end of [[Carlisle Bay, Barbados|Carlisle Bay]], the harbour handles all of the country's international bulk [[ship]]-based [[trade]] and [[commerce]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nationnews.com/story/289975730418660.php |title=Barbados 'best home port' |accessdate=2009-10-10 |first=C |last=T |authorlink= |date=2006-10-25 |format= |work=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |pages= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310184849/http://www.nationnews.com/story/289975730418660.php |archivedate=2007-03-10 |quote=Barbados has at times been billed the largest and most active cruise line home port in the world.


And Barbadians are fast becoming the beneficiaries of this growing multi-million-dollar industry.
And Barbadians are fast becoming the beneficiaries of this growing multi-million-dollar industry.
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In addition to international-shipping the Deep Water Harbour is the [[port of entry]] for southern-[[Caribbean]] [[cruise ship]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barbados PM discusses growth of cruise business with Carnival CEO |first=Gillian |last=Applewhaite |authorlink= |url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/news-19254--26-26--.html |agency=CaribbeanNetNews.com |publisher= |location=Cayman Islands |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=2009-10-10 |page= |pages= |accessdate=2009-10-10 |trans_title= |quote=BRIDGETOWN, Barbados (BGIS) -- Barbados is considered central to Carnival PLC's developing cruise business, with three ships, Ventura, Oceana and Artemis, expected to home port in Bridgetown this winter season. This number should increase to four from winter 2010, when the new luxury ship Azura is launched.
In addition to international-shipping the Deep Water Harbour is the [[port of entry]] for southern-[[Caribbean]] [[cruise ship]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barbados PM discusses growth of cruise business with Carnival CEO |first=Gillian |last=Applewhaite |authorlink= |url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/news-19254--26-26--.html |agency=CaribbeanNetNews.com |publisher= |location=Cayman Islands |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=2009-10-10 |page= |pages= |accessdate=2009-10-10 |trans_title= |quote=BRIDGETOWN, Barbados (BGIS) -- Barbados is considered central to Carnival PLC's developing cruise business, with three ships, Ventura, Oceana and Artemis, expected to home port in Bridgetown this winter season. This number should increase to four from winter 2010, when the new luxury ship Azura is launched.
Chief Executive of Carnival UK, David Dingle, made this known during a meeting with Prime Minister David Thompson in Great Britain earlier this week.
Chief Executive of Carnival UK, David Dingle, made this known during a meeting with Prime Minister David Thompson in Great Britain earlier this week.
Describing the meeting as "very productive", Thompson said it was clear that Carnival UK saw Barbados as a key partner in the development of its cruise business within the Caribbean. |ref= }}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}</ref> The port is one of three designated ports of entry in Barbados, along with the privately owned [[Port Saint Charles]] marina and the [[Grantley Adams International Airport|Sir Grantley Adams International Airport]]. The port's timezone is [[GMT]] –4, and it handles roughly 700,000<ref>{{cite news |title=Forecast looking good for passenger growth |author= |first=J. M. |last=B. |authorlink= |authorlink2= |url=http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=15340 |format= |agency= |newspaper=[[The Barbados Advocate]] |publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=25 January 2011 |page= |pages= |at= |accessdate=25 January 2011 |language= |trans_title= |quote=“Our thrust is to take the number of cruise passengers from 700,000 to 1.2 million per year. A significant percentage of these will be part of the Air/Sea and Stay/Cruise programs. Existing facilities at GAIA are already stressed to handle passenger volumes during the 12 to 4 p.m. period. The new focus of developing the air/sea program will necessitate a suitable review of the airport plant and no doubt this will be addressed in by the master plan,” he said. |ref=}}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}</ref> cruise passengers and 900,000 tonnes of [[containerization|containerised]] cargo per year.
Describing the meeting as "very productive", Thompson said it was clear that Carnival UK saw Barbados as a key partner in the development of its cruise business within the Caribbean. |ref= }}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}</ref> The port is one of three designated ports of entry in Barbados, along with the privately owned [[Port Saint Charles]] marina and the [[Grantley Adams International Airport|Sir Grantley Adams International Airport]]. The port's timezone is [[GMT]] –4, and it handles roughly 700,000<ref>{{cite news|title=Forecast looking good for passenger growth |author= |first=J. M. |last=B. |authorlink= |authorlink2= |url=http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=15340 |format= |agency= |newspaper=[[The Barbados Advocate]] |publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=25 January 2011 |page= |pages= |at= |accessdate=25 January 2011 |language= |trans_title= |quote=“Our thrust is to take the number of cruise passengers from 700,000 to 1.2 million per year. A significant percentage of these will be part of the Air/Sea and Stay/Cruise programs. Existing facilities at GAIA are already stressed to handle passenger volumes during the 12 to 4 p.m. period. The new focus of developing the air/sea program will necessitate a suitable review of the airport plant and no doubt this will be addressed in by the master plan,” he said. |ref= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326081528/http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=15340 |archivedate=26 March 2012 |df= }}</ref> cruise passengers and 900,000 tonnes of [[containerization|containerised]] cargo per year.


== History ==
== History ==
Construction of the Deep Water Harbour began in 1956 by [[Costain Group]] of Britain,<ref>[http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/184526 Deep Water at Bridgetown - Film by Richard Costain Ltd] British Film Institute, 1961</ref> and cost [[East Caribbean dollar|EC]]$28,000,000 through completion in 1961. <br> The port was formed by creating a man-made [[isthmus]] across the shallow [[strait]] that existed off the coast of [[Fontabelle, Saint Michael, Barbados|Fontabelle, St. Michael]]. <br> The isthmus formed 90 [[acre]]s of new land stretching from the original west coast of Barbados, out to a small uninhabited, ex-quarantine island just offshore, named [[Pelican Island (Barbados)|Pelican Island]]. <br> After the initial completion, the harbour later underwent a $22 million expansion seventeen years later.<ref name="1978 expansion">[http://www.caricomlaw.org/doc_dl.php?id=321 CHAPTER 67A DEEP WATER HARBOUR (EXPANSION AND IMPROVEMENT)] - Prior expansion 1978</ref>
Construction of the Deep Water Harbour began in 1956 by [[Costain Group]] of Britain,<ref>[http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/184526 Deep Water at Bridgetown - Film by Richard Costain Ltd] British Film Institute, 1961</ref> and cost [[East Caribbean dollar|EC]]$28,000,000 through completion in 1961. <br> The port was formed by creating a man-made [[isthmus]] across the shallow [[strait]] that existed off the coast of [[Fontabelle, Saint Michael, Barbados|Fontabelle, St. Michael]]. <br> The isthmus formed 90 [[acre]]s of new land stretching from the original west coast of Barbados, out to a small uninhabited, ex-quarantine island just offshore, named [[Pelican Island (Barbados)|Pelican Island]]. <br> After the initial completion, the harbour later underwent a $22 million expansion seventeen years later.<ref name="1978 expansion">[http://www.caricomlaw.org/doc_dl.php?id=321 CHAPTER 67A DEEP WATER HARBOUR (EXPANSION AND IMPROVEMENT)]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Prior expansion 1978</ref>


In 2002 Barbados Port Inc. contracted with [[Jan De Nul|Jan De Nul Group of Companies]] of [[Belgium]] to carry out [[dredging]] at the port facility. The dredging was deemed necessary to allow some of the world's largest cruise ships to [[berth (moorings)|berth]] in Barbados rather than anchoring offshore. The project followed a rigorous environmental monitoring programme by the Barbados Port Inc. along with key regulatory agencies, namely the Town Planning Department, the Coastal Zone Management Unit, the Environmental Engineering Division and the [[University of the West Indies]]' Natural Resources Management Programme to ensure that the oceanographic and sediment processes, the water quality, and the marine communities were not compromised in any way.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barbadosport.com/html/cargo.html |title=Cruise and Cargo Facilities |first= |last= |author=Staff writer |authorlink= |date=n.d. |work= |publisher=Barbados Port Inc. |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language= |trans_title= |doi= |accessdate= |quote= |ref= |separator= |postscript=}}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}</ref> During this operation, the port's depth was increased to 11.6 metres (from 9.6 metres). Reclaimed material from the dredging was added to increase the port's cargo area by 9 acres.<ref>[http://www.barbadosport.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=102&Itemid=105 Barbados Port Inc: Cruise and Cargo Facilities]</ref>
In 2002 Barbados Port Inc. contracted with [[Jan De Nul|Jan De Nul Group of Companies]] of [[Belgium]] to carry out [[dredging]] at the port facility. The dredging was deemed necessary to allow some of the world's largest cruise ships to [[berth (moorings)|berth]] in Barbados rather than anchoring offshore. The project followed a rigorous environmental monitoring programme by the Barbados Port Inc. along with key regulatory agencies, namely the Town Planning Department, the Coastal Zone Management Unit, the Environmental Engineering Division and the [[University of the West Indies]]' Natural Resources Management Programme to ensure that the oceanographic and sediment processes, the water quality, and the marine communities were not compromised in any way.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barbadosport.com/html/cargo.html |title=Cruise and Cargo Facilities |first= |last= |author=Staff writer |authorlink= |date=n.d. |work= |publisher=Barbados Port Inc. |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language= |trans_title= |doi= |accessdate= |quote= |ref= |separator= |postscript= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903173447/http://www.barbadosport.com:80/html/cargo.html |archivedate=2010-09-03 |df= }}</ref> During this operation, the port's depth was increased to 11.6 metres (from 9.6 metres). Reclaimed material from the dredging was added to increase the port's cargo area by 9 acres.<ref>[http://www.barbadosport.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=102&Itemid=105 Barbados Port Inc: Cruise and Cargo Facilities]</ref>


In December 2008, Minister of International Transport George Hutson announced that due to congestion between cargo and passenger ships at the Deep Water Harbour, the country needed to look at expansion at the facility following the last upgrade undertaken in 2002.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nationnews.com/story/324258899010992.php |title=Port call |accessdate=2009-10-10 |first=C |last=T |authorlink= |date=2008-12-24 |format= |work=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |pages= |archiveurl=http://cache.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=-1565812607&page_url=%2f%2fwww.nationnews.com%2fstory%2f324258899010992.php&page_last_updated=12%2f24%2f2008+7%3a32%3a32+AM |archivedate=2008-12-24 |quote=MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT George Hutson yesterday expressed concern about increasing congestion at the Bridgetown Port.
In December 2008, Minister of International Transport George Hutson announced that due to congestion between cargo and passenger ships at the Deep Water Harbour, the country needed to look at expansion at the facility following the last upgrade undertaken in 2002.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nationnews.com/story/324258899010992.php |title=Port call |accessdate=2009-10-10 |first=C |last=T |authorlink= |date=2008-12-24 |format= |work=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |pages= |archiveurl=http://cache.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=-1565812607&page_url=%2f%2fwww.nationnews.com%2fstory%2f324258899010992.php&page_last_updated=12%2f24%2f2008+7%3a32%3a32+AM |archivedate=2008-12-24 |quote=MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT George Hutson yesterday expressed concern about increasing congestion at the Bridgetown Port.
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"If we can get a couple of larger berths, it would create more space in the deep water harbour, and we would be able also accommodate larger ships and also offload cargo vessels while cruise ships are in port," he added.
"If we can get a couple of larger berths, it would create more space in the deep water harbour, and we would be able also accommodate larger ships and also offload cargo vessels while cruise ships are in port," he added.


The 13-deck Queen Victoria was one of three cruise ships docking at the Bridgetown Port yesterday, the others being Ocean Village and Caribbean Princess. }}</ref> Due to the importance of Tourism to Barbados' economy, the government is presently reviewing a further $70 million upgrade.<ref>{{cite news |title=$70m cruise plan |author= |first=Ricky |last=Jordan |authorlink= |url=http://www.nationnews.com/news/local/LEAD-port-venture-FRONT-PAGE-LEAD |format= |agency= |newspaper=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=2009-11-25 |page= |pages= |accessdate= |trans_title= |quote= |ref= }}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}</ref>
The 13-deck Queen Victoria was one of three cruise ships docking at the Bridgetown Port yesterday, the others being Ocean Village and Caribbean Princess. }}</ref> Due to the importance of Tourism to Barbados' economy, the government is presently reviewing a further $70 million upgrade.<ref>{{cite news|title=$70m cruise plan |author= |first=Ricky |last=Jordan |authorlink= |url=http://www.nationnews.com/news/local/LEAD-port-venture-FRONT-PAGE-LEAD |format= |agency= |newspaper=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=2009-11-25 |page= |pages= |accessdate= |trans_title= |quote= |ref= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129145206/http://www.nationnews.com:80/news/local/LEAD-port-venture-FRONT-PAGE-LEAD |archivedate=2009-11-29 |df= }}</ref>


In September 2010, the Barbados government stated it was reviewing a list of joint-venture partners to construct the new cruise ship facilities at the port with expected construction to begin in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cruise facilities to be expanded |author= |first=Patricia |last=Thangaraj |authorlink= |url=http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=12632 |format= |agency= |newspaper=[[The Barbados Advocate]] |publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=9 September 2010 |page= |pages= |at= |accessdate=9 September 2010 |trans_title= |quote= |ref= }}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}</ref>
In September 2010, the Barbados government stated it was reviewing a list of joint-venture partners to construct the new cruise ship facilities at the port with expected construction to begin in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cruise facilities to be expanded |author= |first=Patricia |last=Thangaraj |authorlink= |url=http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=12632 |format= |agency= |newspaper=[[The Barbados Advocate]] |publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=9 September 2010 |page= |pages= |at= |accessdate=9 September 2010 |trans_title= |quote= |ref= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311121105/http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=12632 |archivedate=11 March 2012 |df= }}</ref>


Due to increased activity at the port, officials say it poised to become a "super-hub of the southern Caribbean", rivalling [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{cite news |title=High hopes for Port |author= |first=J. |last=H. |authorlink= |authorlink2= |url=http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?NewsID=14805 |format= |agency= |newspaper=[[The Barbados Advocate]] |publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=27 December 2010 |page= |pages= |at= |accessdate=31 December 2010 |language= |trans_title= |quote=THERE is an emerging belief that Barbados’ port will become a super-hub in the South, mirroring the cruise activities of Puerto Rico in the North.
Due to increased activity at the port, officials say it poised to become a "super-hub of the southern Caribbean", rivalling [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{cite news
|title=High hopes for Port
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So says Chairman of the Barbados Port Inc., David Harding, who stressed that the management team is committed to making Barbados the number one port in the Caribbean. |ref=}}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Close to 7 000 cruisers |author= |first=Kenmore |last=Bynoe |authorlink= |authorlink2= |url=http://www.nationnews.com/articles/view/close-to-7-000-cruisers-for-boxing-day/ |format= |agency= |newspaper=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=26 December 2010 |page= |pages= |at= |accessdate=31 December 2010 |language= |trans_title= |quote=In welcoming the crew of the Queen Elizabeth, on its inaugural trip, Minister of Tourism Richard Sealy expressed joy and pride that Barbados was able to accommodate the largest vessels in the world without having to use the method of years ago, where ships berthed offshore and passengers were ferried to port. |archiveurl= |archivedate= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Queen comes to port |author= |first=Kenmore |last=Bynoe |authorlink= |authorlink2= |url=http://www.nationnews.com/articles/view/queen-comes-to-port/ |format= |agency= |newspaper=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=27 December 2010 |page= |pages= |at= |accessdate=31 December 2010 |language= |trans_title= |quote=Barbados’ bid to become the No. 1 cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean made a gigantic splash in the right direction when one of the largest cruise ships, the Queen Elizabeth, sailed into the Bridgetown Port at dawn yesterday morning. |archiveurl= |archivedate= |ref=}}</ref>
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|quote=THERE is an emerging belief that Barbados’ port will become a super-hub in the South, mirroring the cruise activities of Puerto Rico in the North.
So says Chairman of the Barbados Port Inc., David Harding, who stressed that the management team is committed to making Barbados the number one port in the Caribbean.
|ref=
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326081340/http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?NewsID=14805
|archivedate=26 March 2012
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Close to 7 000 cruisers |author= |first=Kenmore |last=Bynoe |authorlink= |authorlink2= |url=http://www.nationnews.com/articles/view/close-to-7-000-cruisers-for-boxing-day/ |format= |agency= |newspaper=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=26 December 2010 |page= |pages= |at= |accessdate=31 December 2010 |language= |trans_title= |quote=In welcoming the crew of the Queen Elizabeth, on its inaugural trip, Minister of Tourism Richard Sealy expressed joy and pride that Barbados was able to accommodate the largest vessels in the world without having to use the method of years ago, where ships berthed offshore and passengers were ferried to port. |archiveurl= |archivedate= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Queen comes to port |author= |first=Kenmore |last=Bynoe |authorlink= |authorlink2= |url=http://www.nationnews.com/articles/view/queen-comes-to-port/ |format= |agency= |newspaper=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=27 December 2010 |page= |pages= |at= |accessdate=31 December 2010 |language= |trans_title= |quote=Barbados’ bid to become the No. 1 cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean made a gigantic splash in the right direction when one of the largest cruise ships, the Queen Elizabeth, sailed into the Bridgetown Port at dawn yesterday morning. |archiveurl= |archivedate= |ref=}}</ref>


In 2012 the Government of Barbados announced [http://www.gisbarbados.gov.bb/index.php?categoryid=13&p2_articleid=8988] the desire to establish a new separate Cruise terminal just to south along the Princess Alice Highway.[http://www.ship-technology.com/news/newsbarbados-to-build-new-cruise-terminal-in-bridgetown][http://www.caribbean360.com/index.php/business/615720.html][http://www.nationnews.com/articles/view/cruise-boost1/] As advisors to the Government, Royal Caribbean and STI were selected to work with the government [http://www.nationnews.com/articles/view/smi-also-gets-320m-project/][http://www.travelpulse.com/rccl-partners-with-barbados-on-new-cruise-terminal.html] on the project to be called ''The Sugar Point Cruise Development''[http://www.caribbeannewsreview.com/index.php/caribbean1/news/570-new-cruise-facility-to-bring-new-opportunities-for-barbados]' or ''The Sugar Point Cruise Terminal.'' The facility will function as a means to separate cruise-traffic to the country from the containerised-traffic which will remain at the Deep Water Harbour. The move should help to mitigate delays which effect container-ships to Bridgetown which at times must have idle offshore for Cruise ships to make available a berth as cruise ships are given preference at the Harbour.[http://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/no.13.pdf] The first phase of the new terminal is expected to cost in the region of BDS$300 million, and dredge work is planned by the administration to begin in November 2012.[http://www.thecaribbeancurrent.com/barbados-to-get-an-ultra-modern-cruise-ship-terminal/][http://www.caribbeannewsreview.com/index.php/caribbean1/news/570-new-cruise-facility-to-bring-new-opportunities-for-barbados]
In 2012 the Government of Barbados announced [http://www.gisbarbados.gov.bb/index.php?categoryid=13&p2_articleid=8988] the desire to establish a new separate Cruise terminal just to south along the Princess Alice Highway.[http://www.ship-technology.com/news/newsbarbados-to-build-new-cruise-terminal-in-bridgetown][http://www.caribbean360.com/index.php/business/615720.html][http://www.nationnews.com/articles/view/cruise-boost1/] As advisors to the Government, Royal Caribbean and STI were selected to work with the government [http://www.nationnews.com/articles/view/smi-also-gets-320m-project/][http://www.travelpulse.com/rccl-partners-with-barbados-on-new-cruise-terminal.html] on the project to be called ''The Sugar Point Cruise Development''[http://www.caribbeannewsreview.com/index.php/caribbean1/news/570-new-cruise-facility-to-bring-new-opportunities-for-barbados]' or ''The Sugar Point Cruise Terminal.'' The facility will function as a means to separate cruise-traffic to the country from the containerised-traffic which will remain at the Deep Water Harbour. The move should help to mitigate delays which effect container-ships to Bridgetown which at times must have idle offshore for Cruise ships to make available a berth as cruise ships are given preference at the Harbour.[http://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/no.13.pdf] The first phase of the new terminal is expected to cost in the region of BDS$300 million, and dredge work is planned by the administration to begin in November 2012.[http://www.thecaribbeancurrent.com/barbados-to-get-an-ultra-modern-cruise-ship-terminal/][http://www.caribbeannewsreview.com/index.php/caribbean1/news/570-new-cruise-facility-to-bring-new-opportunities-for-barbados]


== Administration ==
== Administration ==
Responsibility for administering the port is vested in the [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] of Barbados Port Incorporated (BPI). As a [[Statutory boards of the Barbadian Government|statutory corporation]] it oversees all matters affecting the efficient operations of the harbour facility. B.P.I. also advises the Ministry of International Business and International Transport who has ultimate authority for the Deep Water Harbour. Barbados Port Inc. is a member of: the [[American Association of Port Authorities]],<ref>[http://www.aapa-ports.org/About/CorporateMembers.cfm Corporate Members - Caribbean Ports], American Association of Port Authorities</ref> the [[Caribbean Shipping Association]] (CSA),<ref>[http://www.caribbeanshipping.org/showmembers.asp?bus=&type=all&country=&ID=43 Barbados Port Inc.], Caribbean Shipping Association</ref> the Port Management Association of the Caribbean (P.M.A.C.),<ref>[http://www.pmac-ports.com/index.html About the Port Management Association of the Caribbean (P.M.A.C.)]</ref><ref name="PMAC BB">[http://www.pmac-ports.com/Port-Barbados.html Barbados Port Inc.], Port Management Association of the Caribbean, P.M.A.C.</ref> the [[Shipping Association of Barbados]] (SAB),<ref>[http://www.shippingbarbados.com/ourservices.html Shipping Association of Barbados - About us]</ref> and an affiliate of the [[Caribbean Maritime Institute]] (CMI).<ref>[http://www.cmi.edu.jm/Partners_&_Affiliates.html Caribbean Maritime Institute]</ref>
Responsibility for administering the port is vested in the [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] of Barbados Port Incorporated (BPI). As a [[Statutory boards of the Barbadian Government|statutory corporation]] it oversees all matters affecting the efficient operations of the harbour facility. B.P.I. also advises the Ministry of International Business and International Transport who has ultimate authority for the Deep Water Harbour. Barbados Port Inc. is a member of: the [[American Association of Port Authorities]],<ref>[http://www.aapa-ports.org/About/CorporateMembers.cfm Corporate Members - Caribbean Ports], American Association of Port Authorities</ref> the [[Caribbean Shipping Association]] (CSA),<ref>[http://www.caribbeanshipping.org/showmembers.asp?bus=&type=all&country=&ID=43 Barbados Port Inc.] {{wayback|url=http://www.caribbeanshipping.org/showmembers.asp?bus=&type=all&country=&ID=43 |date=20110725135806 }}, Caribbean Shipping Association</ref> the Port Management Association of the Caribbean (P.M.A.C.),<ref>[http://www.pmac-ports.com/index.html About the Port Management Association of the Caribbean (P.M.A.C.)] {{wayback|url=http://www.pmac-ports.com/index.html |date=20101101054854 }}</ref><ref name="PMAC BB">[http://www.pmac-ports.com/Port-Barbados.html Barbados Port Inc.] {{wayback|url=http://www.pmac-ports.com/Port-Barbados.html |date=20110715094240 }}, Port Management Association of the Caribbean, P.M.A.C.</ref> the [[Shipping Association of Barbados]] (SAB),<ref>[http://www.shippingbarbados.com/ourservices.html Shipping Association of Barbados - About us]</ref> and an affiliate of the [[Caribbean Maritime Institute]] (CMI).<ref>[http://www.cmi.edu.jm/Partners_&_Affiliates.html Caribbean Maritime Institute] {{wayback|url=http://www.cmi.edu.jm/Partners_&_Affiliates.html |date=20101114061756 }}</ref>


It has been awarded the title of "Caribbean Port of the Year" for: 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998; the "Best Multi-Purpose Terminal (Container terminal)" in 2004 and 2005;<ref>[http://www.caribbeanshipping.org/archway/about/portawardwinners.htm Awards], Caribbean Shipping Association</ref> and the safest port in the Caribbean region in 2011.<ref>[http://www.caribbean360.com/index.php/business/511519.html Barbados port recognized as the safest in the Caribbean]</ref><ref>[http://news.barbadostoday.bb/barticlenew.php?ptitle=Good%20re%20port&article=11265 Good re port]</ref>
It has been awarded the title of "Caribbean Port of the Year" for: 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998; the "Best Multi-Purpose Terminal (Container terminal)" in 2004 and 2005;<ref>[http://www.caribbeanshipping.org/archway/about/portawardwinners.htm Awards] {{wayback|url=http://www.caribbeanshipping.org/archway/about/portawardwinners.htm |date=20110725141642 }}, Caribbean Shipping Association</ref> and the safest port in the Caribbean region in 2011.<ref>[http://www.caribbean360.com/index.php/business/511519.html Barbados port recognized as the safest in the Caribbean]</ref><ref>[http://news.barbadostoday.bb/barticlenew.php?ptitle=Good%20re%20port&article=11265 Good re port]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


== Shipping ==
== Shipping ==
Line 141: Line 175:


=== Passenger lines ===
=== Passenger lines ===
The Deep-Water Harbour now acts as a [[home port]] for many of the British-based Cruise ship lines operating in the [[Caribbean]] region. Some of the [[Cruise line|Cruise Line]]s which visit or are home ported at the Deep Water Harbour include:<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff Writer |authorlink= |title=Cruise Lines |url=http://www.visitbarbados.org/cruise/cruiselines.aspx |work=Barbados Tourism Authority (BTA) |publisher= |location= Barbados, W.I. |trans_title= |format= |doi= |accessdate= |quote= |ref= |separator= |postscript= }}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}</ref>
The Deep-Water Harbour now acts as a [[home port]] for many of the British-based Cruise ship lines operating in the [[Caribbean]] region. Some of the [[Cruise line|Cruise Line]]s which visit or are home ported at the Deep Water Harbour include:<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |authorlink= |title=Cruise Lines |url=http://www.visitbarbados.org/cruise/cruiselines.aspx |work=Barbados Tourism Authority (BTA) |publisher= |location=Barbados, W.I. |trans_title= |format= |doi= |accessdate= |quote= |ref= |separator= |postscript= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701230256/http://www.visitbarbados.org/cruise/cruiselines.aspx |archivedate=2007-07-01 |df= }}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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*[http://www.barbados.org/cruise.htm About the Bridgetown Port], Barbados Tourism Encyclopaedia
*[http://www.barbados.org/cruise.htm About the Bridgetown Port], Barbados Tourism Encyclopaedia
*[http://www.barbadosmaritime.com/ Barbados Maritime Ship Registry] (BMSR)
*[http://www.barbadosmaritime.com/ Barbados Maritime Ship Registry] (BMSR)
*[http://www.telecoms.gov.bb/documents/policies/pdf/gmdsspolicyaugust.pdf Global Maritime Distress and Safety System] (GMDSS) For Barbados
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091127232616/http://www.telecoms.gov.bb:80/Documents/Policies/PDF/Gmdsspolicyaugust.pdf Global Maritime Distress and Safety System] (GMDSS) For Barbados
*[http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=13.1066481&lon=-59.6321797&z=16&l=0&m=b Aerial photo], wikimapia.org
*[http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=13.1066481&lon=-59.6321797&z=16&l=0&m=b Aerial photo], wikimapia.org


Revision as of 17:47, 31 December 2016

Port of Bridgetown
Gatehouse for the Deep Water Harbour from the Princess Alice Highway. (c. November 2000)
Map
Click on the map for a fullscreen view
Location
CountryBarbados Barbados
LocationBridgetown, St. Michael
Coordinates13°06′22″N 59°37′55″W / 13.106°N 59.632°W / 13.106; -59.632
Details
Opened1961
Operated byBarbados Port, Inc.
Owned byGovernment of Barbados
Type of harbourArtificial
(Coastal Breakwater)[1]
No. of berths7[2]
No. of wharfs0
No. of piers0
Employees592
Statistics
Website
http://www.barbadosport.com/

The Port of Bridgetown (officially the Deep Water Harbour),[3] (AMS Seaport Code: 27201,[4][5] UN/LOCODE: BB BGI, Port Callsign: 8PB) is a seaport in Bridgetown on the southwest coast of Barbados.[6] Situated at the North-Western end of Carlisle Bay, the harbour handles all of the country's international bulk ship-based trade and commerce.[7] In addition to international-shipping the Deep Water Harbour is the port of entry for southern-Caribbean cruise ships.[8] The port is one of three designated ports of entry in Barbados, along with the privately owned Port Saint Charles marina and the Sir Grantley Adams International Airport. The port's timezone is GMT –4, and it handles roughly 700,000[9] cruise passengers and 900,000 tonnes of containerised cargo per year.

History

Construction of the Deep Water Harbour began in 1956 by Costain Group of Britain,[10] and cost EC$28,000,000 through completion in 1961.
The port was formed by creating a man-made isthmus across the shallow strait that existed off the coast of Fontabelle, St. Michael.
The isthmus formed 90 acres of new land stretching from the original west coast of Barbados, out to a small uninhabited, ex-quarantine island just offshore, named Pelican Island.
After the initial completion, the harbour later underwent a $22 million expansion seventeen years later.[3]

In 2002 Barbados Port Inc. contracted with Jan De Nul Group of Companies of Belgium to carry out dredging at the port facility. The dredging was deemed necessary to allow some of the world's largest cruise ships to berth in Barbados rather than anchoring offshore. The project followed a rigorous environmental monitoring programme by the Barbados Port Inc. along with key regulatory agencies, namely the Town Planning Department, the Coastal Zone Management Unit, the Environmental Engineering Division and the University of the West Indies' Natural Resources Management Programme to ensure that the oceanographic and sediment processes, the water quality, and the marine communities were not compromised in any way.[11] During this operation, the port's depth was increased to 11.6 metres (from 9.6 metres). Reclaimed material from the dredging was added to increase the port's cargo area by 9 acres.[12]

In December 2008, Minister of International Transport George Hutson announced that due to congestion between cargo and passenger ships at the Deep Water Harbour, the country needed to look at expansion at the facility following the last upgrade undertaken in 2002.[13] Due to the importance of Tourism to Barbados' economy, the government is presently reviewing a further $70 million upgrade.[14]

In September 2010, the Barbados government stated it was reviewing a list of joint-venture partners to construct the new cruise ship facilities at the port with expected construction to begin in 2011.[15]

Due to increased activity at the port, officials say it poised to become a "super-hub of the southern Caribbean", rivalling Puerto Rico.[16][17][18]

In 2012 the Government of Barbados announced [1] the desire to establish a new separate Cruise terminal just to south along the Princess Alice Highway.[2][3][4] As advisors to the Government, Royal Caribbean and STI were selected to work with the government [5][6] on the project to be called The Sugar Point Cruise Development[7]' or The Sugar Point Cruise Terminal. The facility will function as a means to separate cruise-traffic to the country from the containerised-traffic which will remain at the Deep Water Harbour. The move should help to mitigate delays which effect container-ships to Bridgetown which at times must have idle offshore for Cruise ships to make available a berth as cruise ships are given preference at the Harbour.[8] The first phase of the new terminal is expected to cost in the region of BDS$300 million, and dredge work is planned by the administration to begin in November 2012.[9][10]

Administration

Responsibility for administering the port is vested in the CEO of Barbados Port Incorporated (BPI). As a statutory corporation it oversees all matters affecting the efficient operations of the harbour facility. B.P.I. also advises the Ministry of International Business and International Transport who has ultimate authority for the Deep Water Harbour. Barbados Port Inc. is a member of: the American Association of Port Authorities,[19] the Caribbean Shipping Association (CSA),[20] the Port Management Association of the Caribbean (P.M.A.C.),[21][22] the Shipping Association of Barbados (SAB),[23] and an affiliate of the Caribbean Maritime Institute (CMI).[24]

It has been awarded the title of "Caribbean Port of the Year" for: 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998; the "Best Multi-Purpose Terminal (Container terminal)" in 2004 and 2005;[25] and the safest port in the Caribbean region in 2011.[26][27]

Shipping

Tugboat Pelican II in Barbados.

Trade

Top trading partners:[28]

Imports: consumer goods, machinery, foodstuffs, construction materials, chemicals, fuel, electrical components

Top import sources (2009)
  • Trinidad and Tobago – 28.52%,
  • United States of America – 27.96%,
  • Colombia – 7.13%,
  • China – 4.76%,
  • United Kingdom – 4.39%

Exports: manufactures, sugar and molasses, cotton, rum, other foods and beverages, chemicals, light manufacturing, electrical components

Top export destinations (2009)
  • Trinidad and Tobago – 17.48%,
  • Jamaica – 15.63%,
  • United States of America – 8.93%,
  • Saint Lucia – 8.13%,
  • United Kingdom – 5.36%,
  • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – 5.04%,
  • Antigua and Barbuda – 4.12%

Terminals

Terminal facilities
Berths Depth
(m) 		Quay length
(m) 		Area
(m²) 		Notes
Breakwater 11.5 522 For Cruise vessels.
Sugar Berth 9.75 307 For Bulk sugar, molasses tankers.
(Cross) Berth #1 11 152 Naval, auxiliary vessels.
Berth #2 11.0 183 Cruise vessels, breakbulk vessels.
Berth #3 11.0 183 breakbulk, container vessels.
Berth #4 11.0 184 Container vessels.
Berth #5 11.0 65 Container vessels.
Shallow Draught 6.8 156 Inter-island cargo vessels (breakbulk)
Bulk Facility 9.75 183 Dry bulk vessels.
Esso Jetty 11.6 244 Petroleum tankers.
Needham’s Point 11.6 198 Petroleum tankers.
Oistins 10.0 172 Petroleum tankers.
Black Rock 7.5 122 Petroleum tankers.
Spring Garden 4.9 103 Petroleum tankers.

Passenger lines

The Deep-Water Harbour now acts as a home port for many of the British-based Cruise ship lines operating in the Caribbean region. Some of the Cruise Lines which visit or are home ported at the Deep Water Harbour include:[29]

Ships registry

Barbados has a small but increasing ships registry. The Barbados Maritime Ships Registry (BMSR) has seventy six (76) vessels flying the Barbados Flag.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ports and harbours in Barbados.

References

  1. ^ Aerial photo of the Deep Water Harbour
  2. ^ 2009 Statistics[permanent dead link‍], PMAC
  3. ^ a b CHAPTER 67A DEEP WATER HARBOUR (EXPANSION AND IMPROVEMENT)[permanent dead link‍] - Prior expansion 1978
  4. ^ Foreign Port Codes[permanent dead link‍], Census.gov
  5. ^ Foreign Port Codes, Page International - Port Codes
  6. ^ "Port of Bridgetown" World Port Source, Port Detail
  7. ^ T, C (2006-10-25). "Barbados 'best home port'". Nation Newspaper. Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2009-10-10. Barbados has at times been billed the largest and most active cruise line home port in the world. And Barbadians are fast becoming the beneficiaries of this growing multi-million-dollar industry. That was the word from Minister of Tourism Noel Lynch, as Barbados prepares to host 18 home-porting cruise ships during the coming winter tourist season. Lynch made these disclosures during a Press conference yesterday at the Caribbean Tourism Conference (CTC 29) taking place at the Westin and Sheraton Grand Bahama Lucaya Resort, Grand Bahama Island. "We will be having just about 17 or 18 ships turning in Barbados as a home port. And what will be happening in 2008 is that P&O Cruise Line (Pacific and Orient) is gearing up to bring an even larger ship to Barbados. Home porting contributes significantly to our numbers and to the economy. These ships cause people to be surprised about the level of provisioning that is done locally and the level of service which goes into these ships," he said. {{cite news}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 98 (help)
  8. ^ Applewhaite, Gillian (2009-10-10). "Barbados PM discusses growth of cruise business with Carnival CEO". Cayman Islands. CaribbeanNetNews.com. Retrieved 2009-10-10. BRIDGETOWN, Barbados (BGIS) -- Barbados is considered central to Carnival PLC's developing cruise business, with three ships, Ventura, Oceana and Artemis, expected to home port in Bridgetown this winter season. This number should increase to four from winter 2010, when the new luxury ship Azura is launched. Chief Executive of Carnival UK, David Dingle, made this known during a meeting with Prime Minister David Thompson in Great Britain earlier this week. Describing the meeting as "very productive", Thompson said it was clear that Carnival UK saw Barbados as a key partner in the development of its cruise business within the Caribbean. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |pmd= and |trans_title= (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 309 (help)[dead link‍]
  9. ^ B., J. M. (25 January 2011). "Forecast looking good for passenger growth". The Barbados Advocate. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2011. "Our thrust is to take the number of cruise passengers from 700,000 to 1.2 million per year. A significant percentage of these will be part of the Air/Sea and Stay/Cruise programs. Existing facilities at GAIA are already stressed to handle passenger volumes during the 12 to 4 p.m. period. The new focus of developing the air/sea program will necessitate a suitable review of the airport plant and no doubt this will be addressed in by the master plan," he said. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |pmd= and |trans_title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Deep Water at Bridgetown - Film by Richard Costain Ltd British Film Institute, 1961
  11. ^ Staff writer (n.d.). "Cruise and Cargo Facilities". Barbados Port Inc. Archived from the original on 2010-09-03. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title= and |separator= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Barbados Port Inc: Cruise and Cargo Facilities
  13. ^ T, C (2008-12-24). "Port call". Nation Newspaper. Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2009-10-10. MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT George Hutson yesterday expressed concern about increasing congestion at the Bridgetown Port. "Right now the cruise ships get priority and the cargo ships have to wait, but we are hoping to expand the facilities to be able to accommodate larger vessels," the minister said at a ceremony marking the inaugural visit of the Queen Victoria. "If we can get a couple of larger berths, it would create more space in the deep water harbour, and we would be able also accommodate larger ships and also offload cargo vessels while cruise ships are in port," he added. The 13-deck Queen Victoria was one of three cruise ships docking at the Bridgetown Port yesterday, the others being Ocean Village and Caribbean Princess. {{cite news}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 130 (help)
  14. ^ Jordan, Ricky (2009-11-25). "$70m cruise plan". Nation Newspaper. Archived from the original on 2009-11-29. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |pmd= and |trans_title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Thangaraj, Patricia (9 September 2010). "Cruise facilities to be expanded". The Barbados Advocate. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2010. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |pmd= and |trans_title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ H., J. (27 December 2010). "High hopes for Port". The Barbados Advocate. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2010. THERE is an emerging belief that Barbados' port will become a super-hub in the South, mirroring the cruise activities of Puerto Rico in the North. So says Chairman of the Barbados Port Inc., David Harding, who stressed that the management team is committed to making Barbados the number one port in the Caribbean. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |pmd= and |trans_title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 147 (help)
  17. ^ Bynoe, Kenmore (26 December 2010). "Close to 7 000 cruisers". Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 31 December 2010. In welcoming the crew of the Queen Elizabeth, on its inaugural trip, Minister of Tourism Richard Sealy expressed joy and pride that Barbados was able to accommodate the largest vessels in the world without having to use the method of years ago, where ships berthed offshore and passengers were ferried to port. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |pmd= and |trans_title= (help)
  18. ^ Bynoe, Kenmore (27 December 2010). "Queen comes to port". Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 31 December 2010. Barbados' bid to become the No. 1 cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean made a gigantic splash in the right direction when one of the largest cruise ships, the Queen Elizabeth, sailed into the Bridgetown Port at dawn yesterday morning. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |pmd= and |trans_title= (help)
  19. ^ Corporate Members - Caribbean Ports, American Association of Port Authorities
  20. ^ Barbados Port Inc. Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine, Caribbean Shipping Association
  21. ^ About the Port Management Association of the Caribbean (P.M.A.C.) Archived 2010-11-01 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Barbados Port Inc. Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine, Port Management Association of the Caribbean, P.M.A.C.
  23. ^ Shipping Association of Barbados - About us
  24. ^ Caribbean Maritime Institute Archived 2010-11-14 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Awards Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine, Caribbean Shipping Association
  26. ^ Barbados port recognized as the safest in the Caribbean
  27. ^ Good re port[permanent dead link‍]
  28. ^ Barbados profile, CIA World factbook (Economy)
  29. ^ Staff Writer. "Cruise Lines". Barbados Tourism Authority (BTA). Barbados, W.I. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title= and |separator= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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