BESM: Difference between revisions
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'''BESM-2''' also used [[vacuum tube]]s. |
'''BESM-2''' also used [[vacuum tube]]s. |
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'''BESM-3M''' and '''BESM-4''' were built using [[transistors]]. Their architecture was similar to that of the [[M20 (computer)|M-20]] and [[M-220]] series. The word size was 45 bits. Thirty BESM-4 machines were built. BESM-4 was used to create the first ever [[computer animation]].<ref> |
'''BESM-3M''' and '''BESM-4''' were built using [[transistors]]. Their architecture was similar to that of the [[M20 (computer)|M-20]] and [[M-220]] series. The word size was 45 bits. Thirty BESM-4 machines were built. BESM-4 was used to create the first ever [[computer animation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etudes.ru/ru/mov/kittie/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-05-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510203746/http://www.etudes.ru/ru/mov/kittie/ |archivedate=2011-05-10 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.geekosystem.com/kitty-computer-animation-russia-1968-video/]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0O4mm3hXNgA]</ref> The prototypes of both models were made in 1962-63, and the beginning of the series release was in 1964.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fLCEXWkQXvQC&pg=PA401&lpg=PA401&dq=%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BC-3%D0%BC&source=bl&ots=gbMz2lVYf2&sig=yNH4GwI1CXx_1MSAnj_hM1bs9-Y&hl=ky&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQwP-wk_PLAhXM7iYKHduuBiQQ6AEIYjAM#v=onepage&q=%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BC-3%D0%BC&f=false Профессиональное программирование. Системный подход, 2 изд., p. 401]</ref> |
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[[Epsilon macro language|EPSILON]] (a [[Macro (computer science)|macro language]] with high level features including strings and lists, developed by [[Andrey Ershov]] at [[Novosibirsk]] in 1967) was used to implement [[ALGOL 68]] on the M-220.<ref>{{cite web|title=EPSILON macro language| url=http://foldoc.org/index.cgi?query=EPSILON&action=Search|accessdate=May 29, 2007}}</ref> |
[[Epsilon macro language|EPSILON]] (a [[Macro (computer science)|macro language]] with high level features including strings and lists, developed by [[Andrey Ershov]] at [[Novosibirsk]] in 1967) was used to implement [[ALGOL 68]] on the M-220.<ref>{{cite web|title=EPSILON macro language| url=http://foldoc.org/index.cgi?query=EPSILON&action=Search|accessdate=May 29, 2007}}</ref> |
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==BESM-6== |
==BESM-6== |
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The '''BESM-6''' was the most well-known and influential model of the series designed at the [[Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering|Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering]]. The design was completed in 1965. Production started in 1968 and continued for the following 19 years.<ref>[http://old.osp.ru/museum/story/01_00.htm Очерки по истории советской вычислительной техники и школ программирования (Издательство "Открытые Системы")]</ref> |
The '''BESM-6''' was the most well-known and influential model of the series designed at the [[Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering|Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering]]. The design was completed in 1965. Production started in 1968 and continued for the following 19 years.<ref>[http://old.osp.ru/museum/story/01_00.htm Очерки по истории советской вычислительной техники и школ программирования (Издательство "Открытые Системы")] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154907/http://old.osp.ru/museum/story/01_00.htm |date=2007-09-30 }}</ref> |
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Like its predecessors, the original BESM-6 was transistor-based (however, the version used in the 1980s as a component of the [[Elbrus (computer)|Elbrus]] supercomputer was built with [[integrated circuits]]). The machine's 48-bit [[Microprocessor|processor]] ran at 10 MHz clock speed and featured two [[Pipeline (computing)|instruction pipelines]], separate for the control and arithmetic units, and a [[data cache]] of 16 48-bit words. The system achieved performance of 1 [[SI prefix|M]][[Flops]]. The fastest supercomputer at the time, the [[CDC 6600]], achieved 3 MFlops utilizing one central and ten peripheral processing units. |
Like its predecessors, the original BESM-6 was transistor-based (however, the version used in the 1980s as a component of the [[Elbrus (computer)|Elbrus]] supercomputer was built with [[integrated circuits]]). The machine's 48-bit [[Microprocessor|processor]] ran at 10 MHz clock speed and featured two [[Pipeline (computing)|instruction pipelines]], separate for the control and arithmetic units, and a [[data cache]] of 16 48-bit words. The system achieved performance of 1 [[SI prefix|M]][[Flops]]. The fastest supercomputer at the time, the [[CDC 6600]], achieved 3 MFlops utilizing one central and ten peripheral processing units. |
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* [http://www.sigcis.org/?q=node/85/ ''Pioneers of Soviet Computing''] |
* [http://www.sigcis.org/?q=node/85/ ''Pioneers of Soviet Computing''] |
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* [http://www.mailcom.com/besm6/ BESM-6 Nostalgia Page] |
* [http://www.mailcom.com/besm6/ BESM-6 Nostalgia Page] |
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* [ |
* [https://archive.is/19970413014925/http://www.inc.com/incmagazine/archives/16960811.html Back in the U.S.S.R.] A museum curator suggests Russia's BESM supercomputer may have been superior to the USA's supercomputers during the early stages of the Cold War. |
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{{List of Soviet computer systems}} |
{{List of Soviet computer systems}} |
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Revision as of 04:34, 13 July 2017
BESM (БЭСМ) is the name of a series of Soviet mainframe computers built in 1950–60s. The name is an acronym for "Bolshaya Elektronno-Schetnaya Mashina" ("Большая Электронно-Счётная Машина"), literally "Large Electronic Computing Machine". The series began as a successor to MESM ("Malaya Elektronno-Schetnaya Mashina", "Small Electronic Computing Machine"). MESM was built between 1948 and 1951 and was one of the first electronic computers produced in continental Europe.
The BESM series included six models.
BESM-1
BESM-1, originally referred to as simply the BESM or BESM AN ("BESM Akademii Nauk", BESM of the Academy of Sciences), was completed in 1952. Only one BESM-1 machine was built. The machine used approximately 5,000 vacuum tubes. At the time of completion, it was the fastest computer in Europe. The floating-point numbers were represented as 39-bit words: 32 bits for the numeric part, one bit for sign, and 1 + 5 bits for the exponent. It was capable of representing numbers in the range 10−9 – 1010. BESM-1 had 1024 words of read/write memory using ferrite cores, and 1024 words of read-only memory based on semiconducting diodes. It also had external storage: four magnetic tape units of 30,000 words each, and fast magnetic drum storage with a capacity of 5120 words and an access rate of 800 words/second. The computer was capable of performing 8–10 KFlops. The energy consumption was approximately 30 kW, not accounting for the cooling systems.
BESM-2 also used vacuum tubes.
BESM-3M and BESM-4 were built using transistors. Their architecture was similar to that of the M-20 and M-220 series. The word size was 45 bits. Thirty BESM-4 machines were built. BESM-4 was used to create the first ever computer animation.[1][2][3] The prototypes of both models were made in 1962-63, and the beginning of the series release was in 1964.[4]
EPSILON (a macro language with high level features including strings and lists, developed by Andrey Ershov at Novosibirsk in 1967) was used to implement ALGOL 68 on the M-220.[5]
BESM-6
The BESM-6 was the most well-known and influential model of the series designed at the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering. The design was completed in 1965. Production started in 1968 and continued for the following 19 years.[6]
Like its predecessors, the original BESM-6 was transistor-based (however, the version used in the 1980s as a component of the Elbrus supercomputer was built with integrated circuits). The machine's 48-bit processor ran at 10 MHz clock speed and featured two instruction pipelines, separate for the control and arithmetic units, and a data cache of 16 48-bit words. The system achieved performance of 1 MFlops. The fastest supercomputer at the time, the CDC 6600, achieved 3 MFlops utilizing one central and ten peripheral processing units.
The system memory was word-addressable using 15-bit addresses. The maximum addressable memory space was thus 32K words (192K bytes). A virtual memory system allowed to expand this up to 128K words (768K bytes).
The BESM-6 was widely used in USSR in the 1970s for various computation and control tasks. During the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project the processing of Soyuz orbit parameters was accomplished by a BESM-6 based system in 1 minute. The same computation for the Apollo was carried out by the American side in 30 minutes.[7]
A total of 355 of these machines were built. Production ended in 1987.
As the first Soviet computer with an installed base that was large for the time, the BESM-6 gathered a dedicated developer community. Over the years several operating systems and compilers for programming languages such as Fortran, ALGOL and Pascal were developed.[8]
A modification of the BESM-6 based on integrated circuits, with 2-3 times higher performance than the original machine, was produced in the 1980s under the name Elbrus-1K2 as a component of the Elbrus supercomputer.
See also
- Sergei Alekseyevich Lebedev
- Lev Korolyov
- List of Soviet computer systems
- History of computing hardware
- History of computer hardware in Soviet Bloc countries
- List of vacuum tube computers
References
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ Профессиональное программирование. Системный подход, 2 изд., p. 401
- ^ "EPSILON macro language". Retrieved May 29, 2007.
- ^ Очерки по истории советской вычислительной техники и школ программирования (Издательство "Открытые Системы") Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Boris Malinovsky, Pioneers of Soviet Computing, pdf-book 2010, p. 100.
- ^ http://www.computer-museum.ru/books/7.htm
External links
- Pioneers of Soviet Computing
- BESM-6 Nostalgia Page
- Back in the U.S.S.R. A museum curator suggests Russia's BESM supercomputer may have been superior to the USA's supercomputers during the early stages of the Cold War.