Bowdoin (Arctic schooner)

Bowdoin

Bowdoin at anchor off Sable Island, Nova Scotia
History
Owner	Donald B. MacMillan US Navy 22 May 1941 – 24 January 1945 MacMillan 1945–1959 Mystic Seaport 1959–1967 Schooner Bowdoin Association, Inc. 1967 – 1988 Maine Maritime Academy c.1988–
Builder	William H. Hand, Jr. (designer) Hodgdon Brothers Shipyard
Launched	1921
Commissioned	16 June 1941 as IX-50
Decommissioned	16 December 1943
Stricken	14 May 1944
General characteristics
Tonnage	66 GRT
Length	72 ft (22 m) LWL 88 ft (27 m) LOA
Beam	21 ft (6.4 m)
Draft	10 ft (3.0 m)
Sail plan	Gaff-rigged Schooner
Bowdoin (Arctic Exploration Schooner)
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Location	Castine, Maine
Coordinates	44°23′12″N 68°47′48″W
Built	1921
Architect	Hodgdon Brothers; William H. Hand, Jr.
NRHP reference No.	80000411
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	12 February 1980
Designated NHL	20 December 1989

The schooner Bowdoin /ˈbdɪn/ was designed by William H. Hand, Jr., and built in 1921, in East Boothbay, Maine, at the Hodgdon Brothers Shipyard now known as Hodgdon Yachts. She is the only American schooner built specifically for Arctic exploration, and was designed under the direction of explorer Donald B. MacMillan. She has made 29 trips above the Arctic Circle in her life, three since she was acquired by the Maine Maritime Academy in 1988. She is currently owned by the Maine Maritime Academy, located in Castine, Maine, and is used for their sail training curriculum.

History

The schooner's design and construction were carefully considered and well-executed, although neither was radical for their day. The vessel is unique today because of her specialized purpose—she is heavy and carries less sail for her displacement than most schooners because, in addition to the obvious ice hazards, the Arctic is known for having either no wind at all or too much..

Bowdoin first crossed the Arctic Circle on 23 August 1921. A place unknown to most of the world, the Arctic had had few visitors. Only sixteen years before, the goal of many generations of Arctic explorers had been reached when a northwest passage was traversed — a route which was, practically speaking, unusable, and after the construction of the Panama Canal, no longer necessary. Peary's North Pole expedition was merely a dozen years past. The last few Hudson's Bay and Davis Strait whalers had made their final trip home two years before.

Bowdoin sailed north with Macmillan two dozen times, carrying scientists, adventurers, and students.

World War II

On 22 May 1941 the United States Navy purchased Bowdoin from MacMillan for use in the war effort. She was placed in commission as USS Bowdoin (IX-50) on 16 June 1941. She was one of the very few sail powered vessels commissioned in the U.S. Navy during World War II. Her first commanding officer was her previous owner, Lieutenant Commander Donald B. MacMillan. (MacMillan had received a commission in the Naval Reserve in 1925 and was retired for age in 1938 but volunteered for active duty in 1941 at the age of 66.) MacMillan was soon reassigned to the Navy's hydrographic office. As of March 1, 1942, her commanding officer was Lieutenant (junior grade) Stuart T. Hotchkiss.

Bowdoin was assigned to the South Greenland Patrol but did not report for duty at Ivigtut. The Greenland patrol existed for two major purposes: to assist in the defense of Greenland and to support the Army in its task of setting up air bases on Greenland as stopover and fueling points for aircraft being ferried to Great Britain. Bowdoin provided services in conjunction with air base site surveys and construction. That assignment lasted about 27 months.

During that time, in October 1941, the two portions of the Greenland Patrol — the northeast and Bowdoin's south — were combined into a single command, the Greenland Patrol, Task Group 24.8 which took its orders directly from Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet. About two years after that event, on 23 October 1943, the auxiliary schooner was placed in reduced commission.

On 16 December 1943, Bowdoin was placed out of commission at Quincy, Massachusetts. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 16 May 1944. She was sold as a hulk on 24 January 1945 through the Maritime Commission's War Shipping Administration. Purchased by friends of MacMillan, the battered schooner was refitted once again for Arctic exploration.

Post War

In 1959, Admiral MacMillan (who was promoted to rear admiral by a special act of Congress in 1954) sailed the vessel to Mystic Seaport, in Mystic, Connecticut, and turned it over to them for display. Little was done with the ship, and the seaport removed (and broke) its masts and left it in a state of neglect.

In 1967, at MacMillan's urging, the Schooner Bowdoin Association, Inc spearheaded by Dr. Edward Morse (the last surviving member of Admiral MacMillan's arctic voyages) was formed including friends of the admiral's, former crew members and others interested in saving the ship. Mystic Seaport relinquished the schooner to the Association, which leased her to Captain Jim Sharp of Camden, Maine. Sharp restored the schooner to operating condition and sailed her to Provincetown, Massachusetts, in 1969 on a sentimental journey to MacMillan's home, where the admiral, in his 90s, saw Bowdoin sail again one last time.

Jim Sharp had restored what he could on Bowdoin for $25,000, using her as a wharfside museum in Camden, Maine and sailing her on charters. In the mid-1970s, though, Coast Guard requirements for passenger carrying, which would have called for rebuilding the schooner and destroying her historic character, forced Sharp to return Bowdoin to the Schooner Bowdoin Association. Used for sail training and leased by the Association to various groups, Bowdoin has persevered since then. A major restoration effort at the Maine Maritime Museum between 1980-1984 brought the schooner back to excellent condition. The work was supervised by Jim Stevens, owner of the Goudy-Stevens Yard in East Boothbay, formerly Hodgdon Brothers, who first built Bowdoin in 1921.

Bowdoin was declared the official sailing vessel of the state of Maine in 1986. In 1989 Bowdoin was designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition for her significant role in Arctic exploration.

The restored schooner sailed in OpSail '86 in New York harbor in the parade of ships that celebrated the Statue of Liberty's restoration. In 1987–1988 she was leased to Outward Bound, Inc., an educational organization, and in 1988 was turned over to the Maine Maritime Academy in Castine, Maine on a two-year lease with an option to buy.

In 1990 Bowdoin sailed to Labrador, which was her first voyage to the North since the 1950s. In 1991 she carried students for the first time, traveling 150 miles North of the Arctic Circle to Disko Island, Greenland. Since that voyage in 1991 she has generally remained in the area of the maritime provinces of Canada with visits to St. Pierre and Miquelon as well as Newfoundland and Labrador. The exception was in 1994, when she sailed 250 miles North of the Arctic Circle to Umanaq, Greenland.

Between June and August 2014, Bowdoin was fitted with a new laminated mast after the previous mast was found to be "compromised". On August 15, 2014, Bowdoin set sail for Nova Scotia, with Eric Jergenson in command.

Awards

For her service in the Second World War, Bowdoin is entitled to the following awards:

• American Defense Service Medal with "A" device
• American Campaign Medal
• European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
• World War II Victory Medal

Sources

•  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.

See also

• List of schooners
• List of National Historic Landmarks in Maine
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Maine

External links

• Photo gallery of Bowdoin at NavSource Naval History
• Hodgdon Yachts since 1816