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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[File:Council of the Islamic Revolution - From left Mehdi Bazargan, Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani, Yadollah Sahabi, Ali Khamenei, Abolhassan Banisadr (Head of council), Hassan Habibi, Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili.jpg|thumb|Council members meeting, left to right: [[Mehdi Bazargan|Bazargan]], [[Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani|Mahdavi Kani]], [[Yadollah Sahabi|Sahabi]], [[Ali Khamenei|Khamenei]], [[Abolhassan Banisadr|Banisadr]], [[Hassan Habibi|Habibi]], [[Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili|Mousavi Ardebili]]|250px]]
[[File:Council of the Islamic Revolution - From left Mehdi Bazargan, Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani, Yadollah Sahabi, Ali Khamenei, Abolhassan Banisadr (Head of council), Hassan Habibi, Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili.jpg|thumb|Council members meeting, left to right: [[Mehdi Bazargan|Bazargan]], [[Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani|Mahdavi Kani]], [[Yadollah Sahabi|Sahabi]], [[Ali Khamenei|Khamenei]], [[Abolhassan Banisadr|Banisadr]], [[Hassan Habibi|Habibi]], [[Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili|Mousavi Ardebili]]|250px]]
The Council was composed of seven religious figures associated with Khomeini, seven secular opposition figures, and two representatives of the security forces. According to [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]], Khomeini chose Beheshti, Motahhari, Rafsanjani, Bahonar, [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi]] and [[Musavi Ardabili]] as members. These invited others to serve: [[Mehdi Bazargan|Bazargan]], Taleqani, [[Ali Khamenei|Khamenei]], [[Abolhassan Banisadr|Banisadr]], [[Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani|Mahdavi Kani]], [[Yadollah Sahabi|Sahabi]], Katirayee, [[Ahmad Seyed Javadi|Javadi]], Qarani and [[Ali Asqr Masoodi|Masoodi]],<ref>[http://www.npc-rt.ir/eventlist-fa-1385-10-22.html Event list]</ref> [[Ali Akbar Moinfar|Moinfar]], [[Nasser Minachi|Minachi]] (until 1979) and [[Sadegh Ghotbzadeh|Ghotbzadeh]].<ref name=rubin80>{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Barry|title=Paved with Good Intentions|year=1980|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|page=283|url=http://www.gloria-center.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Paved-with-Good-Intentions-final.pdf}}</ref>
The Council was composed of seven religious figures associated with Khomeini, seven secular opposition figures, and two representatives of the security forces. According to [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]], Khomeini chose Beheshti, Motahhari, Rafsanjani, Bahonar, [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi]] and [[Musavi Ardabili]] as members. These invited others to serve: [[Mehdi Bazargan|Bazargan]], Taleqani, [[Ali Khamenei|Khamenei]], [[Abolhassan Banisadr|Banisadr]], [[Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani|Mahdavi Kani]], [[Yadollah Sahabi|Sahabi]], Katirayee, [[Ahmad Seyed Javadi|Javadi]], Qarani and [[Ali Asqr Masoodi|Masoodi]],<ref>[http://www.npc-rt.ir/eventlist-fa-1385-10-22.html Event list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420140209/http://www.npc-rt.ir/eventlist-fa-1385-10-22.html |date=2008-04-20 }}</ref> [[Ali Akbar Moinfar|Moinfar]], [[Nasser Minachi|Minachi]] (until 1979) and [[Sadegh Ghotbzadeh|Ghotbzadeh]].<ref name=rubin80>{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Barry|title=Paved with Good Intentions|year=1980|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|page=283|url=http://www.gloria-center.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Paved-with-Good-Intentions-final.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021121704/http://www.gloria-center.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Paved-with-Good-Intentions-final.pdf|archivedate=2013-10-21|df=}}</ref>


The council put Bazargan forward as the [[Prime Minister of Iran|Prime Minister]] of the [[Interim Government of Iran]], which Khomeini accepted.<ref name = "Khomeini">[http://www.irdc.ir/article.asp?id=822 چرا و چگونه بازرگان به نخست وزیری رسید؟] The commandment of Ayatollah Khomeini for Bazargan and his sermon on February 5.</ref>
The council put Bazargan forward as the [[Prime Minister of Iran|Prime Minister]] of the [[Interim Government of Iran]], which Khomeini accepted.<ref name="Khomeini">[http://www.irdc.ir/article.asp?id=822 چرا و چگونه بازرگان به نخست وزیری رسید؟] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413172900/http://www.irdc.ir/article.asp?id=822 |date=2008-04-13 }} The commandment of Ayatollah Khomeini for Bazargan and his sermon on February 5.</ref>


It has been described as "a parallel government" that passed laws and competed with the official Interim Government<ref>Keddie, ''Modern Iran'', (2003) p.245</ref> whose leading members had come from the council.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
It has been described as "a parallel government" that passed laws and competed with the official Interim Government<ref>Keddie, ''Modern Iran'', (2003) p.245</ref> whose leading members had come from the council.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Revision as of 17:04, 13 August 2017

Council of the Islamic Revolution
Date formed12 January 1979 (1979-01-12)[1]
Date dissolved20 July 1980 (1980-07-20)[1]
People and organisations
Head of stateRuhollah Khomeini

The Council of the Islamic Revolution (Persian: شورای انقلاب اسلامی, romanized: Šūrā-ye enqelāb-e eslāmī) was a group formed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to manage the Iranian Revolution on 10 January 1979, shortly before he returned to Iran.[2] "Over the next few months there issued from the council hundreds of rulings and laws, dealing with everything from bank nationalization to nurses' salaries."[3] Its existence was kept a secret during the early, less secure time of the revolution,[4] and its members and the exact nature of what the council did remained undisclosed to the public until early 1980. Some of the council's members like Motahhari, Taleqani, Bahonar, Beheshti, Qarani died during Iran–Iraq War or were assassinated by the MKO during the consolidation of the Iranian Revolution. Most of those who remained were put aside by the regime.[5]

Overview

Council members meeting, left to right: Bazargan, Mahdavi Kani, Sahabi, Khamenei, Banisadr, Habibi, Mousavi Ardebili

The Council was composed of seven religious figures associated with Khomeini, seven secular opposition figures, and two representatives of the security forces. According to Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Khomeini chose Beheshti, Motahhari, Rafsanjani, Bahonar, Mir-Hossein Mousavi and Musavi Ardabili as members. These invited others to serve: Bazargan, Taleqani, Khamenei, Banisadr, Mahdavi Kani, Sahabi, Katirayee, Javadi, Qarani and Masoodi,[6] Moinfar, Minachi (until 1979) and Ghotbzadeh.[7]

The council put Bazargan forward as the Prime Minister of the Interim Government of Iran, which Khomeini accepted.[8]

It has been described as "a parallel government" that passed laws and competed with the official Interim Government[9] whose leading members had come from the council.[3]

The council served as the undisputed government of Iran from the resignation of Bazargan and the rest of the Interim Government until the formation of first parliament (6 November 1979 - 12 August 1980).[10]

Among the actions the council took was the April 1979 creation of revolutionary tribunals to try and execute enemies of the revolution;[11] nationalization of companies; the delivery of an ultimatum in April 1980 to leftists groups to leave Iranian universities. Following this, a "large number" of leftist were "killed or wounded".[12]

Members of the council were not in complete agreement as to how they wanted Iran to be governed. Abolhassan Banisadr, Ebrahim Yazdi, and Sadegh Ghotbzadeh, and the Ayatollah Mahmoud Taleghani favoured a democratic government, while Khomeini, Beheshti, and other clerics desired a constitution with a planning council but no elected parliament, as law would be based on Sharia law interpreted by mujtahid. The later vision prevailed after the assassination of Ayatollah Mutahhari and the death of Ayatollah Mahmoud Taleghani on 10 September 1979 greatly strengthened the Islamists' hand.[5]

Members

According to Mehdi Bazargan, members of the council were as follows:[13]

Before February 1979 February–July 1979 July–November 1979 November 1979–July 1980
Morteza Motahhari assassinated
Mahmoud Taleghani deceased
Valiollah Qarani assassinated
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
Mohammad Beheshti
Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Kani
Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili
Mohammad-Javad Bahonar
Ebrahim Yazdi Went to interim government —
Yadollah Sahabi Went to interim government —
Ahmad Sayyed Javadi Went to interim government —
Mostafa Katiraei Went to interim government Mostafa Katiraei —
Mehdi Bazargan Went to interim government Mehdi Bazargan
Ezzatollah Sahabi
Abbas Sheybani
— Ali Khamenei
— Ali-Asghar Masoudi —
— Abolhassan Banisadr
— Sadegh Ghotbzadeh
— Mir-Hossein Mousavi —
— Habibollah Payman —
— Ahmad Jalali —
— Ali Akbar Moinfar
— Reza Sadr

Chairmen

Source[14]
# Chairman Took office Left office Political party
style="background:Template:Combatant Clergy Association/meta/color; color:white;"| 1 Morteza Motahhari c. November 1978[15]
12 January 1979 (official) 		1 May 1979 Combatant Clergy Association
style="background:Template:Freedom Movement of Iran/meta/color; color:white;"| 2 Mahmoud Taleghani File:Mahmoud Taleghani (2).JPG 1 May 1979 9 September 1979 Freedom Movement of Iran
style="background:Template:Independent politician/meta/color; color:black;"| 3 Abolhassan Banisadr 9 September 1979 11 February 1980 Independent

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Mohammadighalehtaki, Ariabarzan (2012). Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat) (Ph.D. thesis). Durham University. p. 92.
  2. ^ Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs, Basic Books, 1984, p.64
  3. ^ a b Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs, Basic Books, 1984, p.65
  4. ^ during the time of Khomeini's arrival in Tehran (1 February 1979) the council was described as "secret" by Baqer Moin in his book Khomeini, p.200)
  5. ^ a b Momen, Moojan, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 290
  6. ^ Event list Archived 2008-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Rubin, Barry (1980). Paved with Good Intentions (PDF). New York: Penguin Books. p. 283. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ چرا و چگونه بازرگان به نخست وزیری رسید؟ Archived 2008-04-13 at the Wayback Machine The commandment of Ayatollah Khomeini for Bazargan and his sermon on February 5.
  9. ^ Keddie, Modern Iran, (2003) p.245
  10. ^ Iran, World Statesmen.
  11. ^ Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs, Basic Books, 1984, p. 61
  12. ^ Keddie, Modern Iran, (2003) p. 250
  13. ^ Mehdi Bazargan (19 January 2011) [11 February 1982], سخنرانی مهدی بازرگان به مناسبت سومین سالگرد انقلاب اسلامی (in Persian), Iranian History, retrieved 16 January 2017
  14. ^ "شورای انقلاب و پایه‌گذاران مغضوب جمهوری اسلامی", Deutsche Welle (in Persian), 1 December 2010, retrieved 16 January 2017
  15. ^ Mohsen Radadi, جنگ شوراها نگاهی به تشکیل شورای انقلاب و شورای سلطنت در زمستان 1357 (in Persian)

Bibliography

  • Bakhash, Shaul (1984). Reign of the Ayatollahs. Basic Books.
  • Keddie, Nikki (2003). Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. Yale University Press.
  • Moin, Baqer (2000). Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah. Thomas Dunne Books.
Government offices
Preceded by Interim Government of Iran
1979-1980 		Succeeded by
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