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A cultural icon is an artifact that is identified by members of a culture as representative of that culture. The process of identification is subjective, and "icons" are judged by the extent to which they can be seen as an authentic proxy of that culture. When individuals perceive a cultural icon, they relate it to their general perceptions of the cultural identity represented.^[1] Cultural icons can also be identified as an authentic representation of the practices of one culture by another.^[2]

In the media, many items and persons of popular culture have been called "iconic" despite their lack of durability; and the term "pop icon" is often now used. Some commentators believe that the word is overused or misused.^[3]

Types

A subset of cultural icons are national icons.

A web-based survey was set up in 2006 allowing the public to nominate their ideas for national icons of England^[4] and the results reflect the range of different types of icon associated with an English view of English culture. Some examples are:

Big Ben (the nickname for the bell, but widely recognised as Elizabeth Tower of the Houses of Parliament in London);^[5]^[6]^[7]
Cup of tea (for the British tea drinking habit);^[5]^[8]^[9]
Red telephone box;^[10]^[11]^[12]
Red AEC Routemaster London double decker bus;^[5]^[10]^[11]
Spitfire, a World War II fighter aircraft.^[5]^[11]^[13]

Matryoshka dolls are seen internationally as cultural icons of Russia.^[14]. In the former Soviet Union, the hammer and sickle symbol and statues of Vladimir Lenin instead represented the country's most prominent cultural icons.

The values, norms and ideals represented by a cultural icon vary both among people who subscribe to it, and more widely among other people who may interpret cultural icons as symbolising quite different values. Thus an apple pie is a cultural icon of the United States, but its significance varies among Americans.

National icons can become targets for those opposing or criticising a regime, for example, crowds destroying statues of Lenin in Eastern Europe after the fall of communism^[15] or burning the Stars and Stripes flag to protest about US actions abroad.^[16]

Religious icons can also become cultural icons in societies where religion and culture are deeply entwined, such as representations of the Madonna in societies with a strong catholic tradition.^[17]

Use in popular media

Describing something as iconic or as an icon has become very common in the popular media. This has drawn criticism from some: a writer in Liverpool Daily Post calls "iconic" "a word that makes my flesh creep", a word "pressed into service to describe almost anything."^[18] The Christian Examiner nominates "iconic" in its list of overused words, finding over 18,000 "iconic" references in news stories alone, with another 30,000 for "icon", including its use for SpongeBob SquarePants.^[19]

References

^ Grayson, Kent; Martinec, Radan (2004-09-01). "Consumer Perceptions of Iconicity and Indexicality and Their Influence on Assessments of Authentic Market Offerings". Journal of Consumer Research. 31 (2): 296–312. doi:10.1086/422109. ISSN 0093-5301.
^ Motley, Carol M.; Henderson, Geraldine Rosa (2008-03-01). "The global hip-hop Diaspora: Understanding the culture". Journal of Business Research. Cross-Cultural Business Research. 61 (3): 243–253. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.020.
^ Heard about the famous icon? We have - far too often, The Independent (London), January 27, 2007
^ "Our Collection". icons.org.uk. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d British Postal Museum & Archive: Icons of England. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
^ Holloway, J Christopher; Taylor, Neil (7th Edition, 2006 (First published 1983)). The Business of Tourism. Pearson Education. p. 217. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
^ McManus, Erwin Raphael (2001). An Unstoppable Force: Daring to Become the Church God Had in Mind. Flagship Church Resources. p. 113.
^ BBC: Tea steams ahead in icon hunt. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
^ Thorne, Tony (2011). The 100 Words that Make the English. Hachette Digital (e-book). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b Jenkins, Simon; Dean Godson (editor) (October 2005). "Replacing the Routemaster" (PDF). p. 7. Retrieved December 15, 2012. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Culture24: Icons of England. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
^ O'Neill, Brendan (2 April 2009). "Gulf News / Christian Science Monitor". To save a past that rings a bell. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
^ Parker, Mike (2012). Cultural Icons: A Case Study Analysis of their Formation and Reception (PhD Thesis). University of Central Lancashire. pp. 123–167. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Bobo, Suzanna (25 December 2012). "Scuttlebutt: Wooden toy tells a story of love and industry". Kodiak Daily Mirror. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
^ Jones, Jonathan (December 9, 2013). "Why smashing statues can be the sweetest revenge". Guardian.
^ Laessing, ulf (September 14, 2012). "Anti-American fury sweeps Middle East over film". Reuters.
^ Creating Ourselves, African Americans and Hispanic Americans on popular culture and religious expression. Duke University Press. 2009. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
^ Let's hear it for the Queen's English, Liverpool Daily Post
^ Modern word usage amazingly leaves us yearning for gay, old times Archived 2010-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, Christian Examiner

Bibliography

Biedermann, Hans (1994). Dictionary of Symbolism: Cultural Icons and the Meanings Behind Them. Meridan.
Brooker, Will (2001). Batman Unmasked: Analysing a Cultural Icon. Continuum.
Edwards, Peter; Karl Enenkel, and Elspeth Graham (editors) (2011). The Horse as Cultural Icon: The Real and the Symbolic Horse in the Early Modern World. Brill. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Foudy, Julie; Leslie Heywood; Shari L Dworkin (2003). Built to Win: The Female Athlete as Cultural Icon. University of Minnesota Press.
Gilbert, Erik (2008). The Dhow as Cultural Icon. Boston University.* Heyer, Paul (2012). Titanic Century: Media, Myth, and the Making of a Cultural Icon. Praeger.
Heyer, Paul (2012). Titanic Century: Media, Myth, and the Making of a Cultural Icon. Praeger.
Meyer, Denis C. (2010). Cles Pour la France en 80 Icones Culturelles. Hachette.
Nelkin, Dorothy; M Susan Lindee (2004). The DNA Mystique: The Gene as a Cultural Icon. University of Michigan Press.
Reydams-Schils, Gretchen J (2003). Plato's Timaeus as Cultural Icon. University of Notre Dame Press.

External links

[1] Grayson, Kent; Martinec, Radan (2004-09-01). "Consumer Perceptions of Iconicity and Indexicality and Their Influence on Assessments of Authentic Market Offerings". Journal of Consumer Research. 31 (2): 296–312. doi:10.1086/422109. ISSN 0093-5301.

[2] Motley, Carol M.; Henderson, Geraldine Rosa (2008-03-01). "The global hip-hop Diaspora: Understanding the culture". Journal of Business Research. Cross-Cultural Business Research. 61 (3): 243–253. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.020.

[3] Heard about the famous icon? We have - far too often, The Independent (London), January 27, 2007

[England-4] "Our Collection". icons.org.uk. Retrieved August 16, 2014.

[PostalMuseum-5] British Postal Museum & Archive: Icons of England. Retrieved 15 December 2012.

[Holloway-6] Holloway, J Christopher; Taylor, Neil (7th Edition, 2006 (First published 1983)). The Business of Tourism. Pearson Education. p. 217. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)

[7] McManus, Erwin Raphael (2001). An Unstoppable Force: Daring to Become the Church God Had in Mind. Flagship Church Resources. p. 113.

[8] BBC: Tea steams ahead in icon hunt. Retrieved 15 December 2012.

[9] Thorne, Tony (2011). The 100 Words that Make the English. Hachette Digital (e-book). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[PolicyExchange-10] Jenkins, Simon; Dean Godson (editor) (October 2005). "Replacing the Routemaster" (PDF). p. 7. Retrieved December 15, 2012. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Culture24-11] Culture24: Icons of England. Retrieved 15 December 2012.

[12] O'Neill, Brendan (2 April 2009). "Gulf News / Christian Science Monitor". To save a past that rings a bell. Retrieved December 15, 2012.

[13] Parker, Mike (2012). Cultural Icons: A Case Study Analysis of their Formation and Reception (PhD Thesis). University of Central Lancashire. pp. 123–167. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[14] Bobo, Suzanna (25 December 2012). "Scuttlebutt: Wooden toy tells a story of love and industry". Kodiak Daily Mirror. Retrieved 9 April 2013.

[15] Jones, Jonathan (December 9, 2013). "Why smashing statues can be the sweetest revenge". Guardian.

[16] Laessing, ulf (September 14, 2012). "Anti-American fury sweeps Middle East over film". Reuters.

[17] Creating Ourselves, African Americans and Hispanic Americans on popular culture and religious expression. Duke University Press. 2009. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

[LDP-18] Let's hear it for the Queen's English, Liverpool Daily Post

[CE-19] Modern word usage amazingly leaves us yearning for gay, old times Archived 2010-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, Christian Examiner

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 ==Use in popular media==
-Describing something as ''iconic'' or as an ''icon'' has become very common in the popular media. This has drawn criticism from some: a writer in ''[[Liverpool Daily Post]]'' calls "iconic" "a word that makes my flesh creep", a word "pressed into service to describe almost anything."<ref name="LDP">[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-191891103.html Let's hear it for the Queen's English], ''[[Liverpool Daily Post]]''</ref>  The ''[[Christian Examiner]]'' nominates "iconic" in its list of overused words, finding over 18,000 "iconic" references in news stories alone, with another 30,000 for "icon", including its use for ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]''.<ref name="CE">[http://www.christianexaminer.com/Articles/Articles%20Aug09/Art_Aug09_oped2.html Modern word usage amazingly leaves us yearning for gay, old times], ''[[Christian Examiner]]''</ref>
+Describing something as ''iconic'' or as an ''icon'' has become very common in the popular media. This has drawn criticism from some: a writer in ''[[Liverpool Daily Post]]'' calls "iconic" "a word that makes my flesh creep", a word "pressed into service to describe almost anything."<ref name="LDP">[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-191891103.html Let's hear it for the Queen's English], ''[[Liverpool Daily Post]]''</ref>  The ''[[Christian Examiner]]'' nominates "iconic" in its list of overused words, finding over 18,000 "iconic" references in news stories alone, with another 30,000 for "icon", including its use for ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]''.<ref name="CE">[http://www.christianexaminer.com/Articles/Articles%20Aug09/Art_Aug09_oped2.html Modern word usage amazingly leaves us yearning for gay, old times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225101358/http://www.christianexaminer.com/Articles/Articles%20Aug09/Art_Aug09_oped2.html |date=2010-12-25 }}, ''[[Christian Examiner]]''</ref>
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