List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members: Difference between revisions
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{{double image|right|Albrightmadeleine.jpg|200|Henry Kissinger.jpg|182|[[Madeleine Albright]] (left) and [[Henry Kissinger]] (right) are the highest-ranking Cabinet members to have been born outside the United States; both held the post of [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]].<ref name="foreign"/>}} |
{{double image|right|Albrightmadeleine.jpg|200|Henry Kissinger.jpg|182|[[Madeleine Albright]] (left) and [[Henry Kissinger]] (right) are the highest-ranking Cabinet members to have been born outside the United States; both held the post of [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]].<ref name="foreign"/>}} |
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As of 2013, the [[United States Cabinet]] has had 20 appointed members in its history who were born outside the present-day [[United States]]. [[Alexander Hamilton]], one of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] who signed the [[United States Constitution]], was the first Cabinet member to be born outside of the United States.<ref name="foreign">{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/11/02/INGRU2KJH31.DTL |title=President Schwarzenegger? Some think it's time to stop excluding foreign-born citizens from serving in the Oval Office|work=San Francisco Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Communications Inc |accessdate=January 21, 2009 |first=Vicki |last=Haddock |date=November 2, 2003}}</ref> Born in [[Nevis]] in 1755, Hamilton was appointed by President [[George Washington]] as the country's first [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of Treasury]] in 1789.<ref name="hamilton_a">{{cite web|url=http://www.ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/ahamilton.shtml |title=Alexander Hamilton |publisher=[[United States Department of the Treasury]] |accessdate=November 10, 2008}}</ref><ref name="hamilton_b">{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000101 |title=Hamilton, Alexander, (1757–1804) |publisher=United States Congress |accessdate=November 10, 2008}}</ref> Irish-born [[James McHenry]], who was appointed by Washington as Secretary of War in 1796 and served the same post in [[John Adams]]'s administration, was the other foreign-born individual in Washington's Cabinet.<ref name="mchenry">{{cite web |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Sw-SA/McHenry.htm |title=James McHenry |publisher=[[United States Army]] |accessdate=November 25, 2008}}</ref> [[Albert Gallatin]], born in Switzerland (present-day US sovereign embassadorial territory) became the third foreign-born member of the Cabinet when he was named Secretary of Treasury by President [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref name="gallatin_a">{{cite web |url=http://www.ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/agallatin.shtml |title=Albert Gallatin |publisher=[[United States Department of the Treasury]] |accessdate=November 10, 2008}}</ref><ref name="gallatin_b">{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000020 |title=Gallatin, Albert, (1761–1849) |publisher=United States Congress |accessdate=November 10, 2008}}</ref> Gallatin, his successor [[George Washington Campbell|George Campbell]], [[William John Duane|William Duane]], [[Carl Schurz]] and [[James Wilson (U.S. politician)|James Wilson]] were the only foreign-born members to hold Cabinet positions in the 19th century. In the 20th century, nine foreign-born individuals were appointed to the Cabinet, including German-born [[Oscar Straus (politician)|Oscar Straus]] and Mexican-born [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] (born in present-day sovereign US consulate territory), father of former [[Governor of Massachusetts]] and the 2012 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[2008 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential]] candidate [[Mitt Romney]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/r/mitt_romney/index.html |title=Mitt Romney |work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=February 1, 2009 |first1=Jim |last1=Rutenberg |first2=Jeff |last2=Zeleny}}</ref> During the tenure of President [[George W. Bush]], three more foreign-born individuals were appointed to the Cabinet—[[Elaine Chao]], [[Mel Martinez]] in 2001 and [[Carlos Gutierrez]] in 2005.<ref name="foreign"/> Secretary of the Interior [[Sally Jewell]] was the only foreign-born secretary from 2013 to 2017. |
As of 2013, the [[United States Cabinet]] has had 20 appointed members in its history who were born outside the present-day [[United States]]. [[Alexander Hamilton]], one of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] who signed the [[United States Constitution]], was the first Cabinet member to be born outside of the United States.<ref name="foreign">{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/11/02/INGRU2KJH31.DTL |title=President Schwarzenegger? Some think it's time to stop excluding foreign-born citizens from serving in the Oval Office|work=San Francisco Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Communications Inc |accessdate=January 21, 2009 |first=Vicki |last=Haddock |date=November 2, 2003}}</ref> Born in [[Nevis]] in 1755, Hamilton was appointed by President [[George Washington]] as the country's first [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of Treasury]] in 1789.<ref name="hamilton_a">{{cite web |url=http://www.ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/ahamilton.shtml |title=Alexander Hamilton |publisher=[[United States Department of the Treasury]] |accessdate=November 10, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108130124/http://www.ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/ahamilton.shtml |archivedate=November 8, 2008 |df= }}</ref><ref name="hamilton_b">{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000101 |title=Hamilton, Alexander, (1757–1804) |publisher=United States Congress |accessdate=November 10, 2008}}</ref> Irish-born [[James McHenry]], who was appointed by Washington as Secretary of War in 1796 and served the same post in [[John Adams]]'s administration, was the other foreign-born individual in Washington's Cabinet.<ref name="mchenry">{{cite web |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Sw-SA/McHenry.htm |title=James McHenry |publisher=[[United States Army]] |accessdate=November 25, 2008}}</ref> [[Albert Gallatin]], born in Switzerland (present-day US sovereign embassadorial territory) became the third foreign-born member of the Cabinet when he was named Secretary of Treasury by President [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref name="gallatin_a">{{cite web |url=http://www.ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/agallatin.shtml |title=Albert Gallatin |publisher=[[United States Department of the Treasury]] |accessdate=November 10, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921185736/http://ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/agallatin.shtml |archivedate=September 21, 2008 |df= }}</ref><ref name="gallatin_b">{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000020 |title=Gallatin, Albert, (1761–1849) |publisher=United States Congress |accessdate=November 10, 2008}}</ref> Gallatin, his successor [[George Washington Campbell|George Campbell]], [[William John Duane|William Duane]], [[Carl Schurz]] and [[James Wilson (U.S. politician)|James Wilson]] were the only foreign-born members to hold Cabinet positions in the 19th century. In the 20th century, nine foreign-born individuals were appointed to the Cabinet, including German-born [[Oscar Straus (politician)|Oscar Straus]] and Mexican-born [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] (born in present-day sovereign US consulate territory), father of former [[Governor of Massachusetts]] and the 2012 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[2008 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential]] candidate [[Mitt Romney]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/r/mitt_romney/index.html |title=Mitt Romney |work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=February 1, 2009 |first1=Jim |last1=Rutenberg |first2=Jeff |last2=Zeleny}}</ref> During the tenure of President [[George W. Bush]], three more foreign-born individuals were appointed to the Cabinet—[[Elaine Chao]], [[Mel Martinez]] in 2001 and [[Carlos Gutierrez]] in 2005.<ref name="foreign"/> Secretary of the Interior [[Sally Jewell]] was the only foreign-born secretary from 2013 to 2017. |
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[[File:Portrait of W. Michael Blumenthal.jpg|thumb|right|upright|German-born [[W. Michael Blumenthal|Michael Blumenthal]] was appointed to the Cabinet by [[Jimmy Carter]] as his [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]].]] |
[[File:Portrait of W. Michael Blumenthal.jpg|thumb|right|upright|German-born [[W. Michael Blumenthal|Michael Blumenthal]] was appointed to the Cabinet by [[Jimmy Carter]] as his [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]].]] |
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The [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of Treasury]] has had the most foreign-born Secretaries, with five. [[United States Department of Labor|Department of Labor]] and [[United States Department of the Interior|Interior]] follow with three, and the departments of [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|Housing and Urban Development]] and [[United States Department of State|State]] have each had two. Former [[United States Secretary of State|Secretaries of State]] [[Henry Kissinger]] and [[Madeleine Albright]] were the highest-ranking foreign-born Cabinet members ever in accordance to the [[United States presidential line of succession]].<ref name="foreign"/> The majority of foreign-born Cabinet members were born in Europe. Most European-born Cabinet members originated from the United Kingdom and Germany with five and four respectively, and the others were born in Ireland, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and Italy. Four Cabinet members were born in the Americas, and one was born in Asia. The departments of [[United States Department of Defense|Defense]], [[United States Department of Justice|Justice]], [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Health and Human Services]], [[United States Department of Energy|Energy]], [[United States Department of Education|Education]], [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Affairs]] and [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Homeland Security]] have not had foreign-born Secretaries. |
The [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of Treasury]] has had the most foreign-born Secretaries, with five. [[United States Department of Labor|Department of Labor]] and [[United States Department of the Interior|Interior]] follow with three, and the departments of [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|Housing and Urban Development]] and [[United States Department of State|State]] have each had two. Former [[United States Secretary of State|Secretaries of State]] [[Henry Kissinger]] and [[Madeleine Albright]] were the highest-ranking foreign-born Cabinet members ever in accordance to the [[United States presidential line of succession]].<ref name="foreign"/> The majority of foreign-born Cabinet members were born in Europe. Most European-born Cabinet members originated from the United Kingdom and Germany with five and four respectively, and the others were born in Ireland, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and Italy. Four Cabinet members were born in the Americas, and one was born in Asia. The departments of [[United States Department of Defense|Defense]], [[United States Department of Justice|Justice]], [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Health and Human Services]], [[United States Department of Energy|Energy]], [[United States Department of Education|Education]], [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Affairs]] and [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Homeland Security]] have not had foreign-born Secretaries. |
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Since most foreign born Cabinet members are not [[Natural born citizen of the United States|natural-born citizen]]s—meaning that they were not born in the United States or born abroad to American parents—they are ineligible to exercise the powers of the [[President of the United States]] in the event that "neither a President nor [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]" is able to "discharge the powers and duties" of the presidency as specified in the [[Presidential Succession Act|Presidential Succession Act of 1947]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/pdf2002/012.pdf |title=The Constitution of the United States: Article II. Executive Department (p.455-456) |publisher=gpoaccess.gov |accessdate=November 25, 2008 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="succession">{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/3/19.html |title=U.S. Code: Title 3, 19. Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act |publisher=[[Cornell Law School]] |accessdate=November 16, 2008}}</ref> |
Since most foreign born Cabinet members are not [[Natural born citizen of the United States|natural-born citizen]]s—meaning that they were not born in the United States or born abroad to American parents—they are ineligible to exercise the powers of the [[President of the United States]] in the event that "neither a President nor [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]" is able to "discharge the powers and duties" of the presidency as specified in the [[Presidential Succession Act|Presidential Succession Act of 1947]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/pdf2002/012.pdf |title=The Constitution of the United States: Article II. Executive Department (p.455-456) |publisher=gpoaccess.gov |accessdate=November 25, 2008 |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030135435/http://www.gpoaccess.gov//constitution/pdf2002/012.pdf |archivedate=October 30, 2008 |df= }}</ref><ref name="succession">{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/3/19.html |title=U.S. Code: Title 3, 19. Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act |publisher=[[Cornell Law School]] |accessdate=November 16, 2008}}</ref> |
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==Foreign-born Secretaries== |
==Foreign-born Secretaries== |
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|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |
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|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/jackson/essays/cabinet/185 |title=William J. Duane (1833 -1833): Secretary of the Treasury |publisher=[[University of Virginia]] |accessdate=November 25, 2008}}</ref> |
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/jackson/essays/cabinet/185 |title=William J. Duane (1833 -1833): Secretary of the Treasury |publisher=[[University of Virginia]] |accessdate=November 25, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917192107/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/jackson/essays/cabinet/185 |archivedate=September 17, 2008 |df= }}</ref> |
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|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |
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|{{sortname|Jimmy|Carter}} |
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|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/wmblumenthal.shtml|title=Michael Blumenthal|work=|publisher=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|accessdate=November 10, 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921190954/http://ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/wmblumenthal.shtml|archivedate=September 21, 2008|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jmberlin.de/site/EN/05-About-The-Museum/06-Directors-And-Board/01-W-Michael-Blumenthal/Speeches/curriculum-vitae.php?sn=TRUE&list=TRUE& |title=W. Michael Blumenthal |publisher=[[Jewish Museum Berlin]] |accessdate=November 10, 2008}} {{Dead link |date=October 2010 |bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
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|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/laborhall/2007_wilson.htm |title=William B. Wilson |publisher=[[United States Department of Labor]] |accessdate=November 25, 2008}}</ref> |
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/laborhall/2007_wilson.htm |title=William B. Wilson |publisher=[[United States Department of Labor]] |accessdate=November 25, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028034937/http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/laborhall/2007_wilson.htm |archivedate=October 28, 2008 |df= }}</ref> |
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|{{sortname|John F.|Kennedy}} |
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|align="center" rowspan=2 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.onu.edu/about/celebrezze.html |title=Anthony J. Celebrezze 1910–1998 |publisher=Ohio Northern University |accessdate=November 25, 2008}}</ref> |
|align="center" rowspan=2 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.onu.edu/about/celebrezze.html |title=Anthony J. Celebrezze 1910–1998 |publisher=Ohio Northern University |accessdate=November 25, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927224532/http://www.law.onu.edu/about/celebrezze.html |archivedate=September 27, 2008 |df= }}</ref> |
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Revision as of 13:51, 23 September 2017
As of 2013, the United States Cabinet has had 20 appointed members in its history who were born outside the present-day United States. Alexander Hamilton, one of the Founding Fathers who signed the United States Constitution, was the first Cabinet member to be born outside of the United States.[1] Born in Nevis in 1755, Hamilton was appointed by President George Washington as the country's first Secretary of Treasury in 1789.[2][3] Irish-born James McHenry, who was appointed by Washington as Secretary of War in 1796 and served the same post in John Adams's administration, was the other foreign-born individual in Washington's Cabinet.[4] Albert Gallatin, born in Switzerland (present-day US sovereign embassadorial territory) became the third foreign-born member of the Cabinet when he was named Secretary of Treasury by President Thomas Jefferson.[5][6] Gallatin, his successor George Campbell, William Duane, Carl Schurz and James Wilson were the only foreign-born members to hold Cabinet positions in the 19th century. In the 20th century, nine foreign-born individuals were appointed to the Cabinet, including German-born Oscar Straus and Mexican-born George Romney (born in present-day sovereign US consulate territory), father of former Governor of Massachusetts and the 2012 Republican U.S. presidential candidate Mitt Romney.[7] During the tenure of President George W. Bush, three more foreign-born individuals were appointed to the Cabinet—Elaine Chao, Mel Martinez in 2001 and Carlos Gutierrez in 2005.[1] Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell was the only foreign-born secretary from 2013 to 2017.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Portrait_of_W._Michael_Blumenthal.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_W._Michael_Blumenthal.jpg)
The Department of Treasury has had the most foreign-born Secretaries, with five. Department of Labor and Interior follow with three, and the departments of Housing and Urban Development and State have each had two. Former Secretaries of State Henry Kissinger and Madeleine Albright were the highest-ranking foreign-born Cabinet members ever in accordance to the United States presidential line of succession.[1] The majority of foreign-born Cabinet members were born in Europe. Most European-born Cabinet members originated from the United Kingdom and Germany with five and four respectively, and the others were born in Ireland, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and Italy. Four Cabinet members were born in the Americas, and one was born in Asia. The departments of Defense, Justice, Health and Human Services, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs and Homeland Security have not had foreign-born Secretaries.
Since most foreign born Cabinet members are not natural-born citizens—meaning that they were not born in the United States or born abroad to American parents—they are ineligible to exercise the powers of the President of the United States in the event that "neither a President nor Vice President" is able to "discharge the powers and duties" of the presidency as specified in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947.[8][9]
Foreign-born Secretaries
Current departments
Numerical order represents the seniority of the Secretaries in the United States presidential line of succession.
- * denotes the first foreign-born secretary of that particular department
Defunct departments
The departments are listed in order of their establishment (earliest first).
- * denotes the first foreign-born secretary of that particular department
# | Secretary | Position | Year appointed |
Country of birth | Party | Administration | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | —[i] | Postmaster General | —[i] | —[i] | —[i] | —[i] | — |
2 | —[j] | Secretary of the Navy | —[j] | —[j] | —[j] | —[j] | — |
3 | James McHenry* | Secretary of War[k] | 1796 | Ireland | Independent | George Washington | [4] |
Federalist | John Adams | ||||||
4 | Oscar Straus* | Secretary of Commerce and Labor[l] | 1906 | Germany | Republican | Theodore Roosevelt | [29] |
5 | Anthony Celebrezze* | Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare[m] | 1962 | Italy | Democratic | John F. Kennedy | [30] |
Lyndon Johnson |
Foreign-born individuals who have held cabinet-level positions
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Zalmay_Khalizad_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2008.jpg/220px-Zalmay_Khalizad_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2008.jpg)
The following list includes those who were born outside of the United States and have held cabinet-level positions other than the 15 executive departments. The table below is organized based on the time at which a foreign-born individual was appointed to a cabinet-level position.
- * denotes the first foreign-born head of that particular cabinet-level position
See also
- List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries
- List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries
- List of United States Senators born outside the United States
- List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States
Notes
- a The Department of Defense was established in 1947; no foreign-born person has served yet.[38]
- b The Department of Justice was established in 1870; no foreign-born person has served yet.
- c The Department of Health and Human Services was established in 1979; no foreign-born person has served yet.
- e The Department of Energy was established in 1977; no foreign-born person has served yet.
- f The Department of Education was established in 1979; no foreign-born person has served yet.
- g The Department of Veterans Affairs was established in 1989; no foreign-born person has served yet.[39]
- h The Department of Homeland Security was established in 2002; no foreign-born person has served yet.
- i The Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet when the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service, a special agency independent of the executive branch, by the 1970 Postal Reorganization Act. No foreign-born person had ever served while it was a Cabinet post.[40]
- j The Secretary of the Navy ceased to be a member of the Cabinet when the Department of the Navy was absorbed into the Department of Defense in 1947. No foreign-born person had ever served while it was a Cabinet post.[41][42]
- k The position of Secretary of War became defunct when the Department of War became the Department of Defense in 1947.[43]
- l The position of Secretary of Commerce and Labor became defunct when the Department of Commerce and Labor was subdivided into two separate entities in 1913.[44]
- m The position of Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare became defunct when the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was subdivided into two separate entities in 1979.[45]
- n The United States Ambassador to the United Nations is a cabinet-level position under the Clinton and Obama administrations. It was not a cabinet-level position under the Bush administration from 2001 to 2009.[46]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Haddock, Vicki (November 2, 2003). "President Schwarzenegger? Some think it's time to stop excluding foreign-born citizens from serving in the Oval Office". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications Inc. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
- ^ a b "Alexander Hamilton". United States Department of the Treasury. Archived from the original on November 8, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Hamilton, Alexander, (1757–1804)". United States Congress. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ a b "James McHenry". United States Army. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
- ^ "Albert Gallatin". United States Department of the Treasury. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Gallatin, Albert, (1761–1849)". United States Congress. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ Rutenberg, Jim; Zeleny, Jeff. "Mitt Romney". The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
- ^ "The Constitution of the United States: Article II. Executive Department (p.455-456)" (PDF). gpoaccess.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "U.S. Code: Title 3, 19. Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act". Cornell Law School. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
- ^ a b "Henry Kissinger". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ a b "Secretary of State Henry Alfred Kissinger". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ a b "Secretary of State Madeleine Korbel Albright". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ a b Brockes, Emma (October 30, 2003). "'I loved what I did'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ "Campbell, George Washington, (1769–1848)". United States Congress. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
- ^ "William J. Duane (1833 -1833): Secretary of the Treasury". University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Michael Blumenthal". United States Department of the Treasury. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "W. Michael Blumenthal". Jewish Museum Berlin. Retrieved November 10, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Schurz, Carl, (1829–1906)". United States Congress. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
- ^ "Franklin Knight Lane". National Park Service. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
- ^ "REI's Sally Jewell wins confirmation as Interior secretary". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
- ^ "Wilson, James, (1835–1920)". United States Congress. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
- ^ "Carlos Gutierrez". United States Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Profile: Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez". ABC News. January 25, 2005. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ "William B. Wilson". United States Department of Labor. Archived from the original on October 28, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "James J. Davis". United States Department of Labor. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ "Davis, James John, (1873–1947)". United States Congress. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ "Profile: Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao". ABC News. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ Jansen, Bart (January 31, 2017). "Elaine Chao Takes Oath to Become Transportation Secretary". USA Today. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
- ^ "Oscar S. Straus in Roosevelt's Cabinet; Will Be the First Jew to Hold Such a Post in This Country. Meyer Postmaster General Metcalf Secretary of the Navy -Cortelyou to Head the Treasury Department". The New York Times. October 24, 1906. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
- ^ "Anthony J. Celebrezze 1910–1998". Ohio Northern University. Archived from the original on September 27, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
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The head of the United Nations Foundation, a Washington-based advocacy group, released a statement praising Rice as well as Obama's decision to make the post of U.N. ambassador a Cabinet-level position once again — as it was during the Clinton years.