Some of the modern place names are given in Turkish. For the most part, the equivalent English, French or German pronunciations are good approximations, but Turkish has some letters not present in those languages. Ğ or ğ is not pronounced, but lengthens the preceding vowel. For example, dağ, "mountain", is pronounced daa. Substitution of an English G or g is false. Ç or ç is a ch as in child, Ş or ş is an sh as in shore. What appear to be an English C or c is a J as in John, while the J or j is pronounced as the z in azure. The vowels have a short rather than a long pronunciation. As Turkish is an agglutinative language, the endings do not have the same meanings; e.g., daği is not the plural of dağ, which is daĝlar (daalar).
Some of the modern place names are given in Turkish. For the most part, the equivalent English, French or German pronunciations are good approximations, but Turkish has some letters not present in those languages. Ğ or ğ is not pronounced, but lengthens the preceding vowel. For example, dağ, "mountain", is pronounced daa. Substitution of an English G or g is false. Ç or ç is a ch as in child, Ş or ş is an sh as in shore. What appear to be an English C or c is a J as in John, while the J or j is pronounced as the z in azure. The vowels have a short rather than a long pronunciation. As Turkish is an agglutinative language, the endings do not have the same meanings; e.g., daği is not the plural of dağ, which is daĝlar (daalar).
Location of ancient Lycia in modern-day TurkeySome of the detail of ancient LyciaTurkish coast near Dalaman, Gulf of Fethiye in backgroundA view in ancient XanthusXanthos, theaterXanthos River from the acropolis of XanthosXanthian ObeliskMosaic at XanthosHarpy Tomb, XanthusHarpies from the Harpy Tomb, XanthusButterfly Valley on the Lycian WayView of monuments at CaunusAcropolis and theater at CaunusAncient PataraAncient PataraRuins of PataraView of PataraPataraDunes near Patara BeachPinara, amphitheaterView of ancient TlosAcropolis at TlosTheater at TlosEntrance to amphitheater, MyraMasks worn by actors at MyraRuins of AndriakeTomb of Amyntas, FethiyeAncient bridge near LimyraOn the bridge near LimyraRuins in ancient PhaselisAqueduct at PhaselisPart of the partially sunken settlement on Dolchiste IslandRuins on Kekova Island Tahtali Daği, "Mount Olympus"Tahtali DağiOlympus Beach, mountain in backgroundGöcek near Fethiye, Turkish Riviera, looking into the mountains of LyciaKaşAn eternal flame of Chimaera MountainKemer Bridge (not near the city) over the Xanthus
This article contains a list of Lycian place names that have survived from ancient Lycia in Anatolia. Names of settlements and geomorphic features are known from ancient literary sources. Ptolemy's Geography lists places in Asia Minor[1] and specifically Lycia.[2]Strabo's Geography has a section on Lycia as well,[3] as does Pliny's Natural History.[4]Stephanus of Byzantium includes a large number of Lycian places in Ethnica.[5]Hierocles in Synecdemus lists the cities in the eparchy of Lycia.[6]William Martin Leake's Journal of his own trips through Anatolia, as well as of those of many other travellers, with analyses of sources, mainly Ptolemy, is still a valuable source of information on the locations and appearances of the Lycian sites.[7] In addition, numerous inscriptions in the Lycian language state some place names in their Lycian forms.[8] The topographical information comes from the Aydin thesis, and was developed from Turkish military maps.[9]
This article does not address the task of defining Lycia. Over a thousand or more years, the borders of the historical territory, called Lycia in English, are not likely to have remained invariant. This list includes places named by some source at some time as "Lycian", and also any settlement with a Lycian language name, even though located in some other city-state. "Lycia" therefore represents a maximum territory, to which any historical Lycia was never exactly identical.
Aydin studied 44 out of 78 known ancient settlements. Many more archaeological sites are not identifiable with ancient settlements. Aydin also collected information on 870 Turkish settlements over the same region.[10] The moderns, certainly, populate the region much more densely than the ancients.
Some of the modern place names are given in Turkish. For the most part, the equivalent English, French or German pronunciations are good approximations, but Turkish has some letters not present in those languages. Ğ or ğ is not pronounced, but lengthens the preceding vowel. For example, dağ, "mountain", is pronounced daa. Substitution of an English G or g is false. Ç or ç is a ch as in child, Ş or ş is an sh as in shore. What appear to be an English C or c is a J as in John, while the J or j is pronounced as the z in azure. The vowels have a short rather than a long pronunciation. As Turkish is an agglutinative language, the endings do not have the same meanings; e.g., daği is not the plural of dağ, which is daĝlar (daalar).
Ptolemy, Pliny, Stephanus, who says it is Homer's Boudeion, Hierocles.
C
English classical name
Inscriptional name
Description
Sources
Cabalia
A region
Ptolemy, Strabo, who calls it Cabalis, and says it contains Oenianda, Balbura, Bubon. The Solymi lived there and the Lydians of Cibyra settled there. Part was in Milyas, part in Pisidia, and part in Rhodian territory, as well as in Lycia.
Strabo. An independent city, ruler of the Tetrapolis, never politically part of Lycia, but housing a population element speaking the language of the Solymi. The state was called the Cibyratis.
Listed in Ptolemy and numerous classical texts and inscriptions, as well as being the Lukka lands of Late Bronze Age Hittite and Egyptian inscriptions.
Ptolemy, Strabo, Pliny. Stephanus says it is a city of Caria, although expressing also the Lycian view. Hierocles has Telmisos.
Tenedos
Stephanus
Termera
Stephanus
Termessus
Trm̃mis
Greek Termēs(s)os
Described by Strabo as a city of Pisidia in the pass to Milyas. Same name as Lycia. Strabo says the Termessians are called the Solymi. Cibyra is just below and near Termessus.
^This article relies heavily for its Lycian names on Bryce 1986, pp. xvi, 70, 76–93, 211. Bryce in turn was influenced by Ten Cote, PH. H.J. Houwink (1961). "Chapter Four, The Transliteration of Proper Names, 3. The Greek transliteration of Lycian place names". The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera During the Hellenistic Period. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 106–108. Ten Cate lists all the inscriptions bearing on the names. Most present variants. Only one appears in column 2 above, typically that favored by Bryce. There are slight differences in the transliteration to English as well.
^Aydin 2006, pp. 39, 102 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAydin2006 (help)
^Aydin 2006, p. 84 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAydin2006 (help).
^Stillwell, Richard. MacDonald, William L. McAlister, Marian Holland (1976). "The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites". Princeton University Press. Retrieved December 9, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcdFoss & Mitchell 2000, p. 1005. Cite error: The named reference "FM1005" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
References
Bryce, Trevor (1986). The Lycians. Vol. Volume 1, The Lycians in literary and epigraphic sources. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN87-7289-023-1. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Leake, William Martin (1824). Journal of a tour in Asia Minor, with comparative remarks on the ancient and modern geography of that country. London: Murray. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Freely, John (2004). The western shores of Turkey: discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts. Tauris Parke paperbacks. London: Tauris Parke. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Foss, C.; Mitchell, S. (2000), "Map 65 Lycia - Pisidia", in Talbert, J.A. (ed.), Map-by-Map Directory(PDF), Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 998–1012 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Foss, Pedar W. "Lycia". Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces (ERP). Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
As found in the Notitia Dignitatum. Provincial administration reformed and dioceses established by Diocletian, c. 293. Permanent praetorian prefectures established after the death of Constantine I. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of Ravenna and Africa established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the theme system in c. 640–660, although in Asia Minor and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.