List of space stations: Difference between revisions
Line 275: | Line 275: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Note: China's station is neither manned nor fully operational but simply in orbit. |
|||
== Planned stations == |
== Planned stations == |
Revision as of 10:32, 21 January 2019
A space station is a manned satellite designed to remain in low Earth orbit for a long period of time. In general, space stations have the ability for other spacecraft to dock to them. As of 2018, the International Space Station is the only operational manned space station currently in orbit. Other experimental and prototype labs are also in orbit. Previous stations include the Salyut and Almaz series, Skylab, Mir and Tiangong 1.[1]
Space stations are used to study the effects of long-term space flight on the human body. They also serve as a platform for extended scientific studies.[2] All space stations have been designed with the intention of rotating multiple crews, with each crew member staying aboard the station for weeks or months, but rarely more than a year. As of today, Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov, Sergei Avdeyev and Valeriy Polyakov have completed single missions of over a year, all aboard Mir.[3]
Space stations have been used for both military and civilian purposes. The first military-use space station was Salyut 2, which was launched by the Soviet Almaz program in 1973.[4] The Soviet Union also claimed the first civilian space station with the launch of Salyut 1. As of 2018[update], Russia, China, and private companies are building space stations.
Past stations
These stations have re-entered the atmosphere and disintegrated.
The Soviet Union ran two programs simultaneously, both of which were known to the outside world as Salyut. The Long Duration Orbital Station (DOS) program was intended for scientific research into spaceflight. The Almaz program was a secret military program that tested space reconnaissance tactics.[5]
‡ | Never manned |
Name | Entity | Program | Crew size | Launched | Reentered | Days in orbit |
Days occupied |
Total crew and visitors |
Number of manned visits |
Number of unmanned visits |
Mass | Pressurized volume |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salyut 1 | USSR | DOS[6] | 3[7] | 19 April 1971[8] | 11 October 1971[9] | 175 | 24[10] | 6[11] | 2[11] | 0[11] | 18,425 kg (40,620 lb)[8] | 100 m3 (3,500 cu ft)[12] |
DOS-2‡ | USSR | DOS[13] | —[a] | 29 July 1972[8][14] | 29 July 1972 (failed to reach orbit) | — | — | — | — | — | 18,000 kg (40,000 lb)[15] | — |
Salyut 2‡ | USSR | Almaz[14] | —[a] | 3 April 1973[14] | 16 April 1973[14] | 13[14] | — | — | — | — | 18,500 kg (40,800 lb)[16] | — |
Kosmos 557‡ | USSR | DOS[17] | —[a] | 11 May 1973[18] | 22 May 1973[19] | 11 | — | — | — | — | 19,400 kg (42,800 lb)[15] | — |
Skylab | NASA | Skylab[20] | 3[21] | 14 May 1973[22] | 11 July 1979[23] | 2249 | 171[24] | 9[25] | 3[26] | 0[27] | 77,088 kg (169,950 lb)[28] | 360 m3 (12,700 cu ft)[29] |
Salyut 3 | USSR | Almaz[6] | 2[30] | 25 May 1974[31] | 24 January 1975[32] | 213 | 15[33] | 2[33] | 1[33] | 0 | 18,900 kg (41,700 lb) (at launch)[34] |
90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[17] |
Salyut 4 | USSR | DOS[35] | 2[36] | 26 December 1974[37] | 3 February 1977[37] | 770[37] | 92[38] | 4[38] | 2[38][39] | 1[38] | 18,900 kg (41,700 lb)[17] (at launch) |
90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[17] |
Salyut 5 | USSR | Almaz[35] | 2[40] | 22 June 1976[41] | 8 August 1977[42] | 412 | 67[43] | 4[43] | 3[43] | 0[43] | 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[17] (at launch) |
100 m3 (3,500 cu ft)[17] |
Salyut 6 | USSR | DOS[35] | 2[44] | 29 September 1977[44] | 29 July 1982[45] | 1764 | 683[46] | 33[46] | 16[46] | 14[46] | 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[47] | 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[48] |
Salyut 7 | USSR | DOS[35] | 3[49] | 19 April 1982[50] | 7 February 1991[50] | 3216[50] | 861[49] | 22[49] | 10[49] | 15[49] | 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[51] | 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[17] |
Mir |
|
DOS[52] | 3[53] | 19 February 1986[54][b] | 23 March 2001[23][54] | 5511[54] | 4594[55] | 125[55] | 39[56] | 68[55] | 129,700 kg (285,900 lb)[57] | 350 m3 (12,400 cu ft)[58] |
Tiangong-1 | CNSA | Tiangong program | 3[59] | 29 September 2011[60][61] | 2 April 2018[62] | 2377 | 25[63] | 6[63][64] | 2[63] | 1[65] | 8,506 kg (18,753 lb)[66] | 15 m3 (530 cu ft)[67] |
Prototypes
These stations and parts are prototypes; they only exist as testing platforms and will never be manned. OPS 0855 was part of a cancelled Manned Orbiting Laboratory project by the United States, while the Genesis stations were launched privately and remain in orbit. Japan also has a tested version of a space elevator in orbit.
Name | Entity | Program | Launched | Reentered | Days in orbit | Mass | Pressurized volume |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPS 0855 | US Air Force | MOL | 3 November 1966[68] | 9 January 1967[68] | 67 | 9,680 kg (21,340 lb) | 11.3 m3 (400 cu ft) |
Genesis I | Bigelow Aerospace | 12 July 2006[69] | (In Orbit) | 6640 | 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)[70] | 11.5 m3 (410 cu ft)[71] | |
Genesis II | Bigelow Aerospace | 28 June 2007[69] | (In Orbit) | 6289 | 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)[70] | 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[71] |
Operational stations
These stations are currently orbiting Earth and where a life support system is in place. Only one is fully operational.
Name | Entity | Crew size | Launched | Days in orbit[c] |
Days occupied |
Total crew and visitors |
Manned visits |
Unmanned visits |
Mass | Pressurized volume |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
International Space Station | 6[72] | 20 November 1998[72][b] | 9431 | 8720[73] | 215[73] | 88 [74] | 94 [74] | 417,289 kg (919,965 lb)[75] | 907 m3 (32,000 cu ft)[76] |
Planned stations
These space stations have been announced by their host entity and are currently in active development or production. The launch date listed here may change as more information becomes available.
Name | Entity | Planned crew size |
Planned launch date |
---|---|---|---|
Chinese large modular space station | CNSA | 3 | 2019–2022[77] |
Space Complex Alpha | Bigelow Aerospace | 3+[78] | 2020[79] |
Space Complex Bravo | Bigelow Aerospace | 24[80] | 2020 or later[79] |
Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway | NASA | 2022[81] | |
Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex (OPSEK) |
Roscosmos | Unknown | Pre-ISS deorbit (2024 at earliest)[82] |
Lunar Orbital Station[83] (LOS) |
Roscosmos | —[d] | after 2030[84] |
Cancelled projects
Most of these stations were cancelled due to financial difficulties. However, Mir-2 and Freedom were later converted into the joint International Space Station project.
Space station | Entity | Crew size | Launch date | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manned Orbiting Laboratory 1–7 | NASA | 2[85] | Mockup launched 3 November 1966[86] (In orbit 40 days, cancelled after launch)[87] |
Canceled due to excessive costs[88] |
Skylab B | NASA | 3[89] | Between 1975 and 1979 (planned)[90] | Constructed, but launch canceled due to lack of funding.[91] Now a museum piece. |
Galaxy | Bigelow Aerospace | Unmanned[92] | late 2008 (planned)[92] | Canceled due to rising costs and ability to ground test key Galaxy subsystems[93] |
Mir-2 | RFSA | 2 [94] | 1993[95] | Canceled due to financial difficulties[95] Converted into the ISS |
Freedom | NASA | 14–16[96] | 29 September 1988[97] | Converted into the International Space Station[97] |
Almaz commercial | Excalibur Almaz | 4 or more | 2015 | Lack of funds. To be converted into an educational exhibit[98] |
Timeline
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c The USSR intended to man this station, however; it re-entered the atmosphere before the cosmonauts were launched.
- ^ a b Launch date of the initial module. Additional modules for this station were launched later.
- ^ Correct as of 15 September 2024
- ^ This station was announced in 2007, details are still forthcoming.
References
- ^ "A history of space stations". Cable News Network. 23 November 1998. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
- ^ "Space Stations". Oracle Thinkquest. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ "A History of Manned Space Missions". National Earth Science Teachers Association. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
- ^ "Space Stations, Space Agencies, Space Laboratories, Space Obervatory, Space Missions". Space Station Info. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Station: Russian Space History". PBS. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- ^ a b Harland, David Michael (2005). The Story Of Space Station Mir. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-387-73977-9.
- ^ "Space Stations". ThinkQuest. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- ^ a b c "Salyut 1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Tony Long (19 April 2011). "April 19, 1971: Soviets Put First Space Station Into Orbit". Wired.
- ^ "Space Station". World Almanac Education Group Inc. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- ^ a b c Vic Stathopoulos. "The first Space Station - Salyut 1". aerospaceguide.net. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
- ^ Gibbons, John H. (2008). Salyut: Soviet steps toward permanent human presence in space. DIANE Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4289-2401-7.
- ^ Grujica S. Ivanovich (2008). Salyut - The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 329. Bibcode:2008saly.book.....I. ISBN 978-0-387-73973-1.
- ^ a b c d e Zimmerman, Robert (2003). Leaving Earth. Washington, DC, United States: Joseph Henry Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-309-08548-9.
- ^ a b "Salyut". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ^ "Saylut 2". NASA. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g D.S.F. Portree (1995). "Mir Hardware Heritage" (PDF). NASA Sti/recon Technical Report N. 95: 23249. Bibcode:1995STIN...9523249P. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) (Full text available on Wikisource) - ^ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ "Large Uncontrolled Reentries". planet4589.org. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ Harris, Phillip (2008). Space Enterprise: Living and Working Offworld in the 21st Century. Springer. p. 582. ISBN 978-0-387-77639-2.
- ^ Collins, Martin, ed. (2007). After Sputnik: 50 Years of the Space Age. United States: Smithsonian Institution with Harper Collins Books. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-06-089781-9.
- ^ "Skylab". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Stewart Taggart (22 March 2001). "The Day the Sky(lab) Fell". Wired. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ^ "Modest Beginnings: Salyut and Skylab – The Architecture of Space Stations, Optimizing Internal Space, Engineering for Weightlesness". Science Clarified. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "Skylab 30 Years Later". Space Daily. 11 November 2003.
- ^ Tony Long (11 July 2008). "July 11, 1979: Look Out Below! Here Comes Skylab!". Wired. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ^ Oberg, Jame (1992). "Skylab's Untimely Fate". Air & Space. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "BBC – Solar System – Skylab (pictures, video, facts & news)". BBC. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
- ^ Zimmerman, Robert (2003). Leaving Earth. Washington, DC, United States: Joseph Henry Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-309-08548-9.
- ^ Furniss, Tim (2003). A History of Space Exploration: And Its Future... Lyons Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-58574-650-7.
- ^ "Salyut-3 (OPS-2)". Russian Space Web. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Largest Objects to Reenter". Aerospace Corporation. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
- ^ a b c "Resident Crews of Salyut 3". spacefacts.de. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Skylab". University of Oregon. Retrieved 31 January 2012. (Lecture at the University of Oregon, Salyut 3 is mentioned later in the lecture)
- ^ a b c d Dudley-Rowley, Marilyn (2006). "The Mir Crew Safety Record: Implications for Space Colonization". American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics: 2.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Salyut 4". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ a b c "Salyut-4". Aerospaceguide. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d "The DOS Space Stations: Salyut 4". Zarya.info. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Spaceflight :Soviet Space Stations". Centennial of Flight. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ "Soyuz 21". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "OPS-3 (Salyut-5) space station". Russian Space Web. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Sixth Salyut Space Station Launched". Science News. 112 (15): 229. 1977. doi:10.2307/3962473. JSTOR 3962472. (requires JSTOR access)
- ^ a b c d "Salyut 5". Aerospaceguide. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Salyut 6". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ Robert Christy. "The DOS Space Stations: Expedition 5 (1981) and The End". Zarya. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Salyut 6". Aerospaceguide. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Salyut 6 (craft information)". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Salyut 6". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e "Salyut 7". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ a b c "Summary of Recovered Reentry Debris". Aerospace Corporation. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
- ^ "Salyut 7". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ Grujica S. Ivanovich (2008). Salyut - The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 358. Bibcode:2008saly.book.....I. ISBN 978-0-387-73973-1.
- ^ Seth Borenstein (16 November 1995). "Atlantis' Astronauts Bear Gifts To Mir Crew". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
- ^ a b c Tony Long (19 February 2008). "Feb. 19, 1986: Mir, the Little Space Station That Could". Wired. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ^ a b c "Mir Space Station". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Mir". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Space Station Mir". SpaceStationInfo. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
- ^ Macatangay, Ariel V.; Perry, Ray L. "Cabin Air Quality On Board Mir and the International Space Station—A Comparison" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Stephen Clark. "Chinese rocket successfully launches mini-space lab". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ Ken Kremer (29 September 2011). "China Blasts First Space Lab Tiangong 1 to Orbit". universetoday.com.
- ^ "China Successfully Launches 1st Space Lab Module". Arabia 2000. 29 September 2011.
- ^ Kuo, Lily (2018-04-02). "Tiangong-1 crash: Chinese space station comes down in Pacific Ocean". The Guardian.
- ^ a b c Amos, Jonathan (2012-06-18). "Shenzhou 9 Docks with Tiangong 1". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
- ^ Shenzhou 10#Crew
- ^ Amos, Jonathan (2 November 2011). "Chinese spacecraft dock in orbit". BBC News. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ^ "Tiangong". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
- ^ "Chinese Space Program | Tiangong 1 | SinoDefence.com". SinoDefence.com. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles". Designation Systems. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
- ^ a b "The Dnpur launcher". Russian Space Web. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Alan Boyle. "Private space station test delayed till May". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Tariq Malik and Leonard David. "Bigelow's Second Orbital Module Launches Into Space". Space.com. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ a b "International Space Station, ISS Information, Space Station Facts, News, Photos – National Geographic". National Geographic. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ a b "Facts and Figures". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ a b "A timeline of ISS missions". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
- ^ "The ISS to Date". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
- ^ Public Broadcasting Station. "Space Station | FYI | ISS Fact Sheet". PBS. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ China to begin construction of manned space station in 2019 Reuters April 28, 2017
- ^ Kenric Ward (2 February 2011). "Nevada Aerospace Company Aims for Florida: Bigelow eyes launch of commercial space stations from Cape Canaveral". Sunshine State News.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ a b "Private Space Habitat to Launch in 2020 Under Commercial Spaceflight Deal".
- ^ Tim O'Reiley. "Las Vegas entrepreneur wants to upgrade space modules". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/09/sls-em-1-em-3-notional-mission-outline/
- ^ Anatoly Zak (22 May 2009). "Russia 'to save its ISS modules'". BBC News. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Ahatoly Zak. "Lunar Orbital Station, LOS". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
- ^ Xinhua (28 April 2012). "Russia unveils space plan beyond 2030". english.cntv.cn. China Central Television.
- ^ Collins, Martin, ed. (2007). After Sputnik: 50 Years of the Space Age. New York: Smithsonian Institution in association with Harper-Collins Publishers. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-06-089781-9.
- ^ Steven Siceloff. "Spacesuits Open Doors to MOL History". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
- ^ "MOL". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Spaceflight :The International Space Station and Its Predecessors". centennialofflight.net. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ^ Shayler, David; Burgess, Colin (2007). NASA'S scientist-astronauts. Springer. p. 280. Bibcode:2006nasa.book.....S. ISBN 978-0-387-21897-7.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - ^ Shayler, David (2001). "Revisit, reboost and reentry, 1974-1979". Skylab: America's space station (1st ed.). Springer. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-85233-407-9.
- ^ astronautix.com. "Skylab B". astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Dan Cohen. "Developing a Galaxy". Bigelow Aerospace, LLC. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2007.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) (page has been taken down, link is to an archived version) - ^ SPACE.com Staff. "Bigelow Aerospace Fast-Tracks Manned Spacecraft | Space.com". space.com. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ "ISS Elements: Service Module ("Zvezda")". spaceref.com. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
- ^ a b "Mir-2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
- ^ "Space Station Freedom". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b David S. F. Portree (13 March 2012). "Space Station Columbia (1991)". Wired.
- ^ "Shooting for the Moon: Time is called on Isle of Man space race". 2015-03-11.
External links
Media related to Space stations at Wikimedia Commons