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Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]], who was elected in October 2018 and took office in January 2019, has established policies that have weakened protection of the Amazon rainforest to make it favorable for farmers to continue their practices of slash-and-burn,<ref name="theeconomist_20190822"/> accelerating the deforestation.<ref name=BBC_20190821>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49415973|title='Record number of fires' in Brazilian rainforest|date=August 21, 2019|work=[[BBC News Online]]|access-date=August 21, 2019|publisher=[[BBC Online]]|agency=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Land-grabbers have used Bolsonaro's election to extend their activities into cutting in the land of the previously isolated [[Apurinã]] in Amazonas, where the "world's largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest" are found.<ref name="theintercept_Zaitchik_20190706" /> Among Bolsonaro's actions on entering office was to cut {{USD|23 million}} from Brazil's environmental enforcement agency, making it difficult for the agency to regulate deforestation efforts.<ref name="cnn 20190822"/>
Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]], who was elected in October 2018 and took office in January 2019, has established policies that have weakened protection of the Amazon rainforest to make it favorable for farmers to continue their practices of slash-and-burn,<ref name="theeconomist_20190822"/> accelerating the deforestation.<ref name=BBC_20190821>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49415973|title='Record number of fires' in Brazilian rainforest|date=August 21, 2019|work=[[BBC News Online]]|access-date=August 21, 2019|publisher=[[BBC Online]]|agency=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Land-grabbers have used Bolsonaro's election to extend their activities into cutting in the land of the previously isolated [[Apurinã]] in Amazonas, where the "world's largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest" are found.<ref name="theintercept_Zaitchik_20190706" /> Among Bolsonaro's actions on entering office was to cut {{USD|23 million}} from Brazil's environmental enforcement agency, making it difficult for the agency to regulate deforestation efforts.<ref name="cnn 20190822"/>


Year-to-year data from INPE showed that in the first four months of 2019, wetter-than-average weather prevented large-scale slash-and-burn efforts, but after May with the start of the dry season, the number of wildfires jumped greatly.<ref name="bloomberg 20190806">{{cite web | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-06/brazilian-amazon-destruction-surges-almost-fourfold-in-july |title = Amazon Forest Destruction Surges Under Brazil’s ‘Captain Chainsaw’ | first = Gerson | last= Freitas Jr. | date = August 6, 2019 | accessdate = August 6, 2019 | work = [[Bloomberg Businessweek]] }}</ref> INPE reported a year-to-year increase of 88% in wildfire occurrances in June 2019.<ref name="globo_20190703"/><ref name="reuters_20190815">{{Cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-climatechange-protests/london-climate-change-protesters-daub-brazilian-embassy-blood-red-idUKKCN1V30LA|title=London climate change protesters daub Brazilian embassy blood red|website=Reuters|language=en|access-date=August 15, 2019}}</ref> There was further increase in the rate of deforestation in July 2019, with the INPE estimating that more than {{convert|1345|km2|mi2}} of land had been deforested in the month and would be on track to surpass the area of Greater London by the end of the month.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/25/amazonian-rainforest-near-unrecoverable-tipping-point | title = Amazon deforestation accelerating towards unrecoverable 'tipping point' | first = Jonathan | last = Watts |date = July 25, 2019 | accessdate = August 23, 2019 | work = [[The Guardian]] }}</ref> In early August, local farmers in the Amazonian state of Pará placed an ad in the local newspaper calling for a ''queimada'' or "Day of Fire", organizing large scale slash-and-burn operations knowing that there would likely be little interference from the government.<ref name="NYT_Andreoni_20190821" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.folhadoprogresso.com.br/dia-do-fogo-produtores-planejam-data-para-queimadas-na-regiao/|title=Dia do Fogo- Produtores planejam data para queimada na região |date=August 6, 2019|trans-title=Day of Fire- Producers plan date for burning in the region|access-date=August 22, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806172758/http://www.folhadoprogresso.com.br/dia-do-fogo-produtores-planejam-data-para-queimada-na-regiao/|archivedate=August 6, 2019|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Shortly after, there was an increase in the number of wildfires.<ref name="NYT_Andreoni_20190821" />
Year-to-year data from INPE showed that in the first four months of 2019, wetter-than-average weather prevented large-scale slash-and-burn efforts, but after May with the start of the dry season, the number of wildfires jumped greatly.<ref name="bloomberg 20190806">{{cite web | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-06/brazilian-amazon-destruction-surges-almost-fourfold-in-july |title = Amazon Forest Destruction Surges Under Brazil’s ‘Captain Chainsaw’ | first = Gerson | last= Freitas Jr. | date = August 6, 2019 | accessdate = August 6, 2019 | work = [[Bloomberg Businessweek]] }}</ref> INPE reported a year-to-year increase of 88% in wildfire occurrances in June 2019.<ref name="globo_20190703"/><ref name="reuters_20190815">{{Cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-climatechange-protests/london-climate-change-protesters-daub-brazilian-embassy-blood-red-idUKKCN1V30LA|title=London climate change protesters daub Brazilian embassy blood red|website=Reuters|language=en|access-date=August 15, 2019}}</ref> There was further increase in the rate of deforestation in July 2019, with the INPE estimating that more than {{convert|1345|km2|mi2}} of land had been deforested in the month and would be on track to surpass the area of Greater London by the end of the month.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/25/amazonian-rainforest-near-unrecoverable-tipping-point | title = Amazon deforestation accelerating towards unrecoverable 'tipping point' | first = Jonathan | last = Watts |date = July 25, 2019 | accessdate = August 23, 2019 | work = [[The Guardian]] }}</ref> In early August, local farmers in the Amazonian state of Pará placed an ad in the local newspaper calling for a ''queimada'' or "Day of Fire", organizing large scale slash-and-burn operations knowing that there was little chance of interference from the government.<ref name="NYT_Andreoni_20190821" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.folhadoprogresso.com.br/dia-do-fogo-produtores-planejam-data-para-queimadas-na-regiao/|title=Dia do Fogo- Produtores planejam data para queimada na região |date=August 6, 2019|trans-title=Day of Fire- Producers plan date for burning in the region|access-date=August 22, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806172758/http://www.folhadoprogresso.com.br/dia-do-fogo-produtores-planejam-data-para-queimada-na-regiao/|archivedate=August 6, 2019|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Shortly after, there was an increase in the number of wildfires.<ref name="NYT_Andreoni_20190821" />


While it is possible for naturally-occurring wildfires to occur in the Amazon, the chances are far less likely to occur, compared to those [[List of California wildfires|in California]] or [[Bushfires in Australia|in Australia]]. Alberto Setzer of INPE estimated that 99% of the wildfires in the Amazon basin are a result of human actions, either on purpose or accidentally.<ref name="cnn 20190822">{{cite web | url = https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/22/americas/amazon-fires-humans-intl-hnk-trnd/index.html | title = Blame humans for starting the Amazon fires, environmentalists say | first= Jessie | last = Young | date = August 22, 2019 | accessdate = August 23, 2019 | work = [[CNN]] }}</ref>
While it is possible for naturally-occurring wildfires to occur in the Amazon, the chances are far less likely to occur, compared to those [[List of California wildfires|in California]] or [[Bushfires in Australia|in Australia]]. Alberto Setzer of INPE estimated that 99% of the wildfires in the Amazon basin are a result of human actions, either on purpose or accidentally.<ref name="cnn 20190822">{{cite web | url = https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/22/americas/amazon-fires-humans-intl-hnk-trnd/index.html | title = Blame humans for starting the Amazon fires, environmentalists say | first= Jessie | last = Young | date = August 22, 2019 | accessdate = August 23, 2019 | work = [[CNN]] }}</ref>

Revision as of 19:51, 23 August 2019

2019 Brazil wildfires
VIIRS scan of the Amazon basin on August 20, 2019, depicting several wildfires and the smoke produced
Date(s)January 2019 to present
LocationBrazil
Impacts
Deaths2[1]
Map
Approximate boundary of the Amazon rainforest in South America
Approximate boundary of the Amazon rainforest in South America

The 2019 Brazil wildfires were brought to the attention of the scientific community after the National Institute for Space Research (Instituto nacional de pesquisas espaciais – Inpe) released the information that at least 75,336 wildfires occurred in the country from January to August 23, 2019, which represents the highest number of wildfires since Inpe began to collect the data in 2013,[2][3] using satellites to monitor fires.[4]

Over 60 percent of the Amazon rainforest is contained within Brazil's borders,[5][6] and over half the wildfires occurred in the Amazon region,[7] the world's largest rainforest, which is considered to be "vital to counter global warming".[8][9] The situation provokes many reactions around the world, particularly from environmental NGOs[10] and France.[11][12] As of August 20, there are fires burning in the rainforest in four Brazilian states: Amazonas, Rondônia, Mato Grosso and Pará.[13]

On August 11, a state of emergency was declared by the government of Amazonas.[8][9] which is the largest state in Brazil by area, and which has the "largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest" in the world.[6] The federal government, however, has demonstrated skepticism over the data.

Background

There are 670,000,000 hectares (1.7×109 acres) of Amazon rainforest[14] and 60 percent lies in Brazil.[15][5] Since the 1970s, Brazil has cut and burned about 20 percent of the forest representing 77,699,643.3 hectares (192,000,000 acres)—an area larger than that of the US state of Texas.[6]

In 2015, the National Institute for Space Research (Instituto nacional de pesquisas espaciais, Inpe) created the Terra Brasilis project which gets its data from the Real-Time Deforestation Detection System (DETER) satellite alert system. The monthly and daily data is published on the regularly updated Brazilian Environmental Institute government website.[16][17][18] DETER supports "the monitoring and control of deforestation and forest degradation".[19]

In 2018 in the same region there were 40,136 fires.[14] The previous record high was in 2016, when there were 68,484 fires.[14]

Cause

Inpe satellite imagery of a 70-by-70 mile area along the Purus River between Canutama and Lábrea in the state of Amazonas, taken on August 16, 2019, showing several plumes of smoke from wildfires, including areas that have been deforested

Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has been a issue in Brazil for many years. It is a common practice in the Amazon for farmers to set fires illegally using slash-and-burn to deforest land for ranching and farming during the dry season.[15][8] This is partially driven by growing demand for beef exports from Brazil, particularly to China and Hong Kong; Brazil is one of the largest exporters of beef, accounting for more than 20% of global trade of the commodity. Ranchers wait until the dry season to slash-and-burn as to give time for the cattle to graze.[20] While slash-and-burn can be controlled, unskilled farmers may end up causing wildfires. According to Euronews, wildfires have increased as the agricultural sector has "pushed into the Amazon basin and spurred deforestation".[8] In recent years, "land-grabbers" (grileiros) have been illegally cutting deep into the forest in "Brazil's Indigenous territories and other protected forests throughout the Amazon".[6]

Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro, who was elected in October 2018 and took office in January 2019, has established policies that have weakened protection of the Amazon rainforest to make it favorable for farmers to continue their practices of slash-and-burn,[15] accelerating the deforestation.[2] Land-grabbers have used Bolsonaro's election to extend their activities into cutting in the land of the previously isolated Apurinã in Amazonas, where the "world's largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest" are found.[6] Among Bolsonaro's actions on entering office was to cut US$23 million from Brazil's environmental enforcement agency, making it difficult for the agency to regulate deforestation efforts.[21]

Year-to-year data from INPE showed that in the first four months of 2019, wetter-than-average weather prevented large-scale slash-and-burn efforts, but after May with the start of the dry season, the number of wildfires jumped greatly.[22] INPE reported a year-to-year increase of 88% in wildfire occurrances in June 2019.[19][23] There was further increase in the rate of deforestation in July 2019, with the INPE estimating that more than 1,345 square kilometres (519 sq mi) of land had been deforested in the month and would be on track to surpass the area of Greater London by the end of the month.[24] In early August, local farmers in the Amazonian state of Pará placed an ad in the local newspaper calling for a queimada or "Day of Fire", organizing large scale slash-and-burn operations knowing that there was little chance of interference from the government.[4][25] Shortly after, there was an increase in the number of wildfires.[4]

While it is possible for naturally-occurring wildfires to occur in the Amazon, the chances are far less likely to occur, compared to those in California or in Australia. Alberto Setzer of INPE estimated that 99% of the wildfires in the Amazon basin are a result of human actions, either on purpose or accidentally.[21]

Wildfires and impact

Agricultural fires at southern Pará, Brazil

The month of August 2019 saw a large growth in the number of observed wildfires. By August 11, Amazonas had declared a state of emergency.[26] NASA imagery showed that by August 13, smoke from the fires was visible from space. According to NASA however, due to below average wildfire activity in Mato Grosso and Paráthe, total fire activity in the Amazon is close to the average of the past 15 years.[13]

INPE reported on August 20, that it had detected "39,194 fires in the world's largest rainforest" since January.[4] This represented a 77-percent increase in the number of fires from the same time period in 2018.[4] However, the NASA funded NGO GFED shows 2018 as an unusually low fire year compared to historic data from 2004-2005 which are years showing nearly double the number of counted fires.[27] As of August 16, NASA reported an increase in wildfires in Amazonas and Rondonia and a decrease in Mato Grosso and Pará.[13][28] At least 74,155 fires have been detected in all of Brazil,[29] which represents a 84-percent increase from the same period in 2018.[30]

The smoke plume from the fires in Rondônia and Amazonas caused the sky to darken over the largest city in Brazil, São Paulo—which is almost 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) away from the Amazon basin on the eastern coast. São Paulo was as dark as night at 2 p.m. on August 20.[31][9][2] Satellite imagery has also detected large amounts of carbon dioxide being released by the fires and spreading over to nearby countries, where normally the Amazon rainforest stores and converts carbon dioxide to oxygen.[32]

Number of wildfires detected from January 1 to August 22[33]
Year
State
 2013 Diff% 2014 Diff% 2015 Diff% 2016 Diff% 2017 Diff% 2018 Diff% 2019
Acre 700 10% 775 4% 806 134% 1,890 -58% 791 7% 851 197% 2,533
Alagoas 128 -9% 116 69% 196 -60% 78 5% 82 -25% 61 19% 73
Amazonas 1,494 99% 2,977 21% 3,616 26% 4,577 8% 4,948 -42% 2,870 151% 7,225
Amapá 27 77% 48 -8% 44 -13% 38 -55% 17 111% 36 -52% 17
Bahia 2,133 -28% 1,528 11% 1,703 45% 2,475 -38% 1,516 -22% 1,177 90% 2,245
Ceará 274 4% 285 22% 348 29% 450 -56% 194 65% 321 -4% 306
Federal District 52 134% 122 -60% 48 231% 159 -30% 110 -64% 39 51% 59
Espírito Santo 179 -35% 115 119% 252 44% 365 -76% 87 1% 88 160% 229
Goiás 1,338 41% 1,892 -19% 1,520 57% 2,393 -25% 1,792 -24% 1,346 22% 1,653
Maranhão 4,003 81% 7,247 7% 7,822 -16% 6,506 -31% 4,460 -11% 3,951 23% 4,880
Minas Gerais 1,933 24% 2,414 -37% 1,509 90% 2,873 -31% 1,971 -20% 1,564 75% 2,739
Mato Grosso do Sul 1,322 -27% 954 109% 1,999 7% 2,153 9% 2,367 -54% 1,071 278% 4,056
Mato Grosso 7,631 34% 10,267 -15% 8,695 50% 13,078 -33% 8,662 -14% 7,408 91% 14,157
Pará 3,092 170% 8,349 -4% 7,967 -3% 7,709 24% 9,590 -65% 3,330 198% 9,952
Paraíba 71 67% 119 -34% 78 -6% 73 -45% 40 60% 64 20% 77
Pernambuco 173 -5% 164 48% 244 -63% 90 36% 123 -22% 95 36% 130
Piauí 1,440 123% 3,223 -19% 2,599 -7% 2,416 -34% 1,581 85% 2,933 -25% 2,176
Paraná 1,298 -23% 992 20% 1,196 44% 1,724 -10% 1,540 -1% 1,511 12% 1,697
Rio de Janeiro 173 101% 348 -1% 343 0% 346 -30% 241 -41% 140 182% 396
Rio Grande do Norte 69 -17% 57 36% 78 -28% 56 23% 69 21% 84 -31% 58
Rondônia 693 210% 2,151 46% 3,156 -2% 3,073 -12% 2,700 -29% 1,908 203% 5,787
Roraima 950 84% 1,757 -14% 1,499 136% 3,541 -82% 616 221% 1,981 132% 4,608
Rio Grande do Sul 890 33% 1,192 -25% 894 150% 2,242 -37% 1,399 -27% 1,009 80% 1,817
Santa Catarina 958 -49% 481 32% 635 112% 1,352 -23% 1,034 -15% 873 13% 988
Sergipe 155 -56% 68 122% 151 -53% 70 -2% 68 8% 74 -16% 62
São Paulo 1,274 46% 1,872 -42% 1,078 104% 2,208 -29% 1,565 38% 2,172 -30% 1,516
Tocantins 4,095 36% 5,578 -12% 4,909 50% 7,375 -32% 4,995 -23% 3,829 54% 5,900
Total 36,545 50% 55,091 -3% 53,385 29% 69,310 -24% 52,558 -22% 40,786 84% 75,336

Response

Several international governments and environmental groups raised concern and condemnation at the lack of attempts by Brazil to slow the wildfires. French president Emmanuel Macron, called the Amazon wildfires an "international crisis" as the rainforest produces "20% of the world's oxygen." He said, "Our house is burning. Literally."[34] He said that this should lead the Group of Seven (G7) summit discussions,[11] which will take place from August 24—26 in Biarritz, France.[35][36] Germany's Chancellor Angela Merkel has also backed up Macron's statements and plans to make the issue part of the G7 discussions; via a spokesperson, Merkel stated "The extent of the fires in the Amazon area is shocking and threatening, not only for Brazil and the other affected countries, but also for the whole world."[37] United Nations Secretary General António Guterres stated that "In the midst of the global climate crisis, we cannot afford more damage to a major source of oxygen and biodiversity."[37]

The fires also came in final negotiations of a significant trade deal between the European Union and Mercosur, a trade bloc of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. The deal had been under discussion since 1999, and negotiations had accelerated following the election of United States President Donald Trump.[38] With the wildfires, both Macron and Ireland's Prime Minister Leo Varadkar have stated they will refuse to ratify the trade deal unless Brazil commits to protecting the environment.[12] Seperately, Finland has suggested the idea of a ban on Brazilian beef imports until the country takes steps to stop the deforestation.[20]

According to a Vox article, of all the wildfires in 2019—including those in Greenland and Siberia—the wildfires in the Amazon rainforest are the most "alarming".[9]

The Bishops Conference for Latin America called the fires "a tragedy" on August 22, and called on the United Nations, the international community and governments of Amazon countries, to "take serious measures to save the world's lungs...If the Amazon suffers, the world suffers."[39]

Brazilian government

Bolsonaro has been criticized in prior months by environmental groups and international governments for his pro-business actions that have enabled increased deforestation of the Amazon.[21] Bolsonaro had mocked these concerns, jokingly calling himself "Captain Chainsaw" while asserting that INPE's data was inaccurate.[22] After INPE announced 88% increase of wildfires in July 2019, Bolsonaro asserted "the numbers were fake" and fired Ricardo Magnus Osório Galvão, the INPE director.[15][16][40][41] Bolsonaro claimed Galvão was using the data to lead an "anti-Brazil campaign".[42][43][44]

On August 22, Bolsonaro said that Brazil did not have the resources to fight the fires, as the "Amazon is bigger than Europe, how will you fight criminal fires in such an area?".[39] The day before, Bolsonaro had claimed that the fires had been deliberately started by environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs), although he provided no evidence to back up the accusation.[43] NGOs such as WWF Brasil, Greenpeace, and the Brazilian Institute for Environmental Protection, countered Bolsonaro's claims.[10]

Bolsonaro and his government have also spoken out against any international oversight of the situation, considering Macron's comments to have a "sensationalist tone" and accusing him of interfering in what he considers is a local problem.[45] Of Macron and Merkel, Bolsonaro stated "They still haven’t realized that Brazil is under new direction. That there’s now a president who is loyal to Brazilian people, who says the Amazon is ours, who says bad Brazilians can’t release lying numbers and campaign against Brazil."[22]

Bolsonaro's foreign minister Ernesto Araújo has also condemned the international criticism of Bolsonaro's reaction to the wildfires, calling it "savage and unfair" treatment towards Bolsonaro and Brazil.[37] Araújo stated that "President Bolsonaro’s government is rebuilding Brazil", and that foreign nations were using the "environmental crisis" as a weapon to stop this rebuilding.[37]

Rodrigo Maia, president of the Chamber of Deputies, announced that he would form a parliamentary committee to monitor the problem. In addition, he said that the Chamber will hold a general commission in the following days to assess the situation and propose solutions to the government.[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ Moreira, Rinaldo; Valley, Jamari (August 15, 2019). "Casal morre abraçado ao tentar fugir de queimada em RO" [Couple die hugged while trying to escape burnt out RO]. G1 (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c "'Record number of fires' in Brazilian rainforest". BBC News Online. BBC Online. BBC. August 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  3. ^ Rodriguez, Jeremiah (August 22, 2019). "As the Amazon burns, Brazil's president draws global outrage". CTV News. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e Andreoni, Manuela; Hauser, Christine (August 21, 2019). "Fires in Amazon Rain Forest Have Surged This Year". The New York Times. Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Deforestation dropped 18% in Brazil's Amazon over past 12 months". Associated Press. Sao Paulo. November 26, 2014. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 22, 2019 – via The Guardian.
  6. ^ a b c d e Alexander Zaitchik (July 6, 2019). "In Bolsonaro's Brazil, a Showdown Over Amazon Rainforest". The Intercept and Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Retrieved August 21, 2019.With contributions by Mauro Toledo Rodrigues
  7. ^ Yeung, Jessie; Alvarado, Abel (August 21, 2019). "Brazil's Amazon rainforest is burning at a record rate". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d Paraguassu, Lisandra (August 20, 2019). "Amazon burning: Brazil reports record forest fires". Euronews. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d Irfan, Umair (August 20, 2019). "Amazon rainforest fire: Forests in Brazil, Greenland, and Siberia are burning". Vox. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  10. ^ a b "ONGs rebatem fala de Bolsonaro sobre queimadas" [NGOs contered Bolsonaro's claims] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b Phillips, Tom; correspondent, Latin America (August 23, 2019). "Amazon rainforest fires: Macron calls for 'international crisis' to lead G7 discussions". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 23, 2019. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  12. ^ a b "Amazon fires: France and Ireland threaten to block EU trade deal". BBC. August 23, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  13. ^ a b c "Fires in Brazil". The Earth Observatory. NASA. August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  14. ^ a b c D’Amore, Rachael (August 21, 2019). "Amazon rainforest fires: What caused them and why activists are blaming Brazil's president". Global News. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  15. ^ a b c d "Forest fires in the Amazon blacken the sun in São Paulo - Darkness on the edge of town", The Economist, August 22, 2019, retrieved August 22, 2019
  16. ^ a b Phillips, Dom (August 2, 2019). "Brazil space institute director sacked in Amazon deforestation row". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  17. ^ Watts, Jonathan (August 21, 2019). "Jair Bolsonaro claims without evidence that NGOs are setting fires in Amazon rainforest". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  18. ^ "Burned Program". Portal do Programa Queimadas do INPE. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  19. ^ a b Carolina Moreno, Ana (July 3, 2019). "Desmatamento na Amazônia em junho é 88% maior do que no mesmo período de 2018". Natureza (in Brazilian Portuguese). Globo. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  20. ^ a b Mackintosh, Eliza (August 23, 2019). "The Amazon is burning because the world eats so much meat". CNN. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  21. ^ a b c Young, Jessie (August 22, 2019). "Blame humans for starting the Amazon fires, environmentalists say". CNN. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  22. ^ a b c Freitas Jr., Gerson (August 6, 2019). "Amazon Forest Destruction Surges Under Brazil's 'Captain Chainsaw'". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  23. ^ "London climate change protesters daub Brazilian embassy blood red". Reuters. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  24. ^ Watts, Jonathan (July 25, 2019). "Amazon deforestation accelerating towards unrecoverable 'tipping point'". The Guardian. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  25. ^ "Dia do Fogo- Produtores planejam data para queimada na região" [Day of Fire- Producers plan date for burning in the region]. August 6, 2019. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Cereceda, Rafael (August 11, 2019). "Amazonas state declares state of emergency over rising forest fires". euronews. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  27. ^ http://www.globalfiredata.org/forecast.html#totals
  28. ^ Gibbens, Sarah (August 21, 2019). "Brazil's Amazon is burning in historic wildfires—and deforestation is to blame". National Geographic. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  29. ^ "A Record Number of Fires Are Currently Burning Across the Amazon Rainforest". Time. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  30. ^ Pearson, Samantha; Magalhaes, Luciana (August 21, 2019). "Fires Destroy Amazon Rainforest, Blanketing Brazilian Cities in Smog". WSJ. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  31. ^ Garrand, Danielle (August 20, 2019). "Parts of the Amazon rainforest are on fire — and smoke can be spotted from space". cbsnews.com. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  32. ^ "The Amazon is on fire - how bad is it?". BBC. August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  33. ^ "Situação Atual". queimadas.dgi.inpe.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). August 23, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  34. ^ Thunberg, Greta (January 25, 2019). "'Our house is on fire': Greta Thunberg, 16, urges leaders to act on climate". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  35. ^ "France's action at the G20 and the G7". diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved June 9, 2018. France will preside over the G7 in 2019
  36. ^ Trump trade fury torpedoes Canada's G7 summit
  37. ^ a b c d Phillips, Tom (August 23, 2019). "Merkel backs Macron's call for G7 talks on Amazon fires". The Guardian. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  38. ^ "EU and Mercosur agree huge trade deal after 20-year talks". BBC. June 28, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  39. ^ a b "Brazilian president says country lacks money to fight Amazon fires". The Telegraph. August 22, 2019.
  40. ^ Watts, Jonathan (August 21, 2019). "Jair Bolsonaro claims without evidence that NGOs are setting fires in Amazon rainforest". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  41. ^ Londoño, Ernesto (August 2, 2019). "Bolsonaro Fires Head of Agency Tracking Amazon Deforestation in Brazil". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  42. ^ "Diretor do Inpe é demitido após desafiar Bolsonaro" (in Portuguese). Congresso em Foco. August 2, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  43. ^ a b Watts, Jonathan (August 21, 2019). "Jair Bolsonaro claims NGOs behind Amazon forest fire surge – but provides no evidence". The Guardian. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  44. ^ Londoño, Ernesto (A August 2019). "Bolsonaro Fires Head of Agency Tracking Amazon Deforestation in Brazil". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  45. ^ Phillips, Tom (August 22, 2019). "Amazon rainforest fires: Macron calls for 'international crisis' to lead G7 discussions". The Guardian. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  46. ^ IstoÉ, ed. (22 August 2019). "Secretário-geral da ONU diz estar preocupado com incêndios na Amazônia". 22 August 2019
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