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The '''Miwok''' or '''Miwokan''' languages ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|iː|w|ɒ|k}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> Miwok: {{IPA-all|míwːɨːk|}}), also known as ''Moquelumnan'', are a group of endangered languages spoken in central California in the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]]. There are seven somewhat diverse Miwok languages, two of which have distinct regional dialects (Sierra Miwok and [[Coast Miwok people|Coast Miwok]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title = California Indian Languages|last = Golla|first = Victor|publisher = University of California Press|year = 2011|isbn = |location = University of California, Berkeley|pages = 156}}</ref> There are a few dozen speakers of the three Sierra Miwok languages, and in 1994 there were two speakers of Lake Miwok. The best attested language is [[Southern Sierra Miwok language|Southern Sierra Miwok]], from which the name ''[[Yosemite]]'' originates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yosemite.ca.us/history/origin_of_word_yosemite.html |title=Origin of the word Yosemite (and linked references) |publisher=Yosemite.ca.us |date=2011-07-10 |accessdate=2013-12-28}}</ref> |
The '''Miwok''' or '''Miwokan''' languages ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|iː|w|ɒ|k}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> Miwok: {{IPA-all|míwːɨːk|}}), also known as ''Moquelumnan'', are a group of endangered languages spoken in central California in the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]]. There are seven somewhat diverse Miwok languages, two of which have distinct regional dialects (Sierra Miwok and [[Coast Miwok people|Coast Miwok]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title = California Indian Languages|last = Golla|first = Victor|publisher = University of California Press|year = 2011|isbn = |location = University of California, Berkeley|pages = 156}}</ref> There are a few dozen speakers of the three Sierra Miwok languages, and in 1994 there were two speakers of Lake Miwok. The best attested language is [[Southern Sierra Miwok language|Southern Sierra Miwok]], from which the name ''[[Yosemite]]'' originates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yosemite.ca.us/history/origin_of_word_yosemite.html |title=Origin of the word Yosemite (and linked references) |publisher=Yosemite.ca.us |date=2011-07-10 |accessdate=2013-12-28}}</ref> |
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==Languages== |
==Languages== |
Revision as of 13:04, 16 July 2020
Miwok | |
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Miw·yk | |
Ethnicity | Miwok |
Geographic distribution | California, western slopes of Sierra Nevada |
Linguistic classification | Yok-Utian
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Glottolog | miwo1275 |
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The Miwok or Miwokan languages (/ˈmiːwɒk/;[1] Miwok: [míwːɨːk]), also known as Moquelumnan, are a group of endangered languages spoken in central California in the Sierra Nevada. There are seven somewhat diverse Miwok languages, two of which have distinct regional dialects (Sierra Miwok and Coast Miwok).[2] There are a few dozen speakers of the three Sierra Miwok languages, and in 1994 there were two speakers of Lake Miwok. The best attested language is Southern Sierra Miwok, from which the name Yosemite originates.[3]
Languages
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_of_the_Plains_and_Sierra_Miwok_territories_%28colored%29.png/220px-Map_of_the_Plains_and_Sierra_Miwok_territories_%28colored%29.png)
- Eastern Miwok
- Plains Miwok †
- Bay Miwok (AKA Saclan) †
- Sierra Miwok
- Northern Sierra Miwok (†)
- Central Sierra Miwok (nearly extinct)
- Southern Sierra Miwok (nearly extinct)
- Western Miwok
- Coast Miwok † (Bodega and Marin dialects)
- Lake Miwok †
Proto-language
Reconstructions of Proto-Miwok plant and animal names by Callaghan (2014):[4]
Proto-Miwok animal names Gloss Proto-Miwok coyote *ʔole wolf *hu·n, *hun·u- antelope, bighorn *ha·lu-ṣ pocket gopher *syw·yt dog *haju chicken hawk *suj·u duck hawk *wek-wek fish hawk *tuk-tuk California condor *mol·uk ? great horned owl *tuk·u-·li barn owl *wič·iki-ṣ burrowing owl *ṭok(·)ok... valley quail *hek... roadrunner *ʔuj(·)uj u, *ʔu·juju ? kingfisher *ča·ṭa·-ṭa- pileated woodpecker *pak-pak California woodpecker *palaṭ·ak lesser snow goose *wa·wo ? goose spp. *low·ot ? lizard *pit·e-·li ? frog, sound of frog *waṭa·k ? grasshopper *ko·ṭo ? head louse *ke·t, *ket·y- flea *ky(·)ky-ṣ spider *pok·um body louse *čypsi scorpion *ʔet·ym
Proto-Miwok plant names Gloss Proto-Miwok mountain pine and nuts *san(·)ak pine nuts, nuts *ṣanak gray pine and nuts *sa·k, *sak·y cedar, cypress *mo·nuk ? valley oak, tree *ʔalwaṣ, ʔala·waṣ live oak *sa·ṭa small oak tree *su·k ? white oak *mol·a, *mo·la maple *ṣa·ji buckeye (tree and fruit) *ʔu·nu tree alder *sot·um ? elderberry tree/fruit *ʔantaj manzanita (tree and berries) *ʔe·je, *ʔej·e Sierra gooseberry *ki·li poison oak Proto-Utian *nykys brush *lim·e wormwood (sage herb) *kičin grapes *mut(·)e black basket root *mul·a root, basket root (Carex spp.) *su·li Indian potato (Brodiaea spp.) *wa·la tea plant *huk... jimson weed ?
Further reading
- Callaghan, Catherine A. 1965. Lake Miwok Dictionary. University of California Press.
- Callaghan, Catherine A. 1970. Bodega Miwok Dictionary. Publications in Linguistics 60. University of California Press.
- Callaghan, Catherine A. 1984. Plains Miwok Dictionary. Publications in Linguistics 105. University of California Press.
- Callaghan, Catherine A. 1987. Northern Sierra Miwok Dictionary. Publications in Linguistics 110. University of California Press.
Notes
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ Golla, Victor (2011). California Indian Languages. University of California, Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 156.
- ^ "Origin of the word Yosemite (and linked references)". Yosemite.ca.us. 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
- ^ Callaghan, Catherine. (2014). Proto-Utian Grammar and Dictionary: with notes on Yokuts. Trends in Linguistics Documentation 31. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110276770
References
- Broadbent, Sylvia. (1964). The Southern Sierra Miwok Language. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 38). Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Broadbent, Sylvia M., and Catherine A. Callaghan. "Comparative Miwok: A Preliminary Survey." International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 26, no. 4 (1960): 301-316.
- Broadbent, Sylvia M., and Harvey Pitkin. "A Comparison of Miwok and Wintun." In Studies in Californian Linguistics, ed. W. Bright, 19-45. University of California Publications in Linguistics, vol. 34. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964.
- Keeling, Richard. "Ethnographic Field Recordings at Lowie Museum of Anthropology," 1985. Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley. v. 2. North-Central California: Pomo, Wintun, Nomlaki, Patwin, Coast Miwok, and Lake Miwok Indians