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Tornado outbreak of April 25–28, 2024

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Tornado outbreak of April 25–28, 2024
A home with severe damage with debris scattered around and large tree limbs snapped.
EF3 damage to a home west of Elba, Nebraska
Meteorological history
DurationApril 25–28, 2024
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes129+
Maximum ratingEF4 tornado
Duration~3 days
Highest windsTornadic – 170 mph (270 km/h) in Marietta, Oklahoma on April 27 (A 224 mph (360 km/h) gust was measured by DOW on April 26 near Harlan, Iowa - unofficial academic analysis[a])
Non-tornadic – 78 mph (126 km/h) near Rotan, Texas on April 27
Largest hail3.0 in (7.6 cm) – multiple locations on April 26–27
Overall effects
Fatalities5+
Injuries157+ (+3 non-tornadic)
Missing1
DamageUnknown
Areas affectedMidwestern, Southern United States
Part of the Tornadoes of 2024

From April 25–28, 2024, two separate large and destructive tornado outbreaks occurred back-to-back across portions of the Midwestern and Southern United States, as multiple tornadoes were reported across several states.[2] The first of the tornado outbreaks is also known as the Arbor Day tornado outbreak.[3] On April 26, a tornado in Lancaster County, Nebraska, injured three people,[4] while a tornado occurred across northeastern Lincoln, Nebraska.[5] At least five fatalities were attributed to the tornadoes, with more than 155 people injured.[6][7][8][9][10] At least twenty eight tornadoes were confirmed, with ten in Iowa and one each in Nebraska and Texas.[11] Significant damage was also reported in Blair, Nebraska, and Elkhorn, Nebraska, with a tornado that prompted two tornado emergencies.[12][13] Another long-tracked tornado in Iowa that impacted Shelby County, Iowa, prompted two tornado emergencies as well.[14][15] On April 27, several tornadoes occurred in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Overnight, a significant tornado hit Holdenville, Oklahoma, causing at least two fatalities and four injuries.[16][17] A tornado impacted Sulphur, Oklahoma, as well, causing at least 30 injuries.[18][19] The tornado outbreak sequence gained 87 points on the outbreak intensity score.[20]

Meteorological synopsis

A National Weather Service Doppler Radar that has supercells moving through eastern Nebraska and western Iowa on April 26, 2024.
Supercells moving through eastern Nebraska and western Iowa on April 26

On April 20, 2024, the National Weather Service's Storm Prediction Center (SPC) first delineated a severe weather risk for April 25–26, highlighting a zone extending from the Central Great Plains northeastward to the Midwestern U.S. The forecast was predicated on the development of thunderstorms downwind of an upper-tropospheric trough, where weather forecast models were depicting the advection of a moist airmass.[21] The forecast was maintained through the next two days. The risk area was expanded into northeastern Texas on April 22 and later extended to include the possibility of severe weather on April 27.[22][23]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

April 25

On the morning of April 25, the SPC predicted an enhanced risk of severe weather for parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, highlighting the risk of tornadoes and large hail in connection with storms developing along a dry line between the Texas Panhandle and northwestern Kansas.[24] This risk was later narrowed to two focal areas: one in northwestern Kansas associated with supercells during the afternoon and evening, and a second near the Red River, associated with an forecast cluster of storms during the overnight hours.[25] During the afternoon, numerous thunderstorms developed near the dry line in eastern Colorado and near a low-pressure area in northeastern Colorado, southwestern Nebraska, and northwestern Kansas.[26] These storms weakened during the evening upon moving northeastward into areas with less atmospheric instability,[27] with the threat for tornadoes diminishing overnight.[28] The SPC received six tornado reports from April 25 from states affected by these storms. Another cluster of thunderstorms developed in the Permian Basin of Texas in the early overnight hours,[29] becoming and maintaining severe characteristics as they tracked northeast into the Red River Valley.[30] This cluster eventually organized into a quasi-linear convective system over southern Oklahoma, potentially producing at least one tornado.[31][32] The SPC received 3 reports of tornadoes from Oklahoma during the early morning hours of April 26.[33]

April 26–27

Evolution of the Minden–Harlan tornado

On April 24, a widespread slight risk (level 2) area was issued by the Storm Prediction Center for April 26.[34] With an enhanced risk of severe weather in place, the Storm Prediction issued a tornado watch for eastern Oklahoma on the morning of April 26.[35] Several hours later, on the afternoon of April 26, another tornado watch was implemented for northeastern Nebraska, which included the possibility for "a couple of intense tornadoes."[36] At 3:41 p.m. CDT, a tornado emergency was issued for West Elkhorn as a large and destructive tornado moved through the area.[12] Some homes were completely leveled and many more structures suffered significant damage.[37] Another storm produced a large tornado near Harlan, Iowa, causing widespread destruction. A Doppler on Wheels (DOW) mobile radar truck measured 1-second wind speeds of approximately 224 mph (360 km/h) at a height of ~282 yards (258 m) with the Harlan storm.[38][39]

In the morning hours of April 27, the Storm Prediction Center issued a moderate risk (level 4) for central Oklahoma, north-central Texas, extreme southwestern Missouri, and southeastern Kansas. The moderate risk included a significant 15% tornado risk, a significant 30% wind risk, and a significant 45% hail risk.[40] Multiple supercells formed that afternoon in northern Texas, western Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, and northwestern Missouri. A 'particularly dangerous situation' (PDS) tornado watch was issued for western Oklahoma and northern Texas, warning of elevated probabilities for numerous tornadoes, some of which could be intense.[41]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

As the day went on, multiple tornadoes touched down, including a large tornado that passed near the town of Knox City, and another near Burkburnett, both in Texas. Numerous PDS tornado warnings were issued for large tornadoes near Cedar Vale, Kansas, as well as Newkirk, Oklahoma. As the day went on, supercells in the center of the main risk area waned, and a more linear mode developed.[42] The 00:00 UTC upper-air sounding from Norman, Oklahoma, depicted very strong shear, with storm-relative helicity in the 0–3 kilometer layer of 400 m2/s2 and mixed-layer CAPE of around 2300 J/kg.[43] As the lower-level jet further increased, 0-1km SRH was observed at 600 m2/s2.[44] Over the course of the successive hours, new tornadic supercells developed ahead of the main squall line and produced multiple large and intense tornadoes in southern and eastern Oklahoma. These tornadoes caused significant damage and prompted PDS tornado warnings for the towns of Ardmore, Holdenville, Marietta, Okemah and Sulphur.[45] A total of 23 PDS tornado warnings were issued as the intense storms caused damage.[46]

Confirmed tornadoes

See also: List of tornadoes in the tornado outbreak sequence of April 25–28, 2024
Daily Statistics
Date Total  EFU   EF0   EF1   EF2   EF3   EF4   EF5  Deaths Injuries
April 25 1[note 1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
April 26 62 8 13 23 12 6 0 0 1 12+
April 27 39+[note 2] 2 14 16 4 2 1 0 4 30+
April 28 21 3 8 13 0 0 0 0 0 2+
Total 129+ 13 35 52 16 8 1 0 5 157+
  1. ^ For April 25, one tornado has been officially confirmed but are not yet rated.
  2. ^ For April 27, three tornadoes have been officially confirmed but are not yet rated.

Elkhorn–Bennington–Blair, Nebraska/Modale, Iowa

Elkhorn–Bennington–Blair, Nebraska/Modale, Iowa
EF3 damage to a home in Elkhorn, Nebraska
Meteorological history
FormedApril 26, 2024, 3:30 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedApril 26, 2024, 4:29 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration59 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds165 mph (266 km/h)
Overall effects
Casualties0 fatalities, 0 injuries

A high-end EF3 tornado was confirmed in the northwestern Omaha Metro, which prompted a tornado emergency for the area.[47]

The tornado touched down at south of West Q Road near the Platte River and traveled northeastward, damaging trees and farmstead outbuildings.[48][49] As the tornado crossed the intersection of Grover Street and South 252nd Street, it strengthened to mid-EF2 strength, where it ripped the roof off a home.[48] The tornado maintained EF2 strength as it crossed N-92, near the intersection of US 275, where it damaged numerous homes and hit an acreage.[49] In the acreage, multiple center pivots were overturned.[49] A grain silo also sustained EF2 damage in this area.[48] Crossing US 275, the tornado struck several more acreages and damaged multiple homes and outbuildings at EF1 to EF2 intensity.[48][49] The tornado weakened as it crossed 234th Street and L-28B, where it damaged a horse farm and a home at EF1 intensity. As the tornado crossed the Elkhorn River, it caused EF0 to EF1 damage to several trees and other center pivots.[48][49]

NEXRAD velocity of the tornado as it was passing north of Elkhorn

As the tornado entered the Omaha neighborhood of Elkhorn around the intersection of 216th Street and N-64, it re-strengthened to EF2 intensity as it collapsed metal light poles near the Prospect Hill Cemetery.[48][49] Several headstones in the cemetery were damaged.[49] The tornado then damaged the Heritage Nursery Landscaping business before moving into the Ramblewood subdivision, where it was approximately 0.7 mi (1.1 km) in width.[48][49] As the tornado struck the subdivision, it strengthened to mid-EF3 intensity, where it damaged or destroyed numerous homes with winds up to 152 mph (245 km/h).[48][49] Twelve homes along North 215th Street and Arabian Road sustained EF3 damage and dozens of others sustained EF2 damage throughout the subdivision.[48] Continuing northeast, the tornado struck multiple homes along Fowler Street and Larimore Avenue. Two homes along Larimore Avenue were completely destroyed at mid-EF3 strength, with one home being newly built and newly anchored with nails and anchor bolts to a sill plate.[48][49] As the tornado crossed Fort Street, it damaged several new homes at EF2 intensity. At least one home along North 212th Street sustained low-end EF3 damage.[48][49] Exiting the subdivision, the tornado grew to almost a mile-wide and crossed N-31, snapped numerous wooden and steel power poles and trees.[49]

The tornado then narrowed to a half-mile wide and weakened to EF1 strength as it continued northeastward, snapping trees and damaging the roofs of outbuildings and homes. The tornado then reached EF2 intensity again southwest of Bennington unroofing homes and snapping trees in a residential area. Continuing northeastward, the tornado intensified further to high-end EF2 intensity as it struck a development along Newport Landing Lake to the west of Burlington. Homes in this area suffered extensive damage with roofs removed and exterior walls knocked down, and power poles and trees were snapped. After crossing the lake and N-36, the tornado continued to snap trees and power lines and damage outbuildings at EF1 intensity before moving into Washington County. The tornado regained EF2 strength upon entering the county, causing moderate to heavy damage to homes and damaging or destroying outbuildings well east of Washington. An isolated pocket of low-end EF3 damage occurred near the intersection of County Road 29 and County Road 40 where an unanchored home was shifted entirely off its foundation and destroyed with nearby trees snapped and debarked. A flat-bed and horse-trailers on the property were rolled or lofted, and the machine shop and horse barns were destroyed, killing at least one horse and injuring several others. Another unanchored home was shifted off its foundation and partially collapsed, power poles were snapped, and more trees were uprooted or snapped. As it approached N-133, the tornado continued to cause mid-range to high-end EF2 damage, ripping the roofs off and knocking down the exterior walls of homes, damaging or destroying outbuildings, damaging at least one mobile home, snapping wooden power poles, and snapping or uprooting numerous trees. The tornado's width ranged from one-third to one-half mile wide along this portion of its path.[48][49]

After crossing N-133, the tornado rapidly intensified to its peak intensity as it impacted small neighborhoods to the south of Blair. Several homes were completely destroyed, including some that were swept away. These homes were either unanchored or poorly anchored and this damage was rated high-end EF3 as a result. Other homes in the area were also unroofed with some or all of the exterior walls knocked down. Northeast of there, the tornado destroyed another unanchored home and caused extensive tree damage. The tornado then weakened, causing EF0-EF1 damage to homes and trees as it approached US 75. EF2 damage occurred as the tornado crossed US 75, where an unanchored home was shifted off its foundation and leveled, other homes suffered minor to heavy roof damage, trees and power poles were snapped, and several 50 ft (15 m) tank cars at Cargill Plant were derailed.[48][49]

The tornado then weakened again and crossed the Missouri River into Iowa, producing EF0 damage to trees as it moved northeastward. The tornado then crossed over US 30 and moved across bottom-land/agricultural areas at EF0-EF1 intensity, snapping or uprooting several trees and tipping over center pivots. The tornado then turned east-northeast and dissipated south of Modale.[48][49]

Minden–Tennant–Harlan–Defiance, Iowa

Minden–Tennant–Harlan–Defiance, Iowa
The tornado viewed as it was moving near Minden, Iowa
Meteorological history
FormedApril 26, 2024, 5:25 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedApril 26, 2024, 6:29 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration64 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds160 mph (260 km/h)
(A 224 mph (360 km/h) gust was measured by a DOW near Harlan, Iowa - unofficial academic analysis)
Overall effects
Casualties1 fatality, 3 injuries

This very large multiple-vortex tornado touched down at 5:25 p.m. CDT in central Pottawattamie County, shortly after another EF3 tornado to its west from the same supercell lifted. The tornado moved northeastward for the next ten minutes at EF0 strength with damage limited to trees and outbuildings or barns. The tornado then began to rapidly intensify as it approached Minden from the southwest, destroying an outbuilding at EF1 intensity and then snapping trees at EF2 intensity. As it entered Minden at around 5:42 p.m. CDT, the tornado strengthened to EF3 intensity and reached a width of just less than a half-mile as it impacted the southeast part of town. Several retail locations, as well as many homes in the area, were badly damaged or completely demolished. The tornado reached its peak intensity in the far east side of Minden, where several homes were completely destroyed, including some homes that were leveled. These homes were either unanchored or poorly anchored and damage to nearby trees and cars indicated that the tornado was at high-end EF3 intensity here. Several large metal buildings along Main Street were also destroyed. Since the tornado had a multiple-vortex structure, the most intense damage occurred in narrow zones and the difference between structures receiving EF1 damage and high-end EF3 damage was as little as 100 yards (91 m).[48] One fatality and three injuries were recorded in Minden.[10]

The tornado more or less maintained its intensity as it crossed Tamarack Road and exited Minden around 5:45 p.m. CDT. Several farmsteads and small homes in the area were damaged at EF2 or EF3 intensity. The tornado then crossed I-80, flipping a semi, and produced a three quarters of a mile wide swath of damage to the north of the interstate along York Road. The large tornado then moved into Shelby County and passed less than a mile to the west of Shelby continuing to cause tree and powerline damage over open terrain as it moved northeastward. As the tornado neared Tennant, it inflicted heavy EF2 damage to home to the south of the town. Southeast of the town, another home suffered heavy EF2 damage, and a barn was destroyed. To the northeast of Tennant, the tornado reached its peak width, producing an almost mile-wide swath of tree and power line damage. There was also roof damage to homes and outbuildings, including one outbuilding that was destroyed. The tornado then passed west of Harlan at around 6:06 p.m. CDT, destroying a home along Iowa 44. Although most of the walls of the home were left standing, the damage was rated low-end EF3 based on nearby tree damage along with a large vehicle being thrown or rolled nearly a quarter-mile.[48] At 6:08 p.m. CDT, a Doppler on Wheels unit recorded wind speeds of 224 miles per hour (360 km/h) 600 metres (2,000 ft) aloft, giving this tornado winds equivalent to EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale, although these winds did not impact any structures. EF2 damage occurred during this time as more outbuildings were destroyed, more homes suffered roof damage and trees suffered extensive damage. to the north of Harlan, three homes were suffered EF2 roof damage as the tornado crossed Iowa 59. Outbuildings were damaged or destroyed and more trees were snapped or uprooted.[48][10]

After this, the tornado weakened to EF1 intensity and turned due north, paralleling Iowa 59 as another tornado developed to its east. Damage here was mostly limited to trees and outbuildings, although one outbuilding was destroyed at low-end EF2 intensity. The tornado would narrowly miss Defiance and become rain-wrapped with another tornado crossing its damage path in this area about 30 minutes later. The tornado then dissipated to the north of the town around 6:29 p.m. CDT.[50][51] The tornado prompted the issuance of two tornado emergencies along its path as well.[10][52][48]

Sulphur, Oklahoma

Sulphur, Oklahoma
A photograph of the tornado
A photograph of the tornado by Kaden Wright
Meteorological history
FormedApril 27, 2024, 10:25 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedApril 27, 2024, 10:37 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration12 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds165 mph (266 km/h)
Overall effects
Casualties1 fatality, 30+ injured, 1 missing
Damage$5,000,000+
Main article: 2024 Sulphur tornado
EF3 damage to the downtown area of Sulphur

A destructive EF3 tornado struck the community of Sulphur, Oklahoma, causing one fatality and injuring at least 30 others.[53] The tornado touched down on West Broadway Avenue and immediately began tracking northeastward, causing major damage to many brick buildings in the downtown area. A sports lounge located on West Muskogee Avenue collapsed,[54] killing a woman who was inside.[55] It also hit the Artesian Hotel, causing a wall to collapse and severe roof damage.[56] It then tracked into populated residential areas, causing extreme damage on Division Street. Multiple people were injured, and many houses were destroyed at a currently unknown intensity. The tornado then moved northeastward and dissipated near Hickory.[57] A state of emergency was issued for Sulphur.[58][59] Rescue efforts and warnings may have been stunted by the heavy flooding and previous tornado that had hit earlier.[48][60]

Spaulding–Holdenville–Bearden, Oklahoma

Spaulding–Holdenville–Bearden, Oklahoma
EF2 and EF3 damage in Holdenville
Meteorological history
FormedApril 27, 2024, 10:36 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedApril 27, 2024, 11:15 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration39 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds145 mph (233 km/h)
Overall effects
Casualties2 fatalities

An EF3 tornado was confirmed by NWS Norman. At least two people were killed, including an infant. According to NWS Tulsa, this tornado track extended into Okfuskee County, where significant damage was reported near Bearden and Okemah. Preliminary information.[48][60][61]

Marietta–Dickson–Baum, Oklahoma

Marietta–Dickson–Baum, Oklahoma
Damage to a Dollar Tree Distribution Center from an EF4 tornado in Marietta, Oklahoma.
Meteorological history
FormedApril 27, 2024, 11:08 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedApril 27, 2024, 11:32 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration24 minutes
EF4 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds170 mph (270 km/h)
Overall effects
Casualties1 fatality

NWS Norman confirmed an EF4 tornado. This was the first EF4 tornado recorded in Oklahoma since May 9, 2016. One person was killed on I-35 near Marietta. Multiple buildings were damaged or destroyed at the north edge of Marietta, including a Dollar Tree distribution warehouse and a Dollar General that both sustained low-end EF4 damage. Preliminary information.[48][60][62]

Non-tornadic effects

Numerous roads were forced to close as a result of flooding, including US 77, US 177, and US 266 in Oklahoma, as well as US 54, US 160, and US 400 in Kansas.[63][64][65] I-35 near the Texas border line was also briefly closed due to downed power lines and overturned vehicles.[63] There were more than 29,000 power outages across Texas, and nearly 11,000 power outages occurred across Nebraska, including nearly 10,000 across the Lincoln, Nebraska area.[5][66][8] Flooding also injured one person in Everman, Texas.[67] One person was injured when a tree fell on a residence in State Line, Arkansas.[68]

Aftermath

On April 26, a disaster declaration was declared in Pottawattamie County, including Minden, by Iowa governor Kim Reynolds.[69][70] Following major damage, Eppley Airfield in Omaha, Nebraska, was briefly closed, but was re-opened after damage assessments.[71][72] A curfew was also implemented in Washington County, Nebraska, from 10pm to 6am for several days.[73]

Early in the morning of April 28, 2024, Oklahoma governor Kevin Stitt issued a state of emergency in 12 Oklahoma counties due to the large amount of damage and ongoing search and rescue. These include Carter, Cotton, Garfield, Hughes, Kay, Lincoln, Love, Murray, Okfuskee, Oklahoma, Payne and Pontotoc counties.[74] The town of Sulphur, Oklahoma, was heavily damaged, with shops, restaurants and other businesses completely destroyed.[75] A state of emergency was declared in Sulphur.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tornado outbreak of April 25–28, 2024.

Notes

  1. ^ A Doppler on Wheels measured this wind speed from the tornado 282 yards (258 m) above the surface.[1]

References

  1. ^ "Preliminary Wind Summary Measurements and Analysis from Harlan, IA tornado on Friday (26 April 2024)" (Post on 𝕏). 𝕏 (Formerly Twitter). University of Illinois: Doppler on Wheels. 28 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024. Winds of ~224 mph and diameter of max winds of ~2966 ft. Observations were taken as part of the @NSF -sponsored #BEST project led by @karen_kosiba and @JoshuaWurman
  2. ^ Gilbert, Mary (April 25, 2024). "Powerful tornado tears across Nebraska, weather service warns of 'catastrophic' damage". CNN. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  3. ^ National Weather Service (29 April 2024). "Preliminary Tornado Track Maps of the Arbor Day Tornado Outbreak 2024" (Press release on 𝕏). 𝕏 (Formerly Twitter). Omaha, Nebraska: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  4. ^ "Lancaster County business hit by tornado with 70 workers inside". KGIN. April 26, 2024. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  5. ^ a b Olberding, Matt (April 26, 2024). "Tornadoes cause significant damage northeast of Lincoln, several injuries reported". Lincoln Journal-Star. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  6. ^ Greco, Jonathan (April 28, 2024). "At least 4 dead, 100 injured after tornadoes ravage Oklahoma, causing extensive damage: What we know". KOCO-TV. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  7. ^ Greco, Jonathan; Kliewer, Addison (April 28, 2024). "At least 2 dead in Holdenville; Sulphur sees significant damage after tornado outbreak: What we know". KOCO-TV. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  8. ^ a b Funk, John; Hollingsworth, Heather; Beck, Margery A. (April 26, 2024). "Midwest tornadoes cause severe damage in Omaha suburbs". Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
  9. ^ Parsons, McKenzy (April 26, 2024). "Tornadoes tear through Nebraska and Iowa Friday". KETV. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d Barreda, Virginia (April 28, 2024). "Minden, Iowa man dies from injuries sustained in tornado". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  11. ^ Crowder, Courtney; Reyna-Rodriguez, Victoria (April 26, 2024). "'Large and extremely dangerous' tornadoes sweep across Iowa. Minden hit hard". The Des Moines Register. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
  12. ^ a b "'Many houses are flattened' in Elkhorn as large tornado sweeps through". KGIN. April 26, 2024. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
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  16. ^ Wilson, Colleen (April 28, 2024). "Two dead, including infant, after nighttime tornadoes rip through Oklahoma". KOKH-TV. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
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  19. ^ Shackelford, Nouran Salahieh, Robert (2024-04-28). "Tornado outbreak in Oklahoma prompts calls to take cover as the threat of severe storms continues from Missouri to Texas". CNN. Archived from the original on 2024-04-28. Retrieved 2024-04-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Grazulis, Thomas P. (2 May 2024). "OIS lists two MAJOR outbreaks in April" (Post on 𝕏). 𝕏 (Formerly Twitter). Danville, Vermont: @sigtor2019. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4/26/2024 (NE and IA) had score of 54 (with 12 EF2 and 6 EF3). The next day, 4/27/2024 (mostly OK), had a score of 33 (with 4 EF2, 3 EF3, and 1 EF4.
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  26. ^ Goss, Steve (April 25, 2024). "Mesoscale Discussion 515" (Mesoscale Discussion). Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  27. ^ Goss, Steve (April 25, 2024). "Mesoscale Discussion 517" (Mesoscale Discussion). Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  28. ^ Goss, Steve (April 25, 2024). "Mesoscale Discussion 519" (Mesoscale Discussion). Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  29. ^ Thornton, Emily; Edwards, Roger (April 25, 2024). "Mesoscale Discussion 518" (Mesoscale Discussion). Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  30. ^ Goss, Steve (April 26, 2024). "Mesoscale Discussion 521" (Mesoscale Discussion). Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  31. ^ Thornton, Emily; Edwards, Roger (April 26, 2024). "Mesoscale Discussion 522" (Mesoscale Discussion). Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  32. ^ Dean, Andy; Thompson, Rich (April 26, 2024). "Mesoscale Discussion 526" (Mesoscale Discussion). Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
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