Trout Quintet
| Piano Quintet in A major | |
|---|---|
| Trout Quintet | |
| by Franz Schubert | |
 1821 drawing of Franz Schubert by Joseph Kupelwieser | |
| Key | A major |
| Catalogue | D. 667 |
| Occasion | Commissioned by Sylvester Paumgartner |
| Composed | 1819 |
| Published | 1829 |
| Duration | 35–43 minutes |
| Movements | five |
The Trout Quintet (Forellenquintett) is the popular name for the Piano Quintet in A major, D. 667, by Franz Schubert. The piano quintet was composed in 1819,[1] when he was 22 years old; it was not published, however, until 1829, a year after his death.[2]
Rather than the usual piano quintet ensemble of piano and string quartet, the Trout Quintet is written for piano, violin, viola, cello and double bass.
According to Schubert's friend Albert Stadler, it was modelled on the quintet version of Johann Nepomuk Hummel's Septet in D Minor for Flute, Oboe, Horn, Viola, Cello, Bass and Piano, Op. 74.[3] It may also have been influenced by Hummel's Quintet in E flat Op. 87 .[4]
Nickname
The piece is known as the Trout because the fourth movement is a set of variations on Schubert's earlier Lied "Die Forelle" ("The Trout"). The quintet was written for Sylvester Paumgartner, a wealthy music patron and amateur cellist from Steyr, Upper Austria, who also suggested that Schubert include a set of variations on the Lied.[1] Sets of variations on melodies from his Lieder are found in four other works by Schubert: the Death and the Maiden Quartet, the "Trockne Blumen" (dried flowers) Variations for Flute and Piano (D. 802), the Wanderer Fantasy, and the Fantasia for Violin and Piano in C major (D. 934, on "Sei mir gegrüßt").
Analysis
The quintet consists of five movements:
The rising sextuplet figure from the song's accompaniment is used as a unifying motif throughout the quintet, and related figures appear in four out of the five movements – all but the Scherzo. As in the song, the figure is usually introduced by the piano, ascending.[1]
I. Allegro vivace
The first movement is in sonata form. As is commonplace in works of the Classical genre, the exposition shifts from tonic to dominant; however, Schubert's harmonic language is innovative, incorporating many mediants and submediants. This is evident from almost the beginning of the piece: after stating the tonic for ten bars, the harmony shifts abruptly into F major (the flatted submediant) in the eleventh bar.
The development section starts with a similar abrupt shift, from E major (at the end of the exposition) to C major. Harmonic movement is slow at first, but becomes quicker; towards the return of the first theme, the harmony modulates in ascending half tones.
The recapitulation begins in the subdominant, making any modulatory changes in the transition to the second theme unnecessary, a frequent phenomenon in early sonata form movements written by Schubert.[1] It differs from the exposition only in omitting the opening bars and another short section, before the closing theme.
II. Andante
This movement is composed of two symmetrical sections, the second being a transposed version of the first, except for some differences of modulation which allow the movement to end in the same key in which it began. Tonal layout (with some intermediate keys of lower structural significance omitted) as follows:
- F major – F♯ minor – D major – G major – G minor – G major; A♭ major – A minor – F major – F minor – F major
III. Scherzo: Presto
This movement also contains mediant tonalities, such as the ending of the first section of the Scherzo proper, which is in C major, the flattened mediant, or the relative major of the parallel minor (A minor).
IV. Andantino – Allegretto
The fourth movement is a theme and variations on Schubert's Lied "Die Forelle". As typical of some other variation movements by Schubert (in contrast to Beethoven's style),[5] the variations do not transform the original theme into new thematic material; rather, they concentrate on melodic decoration and changes of mood. In each of the first few variations, the main theme is played by a different instrument or group. In the fifth variation, Schubert begins in the flat submediant (B♭ major), and creates a series of modulations eventually leading back to the movement's main key, at the beginning of the final sixth variation.
A similar process is heard in three of Schubert's later compositions: the Octet in F major, D. 803 (fourth movement); the Piano Sonata in A minor, D. 845 (second movement); and the Impromptu in B♭ major, D. 935 No. 3. The concluding variation is similar to the original Lied, sharing the same characteristic accompaniment in the piano.
V. Allegro giusto
The Finale is in two symmetrical sections, like the second movement. However, the movement differs from the second movement in the absence of unusual chromaticism, and in the second section being an exact transposition of the first (except for some changes of octave register). A repeat sign is written for the first section: if one adheres meticulously to the score, the movement consists of three lengthy, almost identical repeats of the same musical material. Performers sometimes choose to omit the repeat of the first section when playing.
Although this movement lacks the chromaticism of the second movement, its own harmonic design is also innovative: the first section ends in D major, the subdominant. This is contradictory to the aesthetics of the Classical musical style, in which the first major harmonic event in a musical piece or movement, is the shift from tonic to dominant (or, more rarely, to mediant or submediant – but never to the subdominant).[6][7]
Musical significance
Compared to other major chamber works by Schubert, such as the last three string quartets and the string quintet, the Trout Quintet is a leisurely work, characterized by lower structural coherence, especially in its outer movements and the Andante. These movements contain unusually long repetitions of previously stated material, sometimes transposed, with little or no structural reworking, aimed at generating an overall unified dramatic design ("mechanical" in Martin Chusid's words[1]).
The importance of the piece stems mainly from its use of an original and innovative harmonic language, rich in mediants and chromaticism, and from its timbral characteristics. The Trout Quintet has a unique sonority among chamber works for piano and strings, due mainly to the piano part, which for substantial sections of the piece concentrates on the highest register of the instrument, with both hands playing the same melodic line an octave apart (having been freed to do so by the inclusion of both cello and bass in the ensemble). Such writing also occurs in other chamber works by Schubert, such as the piano trios, but to a much lesser extent,[1][8] and is characteristic of Schubert's works for piano four-hands,[8] one of his most personal musical genres. Such timbral writing may have influenced the works of Romantic composers such as Frédéric Chopin, who admired Schubert's music for piano four-hands.[9]
The quintet forms the basis of Christopher Nupen's 1969 film The Trout, in which Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman, Jacqueline du Pré, Daniel Barenboim and Zubin Mehta perform it at Queen Elizabeth Hall in London.[10]
Other uses
A portion of the Trout Quintet's fifth movement, performed by the Nash Ensemble, is used as the theme music for the BBC television comedy Waiting for God. The third movement performed by the Nash Ensemble is also used in the show.
Samsung washing machines and clothes dryers play an arrangement of the first portion of the fourth movement upon finishing a spin cycle.[11]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Chusid 1997, pp. 174–192
- ^ Gibbs 1997, pp. 241–253.
- ^ Kroll, Mark (2007-10-15). Johann Nepomuk Hummel: A Musician's Life and World. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1-4616-6008-8.
- ^ Schubert's Beethoven Project. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65087-8.
- ^ Jeffrey Perry, "The Wanderer's Many Returns: Schubert's Variations Reconsidered," The Journal of Musicology, 19/2, 2002 pp. 374–416
- ^ Charles Rosen, Sonata Forms, revised edition, 1988, W. W. Norton, pp. 359–360.
- ^ Charles Rosen, The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, expanded edition, 1997, W. W. Norton, pp. 25–27, 384.
- ^ a b Notley 1997, pp. 138–154
- ^ Charles Rosen, The Romantic Generation, 1995, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p. 390.
- ^ The Christopher Nupen films, Franz Schubert, The Trout
- ^ "Violinist plays a surprisingly charming duet… with her bleeping washing machine". 19 January 2023.
Sources
- Chusid, Martin. "Schubert's chamber music: before and after Beethoven". In Gibbs (1997).
- Gibbs, Christopher H. (April 1997). "German reception: Schubert's 'journey to immortality'". In Christopher H. Gibbs (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Schubert. Cambridge Companions to Music. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-48424-4.
- Notley, Margaret. "Schubert's social music: the 'forgotten genres'". In Gibbs (1997).
Further reading
- Weiss, Piero (Autumn 1979). "Dating the 'Trout' Quintet". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 32 (3): 539–548. doi:10.2307/831254. JSTOR 831254.
External links
- Trout Quintet: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
- Recording of full quintet by the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format
- Lecture and performance on YouTube, at Gresham College, 2013; Christopher Hogwood, performers from the Royal Academy of Music
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