Grave of the Fireflies

Grave of the Fireflies 火垂るの墓
File:Grave of the Fireflies DVDcover.jpg
Directed by	Isao Takahata
Written by	Novel: Akiyuki Nosaka Screenplay: Isao Takahata
Produced by	Toru Hara
Starring	Tsutomu Tatumi Ayano Shiraishi Yoshiko Shinohara Akemi Yamaguchi
Cinematography	Nobuo Koyama
Edited by	Takeshi Seyama
Music by	Michio Mamiya
Distributed by	Toho
Release dates	April 16, 1988 April 5, 1989
Running time	88 min.
Language	Japanese
Budget	Unknown

This article is about the film. For the semi-autobiographical novel of the same name, see Grave of the Fireflies (book).

Grave of the Fireflies (火垂るの墓, Hotaru no Haka) is a 1988 anime movie written and directed by Isao Takahata for Shinchosha. This is the first film produced by Shinchosha, who hired Studio Ghibli to do the animation production work. It is an adaptation of the semi-autobiographical novel of the same name by Akiyuki Nosaka, intended as a personal apology to the author's own sister.

Some critics—most notably Roger Ebert—consider it to be one of the most powerful anti-war movies ever made. Animation historian Ernest Rister compares the film to Steven Spielberg's Schindler's List and says, "it is the most profoundly human animated film I've ever seen."

Plot

Taking place toward the end of World War II in Japan, Grave of the Fireflies is the poignant tale of the relationship between two orphaned children, Seita (清太) and his younger sister Setsuko (節子). The children lose their mother in the firebombing of Kobe, and their father in service to the Imperial Japanese Navy, and as a result they are forced to try to survive amidst widespread famine and the callous indifference of their countrymen (some of whom are their own extended family members).

Story origin and interpretations

The story is based on the semi-autobiographic novel by the same name, whose author, Nosaka, lost his sister due to malnutrition in 1945 wartime Japan. He blamed himself for her death and wrote the story so as to make amends to her and help him accept the tragedy.

Due to the graphic and truly emotional depiction of the negative consequences of war on society and the individuals therein, some critics have viewed Grave of the Fireflies as an anti-war film. The film does provide an insight into Japanese culture by focusing its attention almost entirely on the personal tragedies that wars give rise to, rather than seeking to glamorize it as a heroic struggle between competing ideologies. Conversely, some critics have cited the film's narrow focus on suffering by solely Japanese characters as a classic example of Japanese myopia toward the root causes of World War II and the failure of Japan to address its own grave responsibilities for aggressive acts of war and war crimes dating to the 1930s.

An alternative interpretation is that Grave of the Fireflies illustrates the danger of pride over reason. This view is expressed by the director Takahata in his interview on the 2-disc 2002 release, who expresses surprise that audiences sympathize with Seita, instead of recognizing that his actions cause his and his sister's death. This view holds that Nosaka's alter ego, Seita, must face a crucial decision (on two occasions: when he leaves the aunt's house and when the man in the field rejects him), either stay with the wicked aunt, work, earn money and face reality, or run away. Ultimately, Seita chooses pride over reason, and his fate and that of Setsuko is the result of his own decision to leave the aunt's house. Had they stayed, they would have most likely survived. Moreover, some have argued that if the film is in fact true to the book (which is a personal apology to the author's own sister), such a premise in and of itself hardly demonstrates an intent to make the film a strident anti-war treatise.

More broadly, as Seita's wounds are self-inflicted, and also results in his own sister's death, it can be read as a criticism of Japan's involvement in World War II: Japanese pride caused great damage to the nation.

In fact, to some, the war is itself only the initial cause of the events. Following the B-29 raid, there are only brief references to the loss of the Imperial Fleet (and thus the children's father, aboard the heavy cruiser Maya) and the end of the war, both in the first half of the film. The story is one of personal trial in the midst of a society which has no resources to help two orphans out of many, and the choices made by a boy who is in over his head.

About the title

Japanese nouns do not change to form plurals, so hotaru can refer to one firefly or many. Seita and Setsuko catch fireflies and use them to illuminate the bomb shelter in which they live. The next day, Setsuko digs a grave for all of the dead insects, and asks "Why do fireflies die so soon?", so the title might serve to heighten the symbolic and thematic significance of the incident.

Alternatively, it may be that Setsuko is the "firefly" of the title, herself dying young. If so, the title can be interpreted as A Grave for a Firefly. Or to maintain the lack of distinction over plurals, The Firefly Grave could also be used.

In the Japanese title of the movie the word hotaru (firefly) is written not with its usual kanji 蛍 but with the two kanji 火 (hi, fire) and 垂 (tareru, to dangle down, as a droplet of water about to fall from a leaf). This can evoke images of fireflies as droplets of fire. Some consider that this evokes senkō hanabi, a fire droplet firework (a sparkler firework which is held upside down). This is particularly poignant in this respect because it must be held very still or the fire will drop and die, which represents the fragility of life. Senkō hanabi also evoke images of family, because it is a summer tradition in Japan for families to enjoy fireworks together. Fireworks, in general, are considered to be another symbol of the ephemerality of life. Watching fireflies is another summer family tradition. Together, the references evoke the bond between Seita and Setsuko, but at the same time emphasize their isolation due to the absence of their parents.

Alternatively, pairing the two kanji for "fire" and "dangle down" may also be a metaphor for the experience of aerial bombing using incendiary weapons. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the Japanese during the war sometimes referred to falling and exploding incendiary bomblets as "fireflies."

Firefly symbolism

Particular firefly symbolism in the movie:

• Actual fireflies (who die and are buried by Setsuko)
• The children themselves, especially Setsuko, who die young
• Kamikaze planes and pilots: Setsuko observes that a passing kamikaze plane looks like a firefly
• Incendiary bomblets (as in the title kanji)

Mature fireflies which emit light have extremely short life spans of two to three weeks and are traditionally regarded as a symbol of impermanence, which resonates with much of classical Japanese tradition (as with cherry blossoms). Fireflies are also symbolic of the human soul ("Hitodama"), which is depicted as a floating, flickering fireball. (Heikebotaru (平家蛍, Luciola lateralis), a species of firefly that exist in the Western region of Japan, is so-called because people considered their lights, hovering near rivers and lakes, to be the souls of the Heike family, all of whose members perished in a famous historic naval engagement - the Battle of Dan-no-ura.)

Production

Appropriately aged children were cast in the roles of Seita and Setsuko, however at first, producers felt the five-year-old girl portraying Setsuko was too young. Because of her age, instead of completing the animation first and recording her voice to run parallel with the animation as with other characters in the film, they recorded her dialogue first and completed the animation afterward. The animators were not used to this way of working, which is why her lips are hardly seen.

Live-action version

File:Livefireflies.jpg

Live-action version of Grave of the Fireflies.

NTV in Japan produced a live-action version of Grave of the Fireflies, in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II. The movie aired on November 1, 2005. Like the anime, the live-action version of Grave of the Fireflies focuses on two siblings struggling to survive the final days of the war in Kobe, Japan. Unlike the animated version, it tells the story from the point of view of their aunt and deals with the issue of how the war-time environment could change a kind lady to a cold-blooded demon. It stars Japanese celebrity and actress Nanako Matsushima as the aunt. The movie is approximately 2 hours and 28 minutes long.

Releases

Its initial theatrical release in Japan was accompanied by Hayao Miyazaki's much more lighthearted My Neighbor Totoro as a double feature. In commercial terms, the theatrical release was a failure. While the two movies were marketed toward children and their parents, the extremely depressing nature of Grave of the Fireflies turned away most audiences. The release of the film in South Korea was delayed indefinitely because authorities feared it would be thought of as justification for Japan's role in World War II.　

Grave of the Fireflies was released in the U.S. by Central Park Media in a two-disc set. The first disc contains the film uncut in both an English dub and the original Japanese with English subtitles as well as the film's storyboards. The second disc contains several extras, including a retrospective on the author of the original book, an interview with Director Isao Takahata, and an interview with well-known critic Roger Ebert, who has expressed his admiration for the film on several occasions.

English cast

• Rhoda Chrosite - Setsuko (likely a pseudonym, see Rhodochrosite)
• Amy Jones - Aunt
• J. Robert Spencer - Seita
• Veronica Taylor - Mother
• Additional Voices by Shannon Conley, Crispin Freeman, Dan Green, George Leaver, Nick Sullivan

See also

• Sakuma drops, the hard candy eaten by the children in the movie, are still sold in Japan. Setsuko is occasionally featured on the front of the tin.

Reception

Source	Reviewer	Grade / Score	Notes
Anime News Network	Mike Crandol	Overall (dub): A- Overall (sub): A+ Story: A Animation: B+ Art: A Music: B+	DVD/Movie Review of Collector's Series DVD
AnimeOnDVD	Chris Beveridge	Content: A Audio: B+ Video: A Packaging: A- Menus: B+ Extras: A+	DVD/Movie Review of Collectors Series DVD
Spectrum Nexus	Cacaoatl	4.5 out of 5	Movie Review
THEM Anime Reviews	Raphael See	5 out of 5	Movie Review

External links

• Grave of the Fireflies ({{{type}}}) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
• Grave of the Fireflies at IMDb
• Central Park Media page for Grave of the Fireflies
• Information page at Nausicaa.net
• Grave of the Fireflies in Roger Ebert's Great Movies Collection
• Live-action version of Grave of the Fireflies
• Grave Of The Fireflies Review at The Long Journey
• "火垂るの墓 (Hotaru no Haka)" (in Japanese). Japanese Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-07-19.