Pan-African colours

African countries using Pan-African colours in their flags, shown in red.

Two different sets of three colours are referred to as the Pan-African colours: the green, gold, and red first used in the flag of Ghana; (Ghana was the first country to adopt the pan-African colours) and the red, black, and green adopted by the American-based Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA). As such, they are used in flags and other emblems to represent Pan-Africanism, African identity, or blacks as a race, though some flags (e.g., that of Lithuania) use these colors for unrelated reasons.

The Ethiopian colours

Green, gold, and red are now found on the national flags of many African nations. They originate in Ethiopia; from where they also have relevance for the Rastafari movement. They were used on many ancient African flags, most notably in the bloom on the flag of Granada, the Moorish state in Spain. The colours appear most prominently on the 1798 flag of Ethiopia, with the green at the bottom; however, they were accidentally flown upside-down on a state ceremony and the tradition was adopted by the Ethiopian government and by several African states, as well as by Pan-Africanist organisations around the world.^{[citation needed]} It is now common to see these flags with green on top (or in front) of gold, and red at the bottom (or at the trailing edge) of the flag,

Except for a brief period of occupation by Italy under the Fascists, Ethiopia remained outside European control during the colonial era, and was therefore admired by many newly-independent African states. The adoption of the Ethiopian national colours was a consequence of this. The first African state to adopt a red, gold and green flag upon independence was Ghana in 1957.

The UNIA colours

The UNIA constitution defines red, black, and green asthe Pan-African colours: "rd representing the noble blood that unites all pepople of African ancestry, the colour black for the peole, green for the rich land of Africa."^{[citation needed]} The UNIA flag was designated the official colours of the African Race by the UNIA at its convention in Madison Square Garden on August 13, 1920 in New York City.