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Effects of Hurricane Ike in Texas

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Houston/Galveston area of Texas, where Hurricane Ike made landfall over Galveston Island on 13-Sep-2008 at 2:10 CDT.

The effects of Hurricane Ike in Texas include deaths, damage, and impacts to the price and availability of oil and gas. Making landfall over Galveston, at 2:10 a.m. CDT[1] on 13 September 2008, "giant" Hurricane Ike caused extensive damage in Texas, with sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h), a 13.5-ft (4 m) storm surge, and widespread coastal flooding.[1][2][3]

More than 140,000 people had failed to evacuate,[4] partly due to fears of multi-hour traffic jams as during Hurricane Rita, but over 940 were rescued from rising waters,[1][5] and nearly 2,000 rescued afterward.[6][4]

As of September 14, 2008, the final death toll was unknown but at least five deaths in Galveston, ten in Houston, and four elsewhere in Texas are attributed to Ike.[6]

The storm had come ashore hours before daybreak with 110-mph (175 km/h) winds and towering waves, pushing boats ashore, smashing many houses, flooding thousands of homes, knocking out windows in Houston's skyscrapers,[1] uprooting trees, and cutting electric power to more than millions of customers (estimates range from 2.8 million[7] to 4.5 million [8] customers) perhaps for weeks.[5]

Some people survived by punching holes in attics,[9] climbing to rooftops or trees,[10] using nearby boats, or floating on debris[10] until reaching solid ground.

Afterward, an estimated 100,000 homes had been flooded in Texas, and numerous boats washed ashore. Galveston was declared uninhabitable, and Houston imposed a week-long nighttime curfew due to limited electric power.[4]

Hurricane preparations

Galveston, nearby waterfront towns, and low-lying suburbs of Houston had been partially evacuated.

On September 8, Texas State Governor Rick Perry declared 88 Texas state counties a disaster area in preparation for Hurricane Ike, expected to hit the Texas coast as early as Saturday morning, which included placing 7,500 Texas Military Forces troops on standby. The Texas County of Brazoria called for voluntary evacuation and Matagorda County called for mandatory evacuation as did the County of Brazoria for zip code 77541 and the city of Lake Jackson. Galveston, parts of southern Houston and areas south of the city and near the Texas coast were under a mandatory evacuation order starting at noon September 11.[11]

On September 10, U.S. President George W. Bush made an emergency declaration for Texas in advance of Hurricane Ike, making more federal help available for preparations and evacuations.[12]

State rural water associations activated mutual aid networks to prepare for the landfall of Hurricane Hanna and Hurricane Ike while still providing assistance to areas impacted by Hurricane Gustav.[13][14] The Texas Rural Water Association held meetings with state agencies on Tuesday, September 9, to plan for landfall along the Texas gulf coast.[15]

On September 11, forecasting models began to show Ike making landfall just south of Galveston. City Manager Steve LeBlanc late Wednesday issued a mandatory evacuation order for the low lying west end of Galveston Island.[16] Later, the mandatory evacuation order was extended to the entire island of Galveston, as well as low-lying areas around Houston, Texas.[17]

Also on September 11, at 8:19 p.m. (CDT), the National Weather Service in Houston/Galveston, TX issued a strongly worded bulletin, regarding storm surge along the shoreline of Galveston Bay. The bulletin advised residents living in single-family homes in some parts of coastal Texas may face "certain death" if they do not heed orders to evacuate.[18] Reports said as many as 40 percent of Galveston's citizens may have not paid attention to the warnings.[19] It was feared to be much the same in Port Arthur.

The threat to low-lying areas between Morgan City, Louisiana, and Baffin Bay, Texas, east of the projected eye of Hurricane Ike may experience the greatest damage from storm surges of up to 20 feet. Waves at sea are expected to be higher, up to 70 feet according to computer simulations.[20]

The prices of crude oil and gas increased in the expectation of damage to some of the numerous oil refineries along the South Texas coast, or at least delays in production from the oil and gas platforms in the Gulf of Mexico.[21]

Surge measurements

Landfall had been predicted near Freeport, Texas,[22][23] by the National Hurricane Center, as of Wednesday, 10 September 2008. However, the actual landfall was further east, over the east end[5] of Galveston Island (near Texas City, TX), with the eye centered over Galveston Bay. Because some winds blew from the north at Galveston, water was pushed back out into the Gulf, and the actual storm surge there was muted to less than 13.5 ft (4 m),[5] rather than the original prediction of over 18 ft (5.5 m) as with a west-end landfall,[22][23] which would have pushed more water into Galveston Bay, being a channel bay.

As of 13 September 2008, the highest storm surge had been noted at Sabine Pass, in Texas, at 13.5 ft (4 m).[24] However, Bolivar Peninsula, at the entrance to Galveston Bay, was nearer to the eastern side of the eye.

The morning high tide (on 2008-09-13), adding 2.3 ft (0.7 m), occurred at 4:14am CDT at the Galveston Bay entrance. [25] The total eastern storm tide was then nearly 16 ft (4.9 m) by landfall at 2:10am, with higher waves on top.

Aftermath

On the night of September 12, 2008, the eye of Hurricane Ike approached the Texas coast near Galveston Bay, making landfall at 2:10 a.m. CDT over the east end of Galveston Island [2] (near Texas City). People in low-lying areas who had not heeded evacuation orders, in single-family one- or two-story homes, had been warned by the weather service that they "faced certain death" in the overnight storm surge.[26]

In regional Texas towns, electrical power began failing before 8 p.m. CDT,[27] leaving more than 3 million people without power.[2]

Rainfall estimates indicated that 2-day rainfall totals from mid-day Friday through mid-day Saturday exceeded 20 inches (50 cm) in parts of both northern Harris County and southern Montgomery County, with a multi-county area receiving at least 10 inches (25 cm) of rainfall.[10]

Galveston

Flood waters begin to rise in a neighborhood of Galveston, Texas.

In Galveston, by 4 p.m. CDT (2100 UTC) on September 12, the rising storm surge began overtopping the 17-ft (5.2 m) Galveston Seawall, which faces the Gulf of Mexico;[28] waves had been crashing along the seawall earlier, from 9 a.m. CDT.[29] Although Seawall Boulevard is elevated above the shoreline, many areas of town slope down behind the seawall to the lower elevation of Galveston Island.

The historic Balinese Room, a former mafia-run nightclub that had extended 600 feet into the Gulf of Mexico and had withstood many serious storms,[30] was swept away as Ike's eye crossed over the eastern half of Galveston Island.[31] The elevated structure, which had hosted performers ranging from Frank Sinatra, Bob Hope[30] and George Burns to Groucho Marx and Sammy Davis, Jr.,[31] had recently been renovated and returned to profitability after years of neglect and disrepair, and was listed on the National Registry of Historically Significant Places. The rock band ZZ Top had a song named after the popular destination, "Balinese".[31][32]

None of the many wooden piers that gave Galveston much of its unique character survived the landfall of Hurricane Ike. In addition to the Balinese Room, Murdoch's, Hooters[30] and the 61st Street Pier were all completely destroyed. Seawall Boulevard, which runs the entire length of the seawall several meters above the popular beaches adjoining the Gulf, was littered with the debris of these and other structures.

The landmark Flagship Hotel, which sits on deep concrete pylons, was seriously damaged,[30] but no one was injured,[30] and an early survey indicates the structure will be salvageable. Some of the hotel's siding was peeled off by the storm (this occurred during Hurricane Alicia in 1983),[30] venting at least one top-floor guest suite to the open air, and the elevated ramp permitting vehicles to access the hotel's lower level from Seawall Boulevard fell into the Gulf.[30]

Even though there were advance evacuation plans, Mary Jo Naschke, spokesperson for the city of Galveston, estimated that (as of Friday morning) a quarter of the city's residents paid no attention to calls for them to evacuate, despite predictions that most of Galveston Island would suffer heavy flooding storm tide.[33] By 6 p.m. Friday night, estimates varied as to how many of the 58,000 residents remained, but the figures of remaining residents were in the thousands.[34]

Some people survived by punching holes in attics and carried sick relatives away from the flood.[9] On the 91st Street Pier, formerly a two-story structure resembling a house that extended some 400 feet into the Gulf, three persons opted to ride the storm out, despite a National Weather Service warning direly predicting that they faced "certain death" from what was expected to be up to a 24-foot storm surge. Calling local emergency operators three hours ahead of Ike's landfall, they requested evacuation by Coast Guard personnel, as the entire length of the pier and the structure's first story had by that time fallen into the Gulf. They were informed that no one could rescue them at that time, due to the unacceptable risks their prospective rescuers would be subjected to. Weathering the storm huddled inside what remained of the pier's second floor, they were lifted to safety by a rescue helicopter late the following morning.

An early survey of Galveston Island, performed late Saturday, September 13 and Sunday, September 14, 2008, indicated that the entirety of the Island west of 11 Mile Road was entirely devastated, and that few structures on Galveston's western one-third had survived. This area of near-total destruction includes the communities of Bay Vista, Lake Como and Jamaica Beach, as well as the Galveston Country Club and the Galveston Island State Park.[citation needed] The affected area previously included some 1,000 structures, including single-family dwellings, commercial enterprises, and hotels and resorts. It is unknown how many residents may have ignored repeated calls to evacuate, or what became of those who decided to remain in Galveston's vulnerable West End.

Galveston Island near Bolivar Point 2008-09-13: some houses were damaged by flying debris or rammed by objects in waves.

Electric power failed in Galveston around 7:45 p.m. CDT.[27] Widespread flooding included downtown Galveston:[2] such as 6-ft (2 m) deep inside the Galveston County Courthouse, and the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston was flooded.[2] 20 deaths have been reported in Galveston,[6] including a drowning in a submerged vehicle[35], another drowning in a flooded house,[36] an indirect death involving a storm-related alcohol incident[36] and five indirect deaths from natural causes.[37] 12 other deaths in Galveston and Brazoria Counties have not had their causes disclosed as of yet.[38]

Transfer of survivors: In transferring survivors out of town, Galveston officials planned to use Ball High School, which was being used as a "shelter of last resort" for evacuees, to be a center for FEMA.[10] More than 200 residents had been staying at the school shelter, and hundreds more were eating meals there. Buses were brought in on Sunday to take residents from that shelter, and others who wanted to leave the island, to a shelter in San Antonio.[10]

On the day of landfall, police were stopping travelers at La Marque, 4 miles (6 km) north of Galveston, and making them exit the highway.[39] Interstate 45 at La Marque had been closed because boats and parts of wrecked piers were strewn throughout floodwaters blocking the road.[39]

From a historical perspective, on September 8, 1900, the Great Galveston Hurricane came ashore on a path similar to Ike,[40] bringing with it a storm surge that inundated most of Galveston Island: as a result, much of the city was destroyed and at least 6,000 people were killed in a few hours; afterward, the level of the island was raised an average of 4 ft (1.3 m), adding a high seawall (17-ft, 5.2 m) to block incoming waves.

Houston

Windows were damaged on the JPMorgan Chase Tower.

In Houston, windows also broke in downtown buildings such as the 75-story JPMorgan Chase Tower,[2] and the Reliant Stadium was damaged.[2] According to a witness interviewed by FoxNews, furniture from offices in the JPMorgan Chase building was blown out of the shattered windows and into the parking garage across the street. A fire partially burned Brennan's restaurant in downtown Houston, but workers were rescued. Some trees were uprooted,[2] and bus stop shelters were mangled. Houston's theater district was flooded.[10]

Although electric power was out in most of the region, the lights remained on at the Texas Medical Center, a complex of about a dozen hospitals.[2] At Memorial Hermann Hospital, patients were coming in with a variety of problems, including people who had run out of medicine or oxygen, or others who had cuts and bruises.[10]

Eight deaths have been blamed on Ike in Houston, all of which were indirect in cleanup incidents such as carbon monoxide poisoning from generators used or fires from light sources while power was out, or accidents involving tree cutting.[38]

Hurricane Ike affected Houston Astros' late dash for Major League Baseball's playoffs, indefinitely postponing Friday and Saturday's games against the Chicago Cubs.[41]

Flights in and out of Houston's two major airports (Bush Intercontinental and Hobby) were suspended on Friday 12-Sep-2008, with plans to resume on the following Sunday.[2] However, as of Sunday September 14, 2008, Intercontinental remained without power, but both airports planned to re-open Monday with limited service.

Restoring power

CenterPoint Energy, the largest power company in the region, said that it had restored power to 112,000 homes and business on Saturday,[10] plus many of Houston's skyscrapers had regained power.[10] The progress was as follows:

  • by Saturday evening, 112,000 customers had power;[42]
  • by Sunday noon, 262,000 customers had power;[42]
  • by Tuesday 9 p.m., 750,000 customers had power.[43]

However, over 1.5 million people remained without power as of Sept. 16, 2008,[43] with estimates that service may not return for weeks in some instances.[42][43]

To help Houston-area customers track the progress of restored electric power, a website of The Houston Chronicle displays a database named "Ike Power Map"[44] (see: External links) and has some data from readers posting when they received electricity again. By September 17 (4 days after), many regional neighborhoods had reported some power, such as in Huntsville, Conroe, The Woodlands, Spring, Atascocita, Humble, Bellaire, Sugar Land, Houston, La Porte, Friendswood, Webster, and Alvin.[44]

Another power company, Entergy Texas, is repairing damage to more than 150 of its transmission towers,[42] including several toppled structures along rights of way: just northeast of Houston, some communities including The Woodlands, Conroe, Splendora and Liberty had sustained some of the worst transmission damage in the Entergy service area.[42]

Texas City

A Valero Energy Corp. spokesman, Bill Day, said that crews would soon get in to inspect the oil refineries in Houston and Texas City, which remained shut down on Saturday, 13 September 2008.[3] Texas City (north of Galveston) was very near to the landfall site of Hurricane Ike. The Mainland Medical Center (off I-45) closed its doors on Saturday (13Sep08) at 4 p.m. CDT, after water service was unavailable in the area.[9]

The beloved Texas City Dike, a manmade structure extending nearly five miles into the mouth of Galveston Bay, was overtopped and seriously damaged along with all structures built upon it.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).[unreliable source?] The dike, known to locals as "the world's longest manmade fishing pier," had stood for seven decades and was considered Texas City's primary defense against the devastation wrought by a powerful storm surge. Although the dike was swept away, most of Texas City was spared, and so the dike may be remembered as a success even though it failed to survive Ike's wrath. With the total reduction of the dike, the entirety of Texas City may now be vulnerable to future tidal surges. However, Texas City residents are confident the dike will be rebuilt.[citation needed]

An aerial survey late afternoon Sunday, September 14, revealed that the eastern and northern portions of Texas City, as well as San Leon were still substantially flooded. Substantial wind damage appeared to have been sustained by the Texas City Industrial Complex that borders Galveston Bay.

A few businesses, including some gasoline stations, convenience stores and fast food restaurants, were planning to re-open as early as Monday, September 15, 2008. Beginning Sunday, September 14, the Texas Military Forces began using the city's high school football stadium as a staging and relocation area used by Black Hawk helicopters, which were used to retrieve stranded citizens from Bolivar, Galveston and other area communities. Also on September 14, the Red Cross opened a disaster relief center in Texas City.

Bolivar Peninsula and Crystal Beach

Bolivar Peninsula, just east across the water from the landfall site on Galveston Island, had been submerged under the storm tide.[39] Most, if not all of the communities previously located on the Bolivar Peninsula, which together with Galveston Island separates Galveston Bay from the Gulf of Mexico, were utterly devastated.[39] Based on an extensive aerial survey conducted on the afternoons of Saturday, September 13 and Sunday, September 14, very little remains west of the community of High Island. The area of total or near-total destruction includes Caplen, Port Bolivar, and the area surrounding Gregory Park. Most, if not all of the structures that had been situated along the length of Highway 87 west of High Point, as well as Highway 108 on the western edge of Bolivar, were destroyed.

Crystal Beach, a populous community located roughly at the midpoint of the peninsula, was submerged and destroyed;[10] waves and wind pounded houses, and even some houses elevated on 14-ft (4.3–m) stilts rolled into the waters.[10] The tiny beachfront community of Gilchrist, which sat astride the north-facing Rollover Bay on Bolivar, was completely swept away.

League City

In League City, TX, the electric power went out, and CenterPoint Energy said it could take four weeks or more to restore power after the largest outage in the company's history.[9] Residents who evacuated can return on Tuesday and should bring back enough food for two weeks; a dusk-until-dawn curfew is in effect.[9]

Kemah, Seabrook and El Lago

Kemah, Texas, about 35 miles (56 km) south of Houston, was without power and water, and still had 15 feet of flooding on Saturday, 13 September 2008.[3] State Highway 146 was closed at the 2094 intersection. There was a lot of debris on the roads,[45] completely covering some lanes. Severe damage occurred at the Kemah Boardwalk, the site of many popular restaurants and shops, as well as a small waterfront amusement park with various rides, including a carousel, kiddie train and Ferris wheel overlooking Galveston Bay. The entire first floor of Landry's seafood restaurant was demolished and swept away, as well as those of neighboring structures. The Boardwalk had received 4 million visitors per year.[46] In an interview on local CBS affiliate KHOU-TV, the Boardwalk manager expressed confidence that despite such unprecedented devastation to the tourist attraction, the site would be rebuilt.

Clear Lake and Nassau Bay

Near Clear Lake, Texas, where winds reportedly gusted over 100 mph, many people rode out the storm at the Nassau Bay Hilton, across from the NASA/JSC complex. The roof of the Mission Control Center of NASA's Johnson Space Center was damaged by Hurricane Ike, but there were no injuries and no major flooding.[47] Along with the roof damage, there were branches and light poles on the ground, with minor damage to buildings and vehicles. There was also damage to hangars and awnings over at NASA's Ellington Field,[47] east of I-45. NASA has its own generators to provide electric power.

Beaumont

Like most of East Texas, Beaumont received winds at hurricane force. In the Beaumont area, 392,000 customers lost power during Hurricane Ike,[48] and by 15 September 2008, Entergy Texas had managed to reconnect about 10,000 customers, but that included downtown Beaumont, with some hospitals.[48] As of Sept 18, 4000 head of cattle were estimated dead, drowned by floods in the Beaumont area, both from rain, and storm surge.[citation needed]

Orange

Orange, TX received winds at hurricane force. The Orange Mayor, Brown Claybar, had estimated about a third of the city of 19,000 people was flooded, anywhere from 6 inches (15 cm) to 6 feet (2 m).[10] He said about 375 people, of those who stayed behind during the storm, began to emerge, some needing food, water and medical care.[10] Many dead fish littered streets and properties.[49]

By 15 September 2008, Entergy Texas had reconnected electric power to hospitals in Orange (and Beaumont).[48]

Corpus Christi

Corpus Christi, TX received winds at tropical-storm force. Near Corpus Christi, a man was reportedly swept away; he is presumed dead. The Coast Guard will search for his body after the storm has passed.[50] Wal-Mart Stores Inc. reopened 7 stores in the Corpus Christi area on Saturday, 13 September 2008.[3]

Other towns

The highest storm surge of 13.5 ft (4 m) was seen at Sabine Pass in Texas.[2]

One death was confirmed to have been Ike-related as a tree fell onto a boy in Montgomery County while being cut in preparation for the storm,[51] and another person was killed not far away from a fallen tree during the storm.[52] After the storm, another tree-cutting accident involving a damaged tree killed another young boy in Montgomery County.[38] Another fallen tree in Huntsville resulted in a fatality after it crashed into a house.[53]

In the storm's aftermath, one child in Montgomery County was reported dead by suffocation caused by an inadequately vented portable generator (indoors).[citation needed] On Goat Island, there were reports of a herd of cattle[10] and other livestock that survived the storm, although it was unclear from where they had arrived onto the narrow sandbar.[citation needed]

In San Leon, the popular Topwater Grill restaurant, that stood at the tip of a promontory extending into Galveston Bay, was swept away by Ike's powerful storm surge.[citation needed] The eatery had featured fresh local seafood "right off the boat," with a small fleet of fishing vessels that pulled right up to its doors with each day's catch. It also offered dock space to patrons who arrived by boat or other personal water craft.

Also in San Leon, three members of a family that had opted to ride out the storm were still missing as of midnight, Monday, September 15, 2008.[citation needed]

Tiki Island, a low-lying waterfront community bordered by North Bay and West Bay along Interstate Highway 45, sustained extensive water damage, but most of the structures remained intact.[citation needed]

The neighborhood of Bayou Vista, just north of Tiki Island at the intersection of IH-45, State Highway 6 and State Highways 3 and 146, was substantially damaged.[citation needed]

The bayfront community of Virginia Point, on the other side of the Bay from Galveston Island, was swept away.[citation needed]

Offshore ships and oil rigs

On Saturday (13Sep08), the US Coast Guard sent the tugboat Rotterdam to rescue the crew of a disabled freighter, Antalina,[54] carrying 22 people, hours after the ship had survived Hurricane Ike, without any means of escaping.[54] Repairs to the ship's broken fuel pump will be made at sea; the tugboat will then tow the ship to Port Arthur, Texas, to be anchored for additional repairs and eventually to offload more of its cargo: petroleum coke, a petroleum byproduct.[54]

Two oil rigs are adrift in the Gulf of Mexico, but crews are preparing to secure both rigs as soon as the water conditions settle.

Ten oil platforms, of the 3,800 in the Gulf, were considered destroyed (compared with 44 destroyed during Hurricane Katrina).[4]

On Sept. 16, Minerals Management Service (MMS) reported that 28 offshore oil and gas production platforms in the Gulf had been destroyed by Ike. [55]

Oil refineries

There were 14 oil refineries in the affected region, and 8 were known to have survived with little flooding.[10]

Emergency shelters

Several communities accepted thousands of evacuees, or later refugees, from the impact areas, including:[39]

  • In Galveston, Ball High School held 200 evacuees (as a "shelter of last resort"), plus providing meals to hundreds more.[10]
  • In San Antonio, about 219 miles (352 km) from Galveston, shelters held nearly 5,000 evacuees.[39]
  • In Tyler, about 200 miles (320 km) inland, 3,400 evacuees took temporary refuge, and it became clear that some shelters would not suffice for long-term evacuation.[39]
  • More than 4,000 people rode out the storm in tents, campers and RVs, according to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.[39]

There were other shelters as well.[39]

Recovery

Response team from the Texas Rural Water Association moved from their staging area in Mauriceville, Texas the day after landfall. They distributed emergency generators to impacted systems, some as early as eight hours after the loss of water service. [56]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Christopher Sherman and Pauline Arrillaga (2008-09-13). "By air, boat and truck, search on for Ike victims". Yahoo! NEWS. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Juan A. Lozano & Chris Duncan, Associated Press Writers (2008-09-13). "Ike blasts Texas coast, floods homes, cuts power". Yahoo! NEWS. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  3. ^ a b c d Associated Press (2008-09-13). "Ike's economic damage may be less than feared". MSNBC.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  4. ^ a b c d AP (2008-09-14). "Hurricane Ike Spurs 2,000 Rescues; Thousands More Await". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
  5. ^ a b c d Chris Baltimore (2008-09-14). "Storm Ike moves on leaving extensive damage in Texas". Reuters/Comcast. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  6. ^ a b c Christopher Sherman, AP (2008-09-14). "Nearly 2,000 brought to safety in Texas". Yahoo! NEWS. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
  7. ^ "Hurricane Ike Situation Report # 2" (PDF). 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
  8. ^ Brian K. Sullivan and Tom Korosec (2008-09-13). "Hurricane Ike Batters Texas, 4.5 Million Lose Power (Update4)". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
  9. ^ a b c d e AP (2008-09-14). "Today's News". The Daily News, Galveston County. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Oren Dorell, USA TODAY (2008-09-15). "Almost 2,000 Ike survivors rescued". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
  11. ^ Bloomberg
  12. ^ Carney, Mike. "Hurricane Ike: Bush declares emergency in Texas". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-09-12. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  13. ^ "More relief moves into Louisiana as other states brace for more storms". National Rural Water Association. 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  14. ^ "States prepare for second hit while providing aid to Louisiana" (PDF). National Rural Water Association. 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  15. ^ "Texas Rural Water prepares for Hurricane Ike". National Rural Water Association. 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  16. ^ "Ike Turns Northeast, Threat to SA, Corpus Christi Lessened". WOAI (AM). 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-11. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  17. ^ Galveston, part of Houston evacuated ahead of Ike Accessed 2008-09-11.
  18. ^ "Hurricane Local Statement for IKE". Houston/Galveston, TX National Weather Service Forecast Office. 2008.
  19. ^ "A Million Flee as Huge Storm Hits Texas Coast". New York Times. 2008. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  20. ^ "Experts: Giant Ike's Size Driving Massive Storm Surge". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-09-11. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  21. ^ "Oil prices churn as Hurricane Ike approaches". CNN Money. Retrieved 2008-09-12. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  22. ^ a b "Texas prepares for an ominous Hurricane Ike". Los Angeles Times. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  23. ^ a b ?? (2008-09-12). "Ike on track to make landfall closer to Houston/Galveston". KHOU TV. Retrieved 2008-09-14. {{cite web}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  24. ^ David Koenig and Ellen Simon, AP (2008-09-13). "Economic damage from Ike may be less than feared". Google NEWS. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  25. ^ NOAA (2005-03-10). "2008 NOAA Tide Predictions: Galveston Bay entrance, south jetty - September tides". NOAA. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  26. ^ Mike Ahlers; et al. (2008-09-12). "One death as Ike edges toward Category 3 power". CNN. Retrieved 2008-09-13. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  27. ^ a b Mike Ahlers; et al. (2008-09-12). "One death as Ike edges toward Category 3 power". CNN. Retrieved 2008-09-13. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  28. ^ Mike Ahlers; et al. (2008-09-12). "One death as Ike edges toward Category 3 power". CNN. Retrieved 2008-09-13. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  29. ^ Mike Carney, Oren Dorell (2008-09-12). "Hurricane Ike: Galveston says 25% ignored evacuation order". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g KPRC 2 News (2008-09-13). "Balinese Room, Galveston Landmark, Destroyed". KPRC TV - Click2Houston.com. Retrieved 2008-09-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ a b c "Galveston's Balinese Room washed away by Ike". Dallas Morning News. 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  32. ^ "Legendary Balinese Room destroyed by Hurrican Ike". Zimbio. 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  33. ^ Mike Carney, Oren Dorell (2008-09-12). "Hurricane Ike: Galveston says 25% ignored evacuation order". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  34. ^ Ben Casselman (2008-09-12). "As Waters Rise, Many Decline To Leave Galveston Island". The Wall Street Journal. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateaccessed= ignored (help)
  35. ^ News Staff (2008-09-14). "Galveston Officials: Could Take a Month to Restore Power". KRIV. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateaccessed= ignored (help)
  36. ^ a b News Staff (2008-09-18). "22,000 Ike Evacuees Remain, Death Toll Rises". KDFW. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
  37. ^ Associated Press (2008-09-17). "Ike's U.S. Death Toll Climbs to 51". Fox News. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  38. ^ a b c News Staff (2008-09-17). "Thirty deaths being blamed on Hurricane Ike". KTRK-TV. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i Oren Dorell and Donna Leinwand (2008-09-14). "Rescuers reach hundreds of Ike survivors". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
  40. ^ For details and sources, see: Galveston Hurricane of 1900.
  41. ^ BBC Sport (2008-09-13). "Hurricane halts Houston's surge". BBC. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  42. ^ a b c d e Chronicle staff (2008-09-16). "Weathering Ike: What to do after the storm". The Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  43. ^ a b c KPRC News (2008-09-16). "Power Restored To 750,000". KPRC TV Click2Houston.com. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  44. ^ a b Chronicle staff (2008-09-17). "Houston electricity map - latest reports". The Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  45. ^ Christopher Sherman and Pauline Arrillaga (2008-09-14). "Hurricane halts Houston's surge". Oakland Press. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  46. ^ "82005 - The Jarbo Bayou Times". Jarbo Bayou Times. August 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-16. Kemah Boardwalk draws 4 million visitors a year to this once-sleepy town on Galveston Bay near Houston
  47. ^ a b CNN (2008-09-14). "NASA reports minor damage at Johnson Space Center". CNN. Retrieved 2008-09-14. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  48. ^ a b c Associated Press (2008-09-15). "Power back on in downtown Beaumont, some hospitals". The Houston Chronicle chron.com. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  49. ^ "Ike: A fish story." CNN.
  50. ^ AP (2008-09-13). "Devastating Ike Makes Landfall in Galveston; Millions Lose Power". Fox News. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  51. ^ AP (2008-09-13). "Boy, 10, Killed As Dad Cuts Tree Threatened By Ike". WOAI. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  52. ^ AP (2008-09-13). "Falling tree kills Texas woman at height of storm". KNXV. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  53. ^ Matthew Jackson (2008-09-13). "Elkins Lake resident killed when tree hits home". The Huntsville Item. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  54. ^ a b c The CNN Wire (2008-09-13). "Tugboat reaches freighter stranded in Gulf". CNN. Retrieved 2008-09-14. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  55. ^ http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=66726
  56. ^ "TRWA, small utilities keep water running after Hurricane Ike". National Rural Water Association. 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-17.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Ike in Texas.
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