Jump to content

2008 California Proposition 8

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Lefirre (talk | contribs) at 03:35, 16 October 2008 (→Opinion polls). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Proposition 8 is an initiative measure on the 2008 California General Election ballot titled Eliminates Right of Same-Sex Couples to Marry.[1][2] If passed, the proposition would change the California Constitution to eliminate the right of same-sex couples to marry in California.[3] A new section would be added stating "only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."

The measure was submitted for the ballot by petitioners with the title "California Marriage Protection Act."[4][5] The title and summary were revised by Attorney General Jerry Brown to more "accurately reflect the measure."[6] The Superior Court of California ruled in favor of these revisions, stating, "The title and summary is not false or misleading because it states that Proposition 8 would 'eliminate the right of same-sex couples to marry' in California. The California Supreme Court unequivocally held that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marry under the California Constitution." [7]

History

Background

Until 1977, California did not explicitly define marriage as being between a man and a woman, but court decisions, and some statutes, dating from both statehood and the 1872 codification of the civil law, assumed as much.[8][9] In 1977, the legislature amended Civil Code section 4100 (predecessor to what is now codified at Family Code section 300) to read that marriage is "a personal relation arising out of a civil contract between a man and a woman".[9] In 2000, voters passed with 61% of the vote, ballot initiative Proposition 22, which changed the California Family Code to formally define marriage in California between a man and a woman. However, other laws have been passed by the legislature (since 1999) which recognize domestic partnerships and afford them some of the rights of marriage.[9]

A number of developments arose in the wake of Mayor Gavin Newsom's 2004 decision to perform same sex marriages in San Francisco. The 3,995 marriages were annulled by the California Supreme Court, but San Francisco began a legal challenge that was consolidated with other cases as In re Marriage Cases. On May 15, 2008 the California Supreme Court, by a vote of 4–3, ruled that the statute enacted by Proposition 22 and other statutes that limit marriage to a relationship between a man and a woman violated the equal protection clause of the California Constitution. It also held that individuals of the same sex have the right to marry under the California Constitution.[10] The court subsequently refused to issue a stay of its order.[11] As of June 17, 2008, marriage between individuals of the same sex is currently valid or recognized in the state.

While the case was under way, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed two legislative bills approving same-sex marriage. Anticipating that either the courts or the legislature might overturn Proposition 22, opponents of same-sex marriages introduced several attempts to place a constitutional amendment before voters that would prohibit same-sex marriages—and in some cases, domestic partnerships as well.[12] Prior to 2008, none had made it to the ballot.

Initiatives

In late 2007 and 2008, at least four different groups sponsored new ballot initiatives for a constitutional amendment prohibiting same-sex marriages. The one that did obtain enough signatures,[13] is the "California Marriage Protection Act"[14] (officially titled the "Limit on Marriage" Constitutional Amendment by the California Attorney General), sponsored by ProtectMarriage.com.[15] During the initiative process, what is now Proposition 8 had been assigned the number 07-0068.[16] Among the individual sponsors is Gail Knight, the widow of Pete Knight, who sponsored Proposition 22.[16] A rival proposal, the "Right to Protect Marriage Initiative", sponsored by the organization voteyesmarriage.com, was unable to obtain enough signatures, which the organization claimed was due to inability to raise funds.[17]

Proposed amendment

If passed, the amendment would override the ruling in In re Marriage Cases that struck down both the 1977 law and Proposition 22 for being unconstitutional.[18] The Constitution, as amended, would add a new section (Section 7.5) to Article I, placing it between the state Equal Protection clause and nondiscrimination in business and the professions. This new section would read:

Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California.[14][19][20]

According to Joan Hollinger, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Boalt Hall School of Law, "Constitutional scholars agree that the amendment cannot be effective retroactively."[21] The Williams Institute at the UCLA School of Law conservatively estimates that more than 11,000 same-sex couples have married in California between June 17 and September 17, 2008.[22]

Ballot summary language

In November 2007, California Attorney General Jerry Brown prepared a title and summary for the signature-gathering petition that reads:

LIMIT ON MARRIAGE. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT. Amends the California Constitution to provide that only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California. Summary of estimate by Legislative Analyst and Director of Finance of fiscal impact on state and local government: The measure would have no fiscal effect on state or local governments. This is because there would be no change to the manner in which marriages are currently recognized by the state.[23]

After the measure qualified for the general election the Attorney General revised the descriptions of Prop. 8 for the upcoming Voter Information Guide. On July 22, the California Secretary of State made the proposed ballot information available for public review. The new ballot label (condensed version of the title and summary) reads:

ELIMINATES RIGHT OF SAME-SEX COUPLES TO MARRY. INITIATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT. Changes the California Constitution to eliminate the right of same-sex couples to marry in California. Provides that only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California. Fiscal Impact: Over next few years, potential revenue loss, mainly sales taxes, totaling in the several tens of millions of dollars, to state and local governments. In the long run, likely little fiscal impact on state and local governments.[24]

Through a spokesperson, the Attorney General explained that "the change was necessary because of the dramatic turn of events that have taken place since the petitions were circulated: namely that the California Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage and thousands of gay couples have since wed."[6] The text of the actual proposed amendment has not changed.

Proposition 8 supporters immediately mounted a legal challenge to the changes, contending that Attorney General Brown had inserted "inflammatory" language that would "unduly prejudice voters against" Proposition 8.[25] Opponents to the measure declared their support for the language, while representatives of the Attorney General vouched for the neutrality and accuracy of the language.[26] On August 8, 2008, a judge turned down this legal challenge, affirming the new title and summary.[27] Proponents of Prop. 8 immediately appealed the decision.[28] The Court of Appeal denied their petition the same day, and they did not seek review by the Supreme Court of California.[29][30] Technically, the phrase "Eliminates Right of Same–Sex Couples to Marry" is the "Official Title" only in the sense that it is the title prepared by the Attorney General for use in the Official Voter Information Guide; it is not the title of Proposition 8 itself. Section 1 of Proposition 8 itself provides the official title of the proposed constitutional amendment. That section, entitled "Title," reads as follows: "This measure shall be known and may be cited as the 'California Marriage Protection Act.'"[31]

  • On July 16, 2008, the California Supreme Court dismissed a motion for pre-election review of Proposition 8 which would determine whether it was a constitutional amendment or constitutional revision. Were the court to have found Proposition 8 to be a constitutional revision, it would have been removed from the ballot.[33][34] The question of whether Proposition 8 is a constitutional amendment or constitutional revision remains unresolved.
  • On August 8, 2008, the Superior Court turned down a legal challenge aimed at reversing the renaming and rephrasing of the official Proposition 8 language.[27]

Proponents and opponents

By Election Day, the measure's opponents and supporters expect to spend about $40 million. Volunteers on both sides will have spent thousands of hours getting their messages across to the state's 16.2 million registered voters. More than 9,500 people from all 50 states and the District of Columbia have contributed nearly $22 million to support or oppose the measure, while institutions have kicked in another $7.8 million.[35]

The largest mass lawn-sign planting in the history of California politics was planned for September 22nd, proponents were to have put up one million signs in yards around the state at 7:00am, but the signs, some of them outsourced overseas, didn't all arrive in time for the September event. Ali Bay, spokeswoman for Equality California, which is coordinating the No on 8 campaign, said that her side has so far distributed about 60,000 lawn signs, all purchased "from a union shop in Kansas."[36]

Proponents

The ProtectMarriage.com[15] organization sponsored the initiative that placed Proposition 8 on the ballot and continues to support the referendum. Other notable supporters include Republican State Senator Tom McClintock and 20 other Republican State Senators and Assemblymembers.[37]

Republican presidential nominee and U.S. Senator John McCain released the following statement of support for the proposed constitutional amendment:

I support the efforts of the people of California to recognize marriage as a unique institution between a man and a woman [...]. I do not believe judges should be making these decisions."[38]

Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich has released a video in which he emphasizes his support to "defend and protect marriage" and to "overrule the judges" by "vot[ing] yes on Proposition 8."[39]

Religious organizations that support Proposition 8 include the Roman Catholic Church [40], Knights of Columbus [41], Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America[42], The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints [43][44][45], a group of Evangelical Christians led by Pastor Jim Garlow (head of Skyline Church in San Diego) and Pastor Miles McPherson (former San Diego Charger and head of the Rock Church in San Diego[46]), American Family Association, Focus on the Family[47] and the National Organization for Marriage.[48]

The California Catholic Conference has released a statement in support of the proposition. The Catholic Bishops of California have stated that "by drawing on the revelation of Scripture, the wisdom of Tradition, the experience and insights of holy men and women as well as on what can be known by reason alone," they have decided "that marriage is the ideal relationship between a man and a woman for the purpose of procreation and the continuation of the human race."[49]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon Church, has publicly supported the proposition and encouraged their membership to support it, by asking for money donations and volunteer time.

The Grossmont Union High School District in San Diego County, California has publicly voted on Proposition 8. The Governing Board voted 4-0 to endorse the addition to the California State Constitution.[50]

Opponents

Equality for All is the lead organization opposed to Proposition 8.[51] They also run the NoOnProp8.com campaign.[52]

Republican California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger stated that although he has opposed and has vetoed legislative bills that would legalize same sex marriage in California, he is opposed to the initiative and other attempts to amend the state's constitution.[53] Schwarzenegger released the following statement on May 15, 2008 regarding the ruling:

I respect the Court's decision and as Governor, I will uphold its ruling. Also, as I have said in the past, I will not support an amendment to the constitution that would overturn this state Supreme Court ruling.[54]

Democratic presidential nominee and U.S. Senator Barack Obama said he supports extending "fully equal rights and benefits to same-sex couples under both state and federal law....And that is why I oppose the divisive and discriminatory efforts to amend the California Constitution, and similar efforts to amend the U.S. Constitution or those of other states".[55][56] Barack Obama has stated he is "for civil unions and not for gay marriage" when civil unions confer the same rights and benefits as marriage.[57] In addition, Barack Obama has stated, "I personally believe that marriage is between a man and a woman."[58]

The U.S. House Speaker, California Representative (8th District), Nancy Pelosi[59] and both Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer, the two senators representing California, have voiced their opposition to Proposition 8,[60] as have the mayors of San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego: Gavin Newsom, Antonio Villaraigosa, and Jerry Sanders respectively.[61][62][63]

All six of the state's largest newspapers have editorialized against Proposition 8: the Los Angeles Times,[64] the San Francisco Chronicle,[65] the San Diego Union-Tribune,[66] The Orange County Register,[67] The Sacramento Bee[68] and the San Jose Mercury News.[69] Other papers to have editorialized in opposition include The New York Times.[70]

The nonpartisan League of Women Voters of California opposes Proposition 8 because "no person or group should suffer legal, economic or administrative discrimination."[71]

Google has announced their official corporate opposition to Proposition 8, viewing the question "fundamentally as an issue of equality."[72]

All six Episcopal diocesan bishops in California jointly issued a statement opposing Proposition 8 on September 10, 2008.[73]

Southern California's largest collection of rabbis voted overwhelmingly to oppose Proposition 8. Leaders of the Board of Rabbis of Southern California -- with representatives from the Reconstructionist, Reform, Conservative and Orthodox movements -- said they wanted to protect the civil rights of gay and lesbian couples. The resolution did not address the sanctity of gay marriage. Instead, it urged a no vote on Proposition 8 so that same-sex couples can continue to marry under civil law.[74]

Jewish groups in the San Francisco Bay Area came together to present an event against Proposition 8. The September 17, 2008 event was presented by the Jewish Community Relations Council and the LGBT Alliance of the Jewish Community Federations of San Francisco, the Peninsula, Marin, and Sonoma Counties; the Jewish Community Federation of the Greater East Bay; and the Progressive Jewish Alliance.[75] Other Jewish groups who sponsored the event and who oppose Proposition 8 include Kol Tzedek[76], Congregation Beth Am[77], Congregation Emanu-El[78], Keshet, Congregation Sha'ar Zahav, Kulanu, Nehirim, Congregation Shomrei Torah, Congregation Sherith Israel, Jewish Mosaic, National Council of Jewish Women.[79], Jews for Marriage Equality[80]

David Knight, the openly gay son of the late state Senator William "Pete" Knight, who authored Proposition 22, and stepson of Gail Knight, a proponent of Proposition 8, said that he is "absolutely" opposed to Proposition 8. [81]

The Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education voted unanimously to oppose Proposition 8.[82]

Opinion polls

A simple majority of votes cast is required to enact a constitutional amendment.[83]

Date of opinion poll Conducted by Sample size In favor Against Undecided
6 October 2008[84][85] SurveyUSA 670 47% 42% 10%
25 September 2008[86][87] SurveyUSA 661 44% 49% 8%
24 September 2008[88] Public Policy Institute of California 1,157 41% 55% 4%
16 September 2008[89] The Field Poll 830 38% 55% 7%
27 August 2008[90] Public Policy Institute of California 1,047 40% 54% 6%
17 July 2008[91] The Field Poll 672 42% 51% 7%
28 May 2008[92] The Field Poll 1,052 42% 51% 7%
23 May 2008[93] Los Angeles Times/KTLA 834 54% 35% 11%

The 14 Oct. report by the University of Southern California, Initiative and Referendum Institute, states, "Opinion surveys indicate that Proposition 8 is headed toward rejection ... (The SurveyUSA poll from October 6 appears to [be] anomalous.)"[94][95]

Cultures of Influence

About 1,100 Asian-Americans in California were interviewed by telephone in eight languages from August 18th, 2008 to September 26th, 2008. The "National Asian American Survey - Asian Voters In California"[96] was the largest scientific poll of Asian-American voters ever done — both nationally and in California. The poll found that 57 percent of Asian-Americans likely to vote in the election oppose Proposition 8 while 32 percent planned to vote for the measure. Eleven percent were undecided. "If there is one community that is extraordinarily sensitive to the dangers of the government treating one group differently than another, it would be the Asian-American community," said Steve Smith, manager of the statewide campaign opposing Proposition 8. Bill Tam of San Francisco, a Chinese-American who is leading the outreach effort in the Asian-American community to pass Proposition 8, "hope[s] to convince Asian-Americans that gay marriage will encourage more children to experiment with the gay lifestyle and that the lifestyle comes with all kinds of disease."[97]

Reliability of polling data

There is some debate about the extent to which opinion polls accurately reflect the electorate's views on same-sex marriage, due in part to social desirability bias (i.e. voters telling pollsters what they think the pollsters want to hear). The magnitude of such an effect is hotly contested.[98]

In the 2000 primary election, Proposition 22 passed with a margin eight points greater than predicted by one polling organization. The Field Poll immediately prior to the election showed 53% of likely voters in favor.[99] Other polls conducted in the same month showed 57% of voters supported the measure.[100][101] The actual vote in favor was 61.4% of votes cast (of all ballots, 58.6% voted yes, 36.9% voted no, and 4.5% did not vote).[102] An analysis by Patrick J. Egan of New York University suggests that such gaps have been falling steadily over recent years. Seven of the states that voted on marriage bans in 2006 have polling data available. In those, the average gap between polled support for the measure and the final outcome was under one percentage point.[98]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Propositions that are on the November 4, 2008, General Election Ballot". California Secretary of State. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
  2. ^ Chris Johnson (August 15, 2008). "Anti-gay activists abandon effort to rewrite California amendment". Washington Blade.
  3. ^ "Proposition 8 - Title and Summary - Voter Information Guide 2008". California Secretary of State. Retrieved 2008-09-30..
  4. ^ Folmar, Kate (2008-06-02). "Secretary of State Debra Bowen Certifies Eighth Measure for November 4, 2008, General Election" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  5. ^ "Limit on marriage. Constitutional amendment". protectmarriage.com.
  6. ^ a b Garrison, Jessica (July 29, 2008). "Opponents of gay marriage say they'll sue over changed wording in Proposition 8". Los Angeles Times.
  7. ^ Jansson v. Bowen, et.al., Petition for Writ of Mandate, Order After Hearing (Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento 2008-08-07).
  8. ^ IGS Library staff. "Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues". UC Berkeley, Institute of Governmental Studies. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  9. ^ a b c "In re Marriage Cases" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-06-04.
  10. ^ "Proposition 8 Analysis - Voter Information Guide 2008". California Secretary of State. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
  11. ^ "Order re: Denial of Rehearing and Stay" (PDF) (Press release). Supreme Court of California. 2008-06-04. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Michael Foust (2006-01-06). "MARRIAGE DIGEST: Signature drive for Calif. marriage amend. fails; Cherokee lesbian couple wins court case". Baptist Press.
  13. ^ Apparently, as of May, 2008
  14. ^ a b Scan of Initiative from California Attorney General's web site
  15. ^ a b "ProtectMarriage.com". Retrieved 2008-07-07.
  16. ^ a b Seth Hemmelgarn (January 31, 2008). "Anti-gay initiative drive back on". Bay Area Reporter.
  17. ^ "An Important Update from VoteYesMarriage.com". Retrieved 2008-05-18.
  18. ^ Demian Bulwa (May 15, 2008). "Opponents of same-sex marriage plot their campaign strategy". San Francisco Chronicle. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ "Propositions that are on the November 4, 2008 General Election Ballot", California Secretary of State
  20. ^ Text of Proposition 8, Official Voter Information Guide (draft copy), retrieved July 28, 2008
  21. ^ The Advocate, July 1, 2008 issue, article "Summer of Love, Winter of Struggle" by Sue Rochman.
  22. ^ "Research Note: Same-sex Marriages in California" (PDF). Williams Institute UCLA School of Law. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  23. ^ "Initiative Measure Title and Summary (07-0068)" (PDF). California Attorney General. 2007-11-29.
  24. ^ "Ballot Label (Proposition 8)" (PDF). California Secretary of State. 2008-07-03.
  25. ^ Swift, Mike (2008-07-29). "Prop. 8 supporters sue over gay marriage ballot language". Mercury News. MediaNews Group. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  26. ^ Garrison, Jessica (2008-07-28). "Gay marriage foes challenge ballot wording". AZ Central.com. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  27. ^ a b Egelko, Bob (2008-08-08). "GJudge refuses to order change in Prop. 8 title". Sfgate.com. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
  28. ^ "Prop. 8 proponents will appeal decision upholding flawed ballot title". ADF Media Relations (press release. 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
  29. ^ Egelko, Bob (2008-08-12). "Prop. 8 backers drop challenge on wording". San Francisco Chronicle.
  30. ^ "Order Denying Petition (Case No. C059606)". California Court of Appeal, 3rd District. 2008-08-08.
  31. ^ http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8
  32. ^ "Calif. Gay Marriage Ruling Goes Forward". CBS News. June 4, 2008.
  33. ^ Dolan, Maura (2008-07-17). "Bid to ban gay marriage will stay on ballot, California Supreme Court rules". Los Angeles Times. David Hiller. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  34. ^ Attorney General of California - Initiatives
  35. ^ Lisa Leff. "Calif. gay marriage ban sparks 'War of the Rings'". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
  36. ^ "Mass display of Proposition 8 support delayed". Los Angeles Times. 2008-10-03. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
  37. ^ "Protect Marriage » Endorsements » Officials". Retrieved 2008-07-31.
  38. ^ "McCain Supports Efforts to Ban Gay Marriage". U.S. News & World Report. 2008-06-27. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
  39. ^ Gingrich, Newt. "Stop Imperial Judges...Support Proposition 8". Newt Gingrich. Retrieved 2008-10-01. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  40. ^ "Catholic Bishops Endorse Prop. 8". Retrieved 2008-09-19.
  41. ^ "Proposition 8 to Protect Marriage Receives $1 Million Donation from the Knights of Columbus Catholic Organization". Retrieved 2008-09-19. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  42. ^ "Orthodox Join Fight Against Gay Nuptials". Retrieved 2008-09-19. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  43. ^ "California and Same-Sex Marriage". Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  44. ^ "LDS Donate Millions to Fight Gay Marriage". Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  45. ^ "Prop 8 supporters see surge in donations". Retrieved 2008-09-19.
  46. ^ "Christian Marriage Movement's Ground Zero". Retrieved 2008-09-19.
  47. ^ "Prop 8 supporters see surge in donations". Retrieved 2008-09-19.
  48. ^ "California's ballot battle over gay marriage shows US cultural divide". Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  49. ^ "Catholic Bishops Support Proposition 8". California Catholic Conference. Retrieved 2008-09-27. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  50. ^ "Resolution for the Endorsement of Proposition 8 - The California Marriage Protection Act" (PDF). Grossmont Union High School District. 2008-07-31. Retrieved 2008-10-13. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  51. ^ "Join No On Prop 8, Equality For All". Equality for All. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
  52. ^ "Vote No On Prop 8". Vote No On Prop 8. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
  53. ^ Allison Hoffman (2008-04-12). "Schwarzenegger: No to Marriage Amendment". Associated Press.
  54. ^ "Gov. Schwarzenegger Issues Statement on Today's State Supreme Court Ruling" (Press release). Office of the Governor of California. 2008-05-15.
  55. ^ Rojas, Aurelio (2008-07-01). "Obama rejects proposed California gay marriage ban". Sacramento Bee. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |retrieved= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ Kapfer, William (2008-08-12). "Obama pledges equality for all". Washington Blade. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |retrieved= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  57. ^ "Obama on same sex marriage". CNN. 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
  58. ^ Obama, Barack (2006/06/07). "Obama Statement on Vote Against Constitutional Amendment to Ban Gay Marriage". Senate. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |retrieved= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  59. ^ "Pelosi Statement on California State Supreme Court Ruling on Gay Marriage" (Press release). House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. 2008-05-15.
  60. ^ "Feinstein opposes Prop 8". Bay Area Reporter. 2008-09-11.
  61. ^ Hemmelgarn, Seth (2008-09-11). "Feinstein silent on Prop 8". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  62. ^ "Gavin Newsom Speaks on Prop 8". YouTube. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  63. ^ "San Diego Mayor Stands Up For Marriage Equality". YouTube. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
  64. ^ "Reneging on a right". 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
  65. ^ "Californians should reject Proposition 8". 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
  66. ^ "Gay marriage right should not be repealed". 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
  67. ^ "California Prop. 8 Editorial: Intrusion into marriage should be even-handed". 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
  68. ^ "Endorsements '08: Say 'No' to all propositions except 11". Sacramento Bee. 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  69. ^ "Editorial: Initiative against gay marriage must be defeated". 2008-08-17. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
  70. ^ "Preserving California's Constitution". 2008-09-28. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
  71. ^ [1]
  72. ^ "Our position on California's No on 8 campaign". 2008-09-26. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
  73. ^ "California's top Episcopal bishops oppose gay marriage ban". Los Angeles Times. 2008-09-11.
  74. ^ "Southern California rabbi board opposes gay marriage ban". Los Angeles Times. 2008-09-27.
  75. ^ http://www.pjalliance.org/article.aspx?CID=5&ID=465
  76. ^ http://www.jewishmosaic.org/page/news
  77. ^ http://www.nclrights.org/site/PageServer?pagename=nclr_getinvolved_Noon8_events
  78. ^ http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/35995/edition_id/673/format/html/displaystory.html
  79. ^ http://www.forward.com/articles/14106/
  80. ^ http://www.jewsformarriageequality.org/html/news.html
  81. ^ "Pete Knight's gay son against Prop 8". Bay Area Reporter. 2008-08-14. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  82. ^ "LA Unified Opposes Prop. 8". LA Weekly. 2008-09-10. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
  83. ^ Amar, Vikram David (2008-05-22). "The People of California Have the Power to Undo It By a Ballot Initiative Amending the State Constitution, But How Far Should That Power Extend?". FindLaw's Writ.
  84. ^ "Young Voters Lead Prop 8 Support Shift". CBS 5 local. 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2008-10-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  85. ^ "California Proposition 8 Too Close To Call". SurveyUSA. 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2008-10-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  86. ^ "Action News poll". ABC 30 local. 2008-09-26. Retrieved 2008-09-26. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  87. ^ "California Proposition 8 Could Go Either Way". SurveyUSA. 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2008-09-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  88. ^ Wildermuth, John (25 Sep 2008). "Poll: Same-sex marriage ban not wooing voters". San Francisco Chronicle. p. B2.
  89. ^ "State Ban on Gay Marriage Trailing". Public Policy Institute of California. 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2008-09-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  90. ^ "Most oppose bid to ban gay marriage in California, poll finds". Los Angeles Times. 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2008-08-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  91. ^ "Measure to prohibit gay unions is trailing". The San Diego Union-Tribune. 2008-07-18. Retrieved 2008-08-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  92. ^ "Field Poll: Majority of Californians now support gay marriage". Sacramento Bee. 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2008-08-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  93. ^ "Times Poll: Californians narrowly reject gay marriage". Los Angeles Times. 2008-05-23. Retrieved 2008-08-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  94. ^ {{cite web url=http://www.iandrinstitute.org/BW%202008-2%20(Marriage).pdf%7Ctitle=Same-sex Marriage: Breaking the Firewall in California?
  95. ^ [[cite web|url=http://www.dailytrojan.com/cm/2.1583/blog/tfw?article155=19.375086&page155=BlogPosting%7Ctitle=USC report finds California voters likely to reject Proposition 8|10/14/08 6:17 PM
  96. ^ "Asian Voters In California" (PDF). National Asian American Survey. 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
  97. ^ "Poll: Asian-Americans overwhelmingly against banning gay marriage". San Jose Mercury News. 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
  98. ^ a b "Can You Trust the Polling on Proposition 8?". The Advocate. 2008-09-23. Retrieved 2008-09-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  99. ^ Leff, Lisa (September 18, 2008). "Support for Calif. gay marriage ban slipping". San Jose Mercury News.
  100. ^ Warren, Jenifer (2 Mar 2000). "Gay couple speak out against measure". Los Angeles Times. p. A3.
  101. ^ Baldassare, Mark (February 2000), PPIC Statewide Survey: Californians and Their Government, San Francisco, pp. vii, 7{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  102. ^ "Statement of Vote Cast on Ballot Measures" (PDF). California Secretary of State. 200-08-20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_California_Proposition_8&oldid=245594027"