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Shotokan

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Shōtōkan
(松濤館流)
File:ShotokanTiger.svg
Date founded1936
Country of originJapan Japan
FounderGichin Funakoshi (1868–1957)
Yoshitaka Funakoshi (1906–1945)
Arts taughtKarate
Ancestor artsChinese Martial Arts, Okinawan Martial Arts
Ancestor schoolsShorin-ryū • Shorei-ryu
Descendant schoolsWadō-ryū • Shōtōkai • Chitō-ryū •Kyokushin • Shindō jinen-ryū • Yoseikan Karate

Shotokan (松濤館流, Shōtōkan-ryū) is a school of karate, developed from various martial arts by Gichin Funakoshi (1868–1957) and his son Yoshitaka Funakoshi (1906–1945). Gichin Funakoshi is widely recognized as having brought karate from Okinawa to mainland Japan, although Kenwa Mabuni, Chōki Motobu, and other Okinawan karate masters were actively teaching karate in Japan prior to this point.[citation needed]

Shotokan is one of the five traditional karate styles,[citation needed] the others being Gōjū-ryū, Shitō-ryū, Shōrin-ryū and Wadō-ryū. Although it began as a unified karate school that developed into the Japan Karate Association, Shotokan now exists as several independent organizations.

Etymology

Calligraphy of Shotokan by Takahashi Anki

Shoto (松濤, Shōtō), meaning "pine-waves" (the movement of pine needles when the wind blows through them), was Funakoshi's pen-name,[1] which he used in his poetic and philosophical writings and messages to his students. The Japanese kan (館, kan) means "house" or "hall". In honour of their sensei, Funakoshi's students created a sign reading shōtō-kan which was placed above the entrance of the hall where Funakoshi taught.[1] Gichin Funakoshi never gave his style a name, just calling it "karate".

Characteristics

Shotokan training is usually divided into three parts: kihon (basics), kata (forms or patterns of moves), and kumite (sparring). Techniques in kihon and kata are characterized by deep, long stances that provide stability, enable powerful movements, and strengthen the legs. Shotokan is often regarded as a 'hard' and 'external' martial art because it is taught that way to beginners and coloured belts to develop strong basic techniques and stances. Initially strength and power are demonstrated instead of slower, more flowing motions. Those who progress to brown and black belt level develop a much more fluid style which incorporates grappling and some aikido-like techniques, which can be found in the black belt katas. Kumite techniques mirror these stances and movements at a basic level, but progress to being more flexible with greater experience. .[citation needed]

Philosophy

Gichin Funakoshi laid out the Twenty Precepts of Karate,[2] (or Niju kun[3]) which form the foundations of the art, before his students established the JKA. Within these twenty principles, based heavily on Bushido and Zen, lies the philosophy of Shotokan. The principles allude to notions of humility, respect, compassion, patience, and both an inward and outward calmness. It was Funakoshi's belief that through karate practice and observation of these 20 principles, the karateka would improve their person.[1]

The Dojo kun lists 5 philosphical rules for training in the dojo, such as "seek perfection of character" and "respect others". The Dojo kun is usually posted on a wall in the dojo, and some shotokan clubs recite the Dojo kun at the end of each class to provide motivation and a context for further training.

Funakoshi also wrote: "The ultimate aim of Karate lies not in victory or defeat, but in the perfection of the character of the participant."[1]

Common Terms

Main article: List of karate terms

Many terms used in karate stem from Japanese culture. While many are names (e.g. Yame, Gankaku), others are exclusive to martial arts (e.g. kata, kumite). Many terms are seldom used in daily life, such as zenkutsu dachi, while others appear routinely, such as rei. The Japanese form is often retained in schools outside of Japan to preserve the Okinawan culture and Funakoshi's philosophies.

However, many schools of JKA (Japan Karate Association) affiliated Shotokan Karate used the full terminology on a daily basis, providing translations also. For example the KUI (Karate Union of Ireland), utilises the full and proper japanese name for each move and kata in training, grading and competition.

Ranks

Rank is used in karate to indicate experience, expertise, and to a lesser degree, seniority. As with many martial arts, Shotokan uses a system of coloured belts to indicate rank. Most Shotokan schools use the kyū/dan system but have added other belt colors. The order of colors varies widely from school to school, but kyu belts are denoted with colours that become darker as a student approaches shodan. Dan level belts are invariably black, with some schools using strips to denote various ranks of black belt.

Kata

Main article: Kata
Gichin Funakoshi executing Kanku dai kata (観空)

Kata is often described as a set sequence of karate moves organized into a pre-arranged fight against imaginary opponents. The kata consists of kicks, punches, sweeps, strikes, blocks, and throws. Body movement in various kata includes stepping, twisting, turning, dropping to the ground, and jumping. In Shotokan, kata is not a performance or a demonstration, but is for individual karateka to practice full techniques—with every technique potentially a killing blow (ikken hisatsu)—while paying particular attention to form and timing (rhythm). As the karateka grows older, more emphasis is placed on the health benefits of practicing kata, promoting fitness while keeping the body soft, supple, and agile.

Several Shotokan groups have introduced kata from other styles into their training, but when the JKA was formed, Nakayama laid down 27 kata as the kata syllabus for this organization. Even today, thousands of Shotokan dojo only practice these 27 kata. The standard kata are: Taikyoku shodan (sometimes termed Kata Kihon or Kihon Kata) (太極初段), Heian shodan (平安初段), Heian nidan (平安二段), Heian sandan (平安三段), Heian yondan (平安四段), Heian godan (平安五段), Bassai dai (披塞大), Jion (慈恩), Empi (燕飛), Kanku dai (観空大), Hangetsu (半月), Jitte (十手), Gankaku (岩鶴), Tekki shodan (鉄騎初段), Tekki nidan (鉄騎二段), Tekki sandan (鉄騎三段), Nijushiho (二十四步), Chinte (珍手), Sochin (壯鎭), Meikyo (明鏡), Unsu (雲手), Bassai sho (披塞小), Kanku sho (観空小), Wankan (王冠), Gojushiho sho (五十四歩小), Gojushiho dai (五十四歩大), and Ji'in (慈陰).[4][5][6]

Kumite

Main article: Kumite

Kumite, or sparring, is the practical application of kata to real opponents. While the techniques used in sparring are only slightly different than kihon, the formalities of kumite in Shotokan karate were first instituted by Masatoshi Nakayama wherein basic, intermediate, and advanced sparring techniques and rules were formalized.[7]

Shotokan practitioners first learn how to apply the techniques taught in kata to "hypothetical" opponents by way of kata bunkai. Kata bunkai then matures into controlled kumite.[8]

Kumite is the third part of the Shotokan triumvirate of Kihon-Kata-Kumite. Kumite is taught in ever increasing complexity from beginner through low grade blackbelt (1st - 2nd) to intermediate (3rd - 4th) and advanced (5th onwards) level practitioners.

Beginners first learn kumite through basic drills, of 1, 3 or 5 attacks to the head (jodan) or body (chudan) with the defender stepping backwards whilst blocking and only countering on the last defence. These drills use basic (kihon) techniques and develop a sense of timing and distance in defence against a known attack.

At around purple belt level karateka learn one-step sparring (ippon kumite). Though there is only one step involved, rather than three or five, this exercise is more advanced because it involves a greater variety of attacks and blocks usually the defenders own choice.[9] It also requires the defender to execute a counter-attack faster than in the earlier types of sparring. Counter-attacks may be almost anything, including strikes, grapples, and take-down manoeuvres.

Some schools prescribe the defences, most notable the Kase-ha Shotokan Ryu which uses an 8 step, three directional blocking and attacking pattern which develops from yellow belt level right through to advanced level.

The next level of kumite is freestyle one-step sparring (jiyu ippon kumite). This type of kumite, and its successor—free sparring, have been documented extensively by Nakayama[7][10][11] and are expanded upon by the JKA instructor trainee program, for those clubs under the JKA. Freestyle one-step sparring is similar to one-step sparring but requires the karateka to be in motion. Practicing one-step sparring improves free sparring (jiyu kumite) skills, and also provides an opportunity for practicing major counter-attacks (as opposed to minor counter-attacks).[8] Tsutomu Ohshima states that freestyle one-step sparring is the most realistic practice in Shotokan karate, and that it is more realistic than free sparring.[12]

Free sparring (jiyu kumite) is the last element of sparring to be learned. In this exercise, two training partners are free to use any karate technique or combination of attacks, and the defender at any given moment is free to avoid, block, counter, or attack with any karate technique. Training partners are encouraged to make controlled and focused contact with their opponent, but to withdraw their attack as soon as surface contact has been made.[10] This allows a full range of target areas to be attacked (including punches and kicks to the face, head, throat, and body) with no padding or protective gloves, but maintains a degree of safety for the participants. Throwing one's partner and performing takedowns are permitted in free sparring, however it is unusual for competition matches to involve extended grappling or ground-wrestling, as Shotokan karateka are encouraged to end an encounter with a single attack, avoiding extended periods of conflict or unnecessary contact.

Kaishu ippon kumite is an additional sparring exercise that is usually introduced for higher grades. This starts in a similar manner to freestyle one-step sparring; the attacker names the attack he/she will execute, attacks with that technique, and the defender blocks and counters the attack. Unlike freestyle one-step sparring, however, the attacker must then block the defender's counter-attack and strike back. This exercise is often considered more difficult than either freestyle one-step sparring or free sparring, as the defender typically cannot escape to a safe distance in time to avoid the counter to the counter-attack.[8]

A point of note, training Kumite within the dojo is not identical to sport Kumite. In Kumite any and all techniques are valid; punches, knife hand strikes, headbutt, locks, takedowns, kickes, etc. In competition; certain regulations apply, certain techniques are valid, and certain target areas are restricted (such as the joints or throat). The purpose of competition is to score points through the application of Kumite principles while creating an exciting and competitive atmosphere, whereas the purpose of training Kumite in the dojo is to kill or cripple an opponent in a realistic situation.

History

Origins

File:Funakoshi.jpg
Shōtōkan-ryū founder Gichin Funakoshi.

Gichin Funakoshi had trained in both of the popular styles of Okinawan karate of the time: Shorei-ryu and Shorin-ryu. After years of study in both styles, Funakoshi created a simpler style that combined the ideals of the two.[1] He never named his style, however, always referring to it simply as "karate." Funakoshi's karate reflects the changes made in the art by Ankō Itosu, including the Heian/Pinan kata series. Funakoshi changed the names of the kata in an effort to make the "foreign" Okinawan names more palatable to the then-nationalistic Japanese mainland.

In the 1920s, Funakoshi adopted the Kyū/Dan rank system and the uniform (keikogi) developed by Kano Jigoro, the founder of judo.[citation needed] This system uses colored belts (obi) to indicate rank. Originally, karate had only three belt colors: white, brown, and black (with ranks within each). The original belt system, still used by Shotokan Karate of America,[13] is:

  • Ungraded: White
  • 8th kyū–4th kyū: white
  • 3rd kyū–1st kyū: brown
  • Dan grades: black

Funakoshi awarded the first 1st dan (初段; shodan) Shotokan karate ranks to Tokuda, Otsuka, Akiba, Shimizu, Hirose, Gima, and Kasuya on 10 April 1924.[citation needed] Hong Hi Choi, a key figure in the development of taekwondo, studied Shotokan karate during the Japanese occupation of Korea during the first half of the 20th century.

Major Shotokan Organizations

Further information: List of major Shotokan Karate organizations

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e Funakoshi, Gichin (1981). "Karate-do: My Way of Life". Kodansha International Ltd, Tokyo. ISBN 0-87011-463-8. pg. 85
  2. ^ JKA, Official site. ""'The Twenty Precepts of Karate"". Retrieved 2006-07-16.
  3. ^ Teruyuki Okazaki (2006). "Perfection of Character". ISBN 0-9785-7632-2.
  4. ^ Sugiyama, Shojiro (1984). "25 Shoto-Kan Kata". Shojiro Sugiyama, Chicago. ISBN 0-9669048-0-X.
  5. ^ Funakoshi, Gichin (1973). "Karate-do Kyohan", Kodansha International Ltd, Tokyo. ISBN 0-87011-190-6.
  6. ^ Rob Redmond (2006). "Kata: The Folk Dances of Shotokan"
  7. ^ a b Masatoshi Nakayama (1978). Best Karate, Vol. 3: Kumite 1, Kodansha International. ISBN 0-87011-332-1.
  8. ^ a b c Masahiko Tanaka, (2001). Karate-Do: Perfecting Kumite, Sake Publishers. ASIN B000Q81406.
  9. ^ Randall G. Hassell and Teruyuki Okazaki, (1983). Conversations with the Master: Masatoshi Nakayama, Palmerston & Reed Publishing Company. ISBN 0-9119-2100-1
  10. ^ a b Masatoshi Nakayama (1978). Best Karate, Vol 4: Kumite 2, Kodansha International. ISBN 0-8701-1359-3.
  11. ^ Masatoshi Nakayama. (1966). Dynamic Karate, Kodansha International. ASIN B000TBPU3C.
  12. ^ Ohshima, Tsutomu (1998). "Notes on Training". Idyll Arbor, Enumclaw, WA. ISBN 0-9376633-2-8.
  13. ^ Shotokan Karate of America

Sources

  • Sugiyama, Shojiro. (2005). 11 Innovations in Karate. Chicago, IL.

Further reading

  • Bruce Clayton. Shotokan's Secret: The Hidden Truth Behind Karate's Fighting Origins.
  • Harry Cook. Shotokan Karate: A Precise History.
  • Gichin Funakoshi. Karate-do Kyohan: The Master Text.
  • Gichin Funakoshi. Karate-do Nyumon: The Master Introductory Text.
  • Randall G. Hassell. Shotokan Karate: Its History and Evolution (Damashi, 1984). ISBN 0-911921-05-2.
  • Masatoshi Nakayama. Dynamic Karate.
  • Teruyuki Okazaki. Perfection of Character: Guiding Principles for the Martial arts & Everyday Life.
  • Rob Redmond. Kata: The Folk Dances of Shotokan.
  • John Sells. Unante: The Secrets of Karate (Panchita S. Hawley, 2nd ed. 2000) ISBN 0-910704-96-1 .
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