Jump to content

Chera dynasty

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 70.112.79.217 (talk) at 04:57, 14 December 2008 (The two religions were not necessarily "inmical"> The term isn;t even used by the source). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For district of Kuala Lumpur, see Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, the town in Spain, see Chera, Valencia, for the town in Selangor, see Cheras, Selangor.
சேரர்
Cheras

Chera territories
Official language Tamil
Capitals Kizhanthur-Kandallur (Vanchi Muthur)
Government Monarchy
Preceding state Unknown
Succeeding states Gangas, Zamorins, Kochi, Travancore, Hoysala, Vijayanagara

The Chera Dynasty (Tamil: சேரர்) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India from before the Sangam era (300 BCE - 250 CE) until the twelfth century CE. The early Cheras ruled Kerala, Kongu Nadu and Salem. Their capital was Vanchi Muthur, though this may have been located either at present-day Kodungallur in Thrissur district of Kerala or else at Karur.[1]. Since they were a hill tribe, their ancient capital could not be on the plains or on the coast. Karur is on the plains and Kodungallur is on the sea coast. They cannot be considered as their ancient capital, Vanchi Muthur. Their ancient capital Vanchi Muthur is in Kanthallur-Kizhanthur region of Idukki District of Kerala, for obvious reasons.[citation needed] They moved their administrative capital to Karur (Karur Vanchi) in second century, until the first dynasty perished in 3rd Century CE.[citation needed] The second dynasty ruled from out skirts of Muziris on the banks of River Periyar [2] from 8th century CE.

The other two major Tamil dynasties were the Cholas in the eastern Coromandel Coast and Pandyas in the south central peninsula. Chera rulers engaged in frequent warfare and also sought marriage alliances with neighbouring kingdoms. They with the families of the rival kings. Throughout the reign of the Cheras, trade continued to bring prosperity to Tamil Country (part of which is modern Kerala), with spices, ivory, timber, pearls and gems being exported to Egypt, Rome, Greece, Phoenicia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. Evidence of extensive foreign trade from ancient times is available throughout the Malabar coast, from the Roman, Greek and Arabic coins unearthed from Kollam, Kodungallur, Eyyal (near Trissur) in Kerala . Muziris, has been referenced by ancient writers, such as the author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea to be an inland port probably near Kodungallur. Sangam Cheran coins and inscriptions are found only in Pattanam, near Kodungallur in Kerala, Karur, Namakkal, Erode and Coimbatore region of modern Tamil Nadu.

While Cheras had their own tribal religion separate from Hinduism, most of them were attracted to Bhudhism. Cheran Chenkutuvan was Bhudhist and he built the famous pathini temple (godess of thence bhudhist tradition) in Kodungallur [3] other religious traditions also came to this area during the period of the Chera kings. Thomas apostle came to Chera kingom by 52 CE and Jews before Christ and also in 3rd Century. Jainism came to Chera Kingdom by the second century BCE.

Etymolgy

The word Chera is derived from the word Cheral meaning declivity of a hill or a mountain slope in classical Tamil[4]. This is supported by the fact that the Chera Kings were called Chera-alatan which means Lord of the Slopes in classical Tamil[5].

History

In early Tamil literature the great Chera rulers are referred to as Cheral, Kuttuvan, Irumporai, Kollipurai and Athan. Chera rulers were also called Kothai or Makothai. The nobility among the Cheras were called Cheraman in general. The word Kerala, of possible Prakrit origins, does not appear in Sangam Literature. Ashoka's edicts mention an independent dynasty known by the name Kedalaputho, who were outside Ashoka's empire. The unknown author of Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentions Chera as Cerobothra ("Keralaputhra") whose capital is Karur, while Pliny, the Roman historian of the first century, calls it Caelobothras. It is believed that religiously the Cheras were Shaivites.[6] Some kings of the dynasty referred to themselves as Vanavaramban, Imayavaramban etc.[7]

Sangam Cheras

The only source available for us regarding the early Chera Kings is the anthologies of the Sangam literature. Scholars now generally agree that this literature belongs to the first few centuries CE.[8] The internal chronology of this literature is still far from settled. The Sangam literature is full of names of the kings and the princes, and of the poets who extolled them. Despite a rich literature that depicts the life and work of these people, these are not worked into connected history so far. Their capital is stated to be modern Karur in Tamilnadu.

Pathirruppaththu, the fourth book in the Ettuthokai anthology mentions a number of Chera Kings of the Chera dynasty. Each King is praised in ten songs sung by the Court Poet and the Kings are in the following order:

  1. Nedum Cheralathan,
  2. Palyane Chel Kezhu Kuttuvan,
  3. Kalankai Kanni Narmudi Cheral,
  4. Chenkuttuvan Cheran/Kadal Pirakottiya Vel Kezhu Kuttuvan,
  5. Attu Kottu Pattu Cheralathan,
  6. Chelva Kadunko Azhi Athan,
  7. Thakadur Erintha Perum Cheral Irumporai,
  8. Kudako Ilam Cheral Irumporai.

The first king was the son of Uthiyan Cheralathan and Veliyan Nallini. The third, fourth and fifth kings were sons of Nedum Cheralathan, while the mother of fourth King (also known as Chenkuttuvan) was Chola Princess Manikilli. Chelva Kadunko Vazhiyathan was the son of Anthuvan Cheral Irumporai and Porayan Perumthevi. Perum Cheral Irumporai was the son of Vazhiyathan and Ilam Cheral Irumporai was the son of a Chera ruler Kuttuvan Irumporai (son of Mantharan Cheral Irumporai).[citation needed]

Archaeology has also found epigraphic evidence regarding these early Cheras.[9] The most important of these is the Pugalur (Aranattarmalai) inscription. This inscription refers to three generations of Chera rulers Adam Cheral Irrumporai, his son Perumkadungo, and his son Ilamkadungo. The charter was issued when Perum Kadungo was the ruler monarch and Ilam Kadungo was appointed prince. Athan refers only to a crowned King of Chera dynasty who accepted this title at the time of coronation. Athan Cheral Irumporai was the son of Perum Cheral Irumporai. It therefore follows that Perumkadungo was the son of a crowned King of the Chera Dynasty. Perum Kadunko means that he was the Senior Ko (Senior ruler) of Kadunadu, located in the Tamilnadu side of the Sahya Mountains. Athan Cheral Irumporai was probably the last crowned king of the first dynasty.

'Purananuru' refers to Udiyan Cheral, who probably ruled in the first century CE. It is said that he fed the rival armies during the war of Mahabharata. Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan, another Sangam age king claimed to have conquered up to the Himalayas and to have inscribed his emblem in the face of the mountains. Senguttuvan was another famous Chera, whose contemporary Gajabahu II of Lanka according to Mahavamsa visited the Chera country.[10]

The early Cheras controlled a large territory of the Kongu region. They also ruled the kodunthamizh regions of Travancore (Venadu) and the Malabar (Kuttanadu) west coast through vassals. They were in contact with the Satavahanas in the north and with the Romans and Greeks.[11] Trade flourished overseas and there was a considerable exchange of gold and coins, as seen by archaeological evidence and literature. The Romans brought vast amounts of gold in exchange of 'Kari' (Pepper) from Malainadu. [2]

Bhakti era Cheras

Little is known about the Cheras between c. third century CE and the eight century CE. An obscure dynasty, the Kalabhras, invaded the Tamil country, displaced the existing kingdoms and ruled for around three centuries. They were displaced by the Pallavas and the Pandyas in the sixth century CE. A Pandya ruler, Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman (c.730 – 765CE), mentioned in a number of Pandya copper-plate inscriptions, was a prominent ruler during this period. He claims to have defeated a prominent Chera king. The name of the Chera king is not known, however from the details of the battles between the Pandya and the Chera, the Chera territory ceded seems to have included the entire Malabar and Travancore (Kuttanadu and Venadu) and the southern Pandya country from Kanyakumari to Thirunelveli the seat of the Cheras being in Karur Kongu Nadu. The Chera kings took the title of Perumal during this period and patronised the Vaishnavite sect. Kulasekara Alwar who ruled in the 8th century became a devotional Vaishnavite poet. Pallavas also mention in their inscriptions about their battles with the Cheras. Pulakesin II, in his Aihole inscription mentioned " Pulikesin II, driving the Pallava behind the forts of Kanchi, reached as far south as the Kaveri river, and there caused prosperity to the Chola, Chera and Pandya".[12]

In the reign of Pandya Parantaka Nedumjadaiyan (765 – 790), the Cheras were still in Karur and were a close ally of the Pallavas. Pallavamalla Nadivarman defeated the Pandya Varaguna with the help of a Chera king. Cultural contacts between the Pallava court and the Chera country were common.[13] The Saivite saint Cheraman Perumal and the other is the Vaishnavite saint Kulasekhara, were famous in the Hindu religious movements. Kulasekhara became one of the celebrated Alvars and his poems came to be called the Perumal Thirumozhi. Cheraman Perumal ruled around the eighth and the ninth centuries. In this Kulasekhara calls himself Kongar Kon (the king of the Kongu people) hailing from Kollinagar (Karur). Adi Shankara was his contemporary. Kongumandala Satakam also says that Cheraman Perumal went to Kayilai with Sundarar from Kongu Nadu.

Notes

  1. ^ Nagaswami, R. (1995). Roman Karur: A peep into Tamil's past. Brahad Prakashan, Madras.http://www.tamilartsacademy.com/books/roman%20karur/cover.html
  2. ^ (Ancient name, Chully ref: Akam. 149)
  3. ^ akananuru
  4. ^ A Survey of Kerala History by A. Sreedhara Menon - Kerala (India) - 1967
  5. ^ The Chronology of the Early Tamils - Based on the Synchronistic Tables of Their Kings, Chieftains and Poets Appearing in the Sangam Literature By Sivaraja Pillai
  6. ^ P. 104 Indian Anthropologist: Journal of the Indian Anthropological Association By Indian Anthropological Association
  7. ^ P. 15 The Ācārya, Śaṅkara of Kāladī: A Story By Savita R. Bhave, M. G. Gyaltsan, Muṣṭafá Amīn, 1933- Madugula, I S Madugula
  8. ^ The age of Sangam is established through the correlation between the evidence on foreign trade found in the poems and the writings by ancient Greek and Romans such as Periplus of the Erythrian Sea. See Nilakanta Sastri, K.A., History of South India, pp 106
  9. ^ See report in Frontline, June/July 2003 [1]
  10. ^ See Mahavamsa – http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/. Since Senguttuvan (Kadal pirakottiya Vel Kezhu Kuttuvan) was a contemporary of Gajabahu II he was the Chera King during 170-185 CE.
  11. ^ These foreigners were called Yavana in the ancient times
  12. ^ See Verse 31 Aihole Inscription of Pulakesi II - http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/primarydocs/Epigraphy/AiholeInscription.htm
  13. ^ See A History of South India – pp 146 – 147

References

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chera_dynasty&oldid=257842976"