Bern
Location of  | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Bern |
| District | Bern (district) |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Alexander Tschäppät (since 2005 SPS) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 51.62 km2 (19.93 sq mi) |
| Elevation (  ) | 542 m (1,778 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018)[2] | |
| • Total | 133,883 |
| • Density | 2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 3000 |
| SFOS number | 0351 |
| Website | www |
The city of Berne [ˈbɝːn] (Bernese German Bärn [ˈpæːrn], German Bern [ˈb̥ɛrn], French Berne [ˈbɛʀn], Italian Berna [ˈbɛrna], Romansh Berna [ˈbɛrnə]), is the "Bundesstadt" (administrative capital) of Switzerland, and is the fourth most populous Swiss city (after Zürich, Geneva and Basel).
Language: German, or more specifically, Bernese German, which is a high-Alemannic dialect. The Canton of Bern has a French-speaking part. Very few people still speak the Matteänglisch, a secret language used in the former workers' quarter Matte, but several words have found their way in the Bernese German.
Bern also functions as the capital of the Canton of Bern, the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons.
Illustrious Bernese include the scientist Albrecht von Haller, the poet Albert Bitzius and the painters Ferdinand Hodler and Paul Klee. The German-born physicist Albert Einstein worked out his theory of relativity while employed as a clerk at the Bern patent office. A culturally important person was Mani Matter, a songwriter performing in Bernese German.
History
Duke Berthold V of Zähringen founded the city on the River Aare in 1191 and allegedly named it after a bear (Bär in German) he had killed. It was made a Imperial Free City by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1218 after Berthold died without an heir. In 1353 Bern joined the young Swiss Confederation, becoming a leading member of the new state. It invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories, becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps. It was occupied by French troops in 1798 during the French Revolutionary Wars, and was stripped of most of its territories. In 1831 the city became the capital of the canton Bern and in 1848 it additionally became the Swiss capital.
The city grew out of the peninsula on the river Aare towards the west. The Zytglogge tower was on the western boundary of the city from 1191 until 1256, then the Käfigturm took this role until 1345 and was then succeeded by the Christoffelturm (close to today's train station) until 1622. During the time of the Thirty Years' War two new fortifications, the so-called big and small Schanze (entrenchment), were built that protected the whole area of the peninsula. The area protected by these edifices was sufficient for the growth of Bern up to the 19th century.
Geography
Bern lies in the Swiss plateau part of the Canton of Bern, somewhat to the west of the center of Switzerland. The landscape around Bern was formed by glaciers in the last ice age. The two mountains closest to Bern are the Gurten with a height of 858 meters and the Bantiger with a height of 947 meters. The site of the old observatory in Bern is the origin (600 000/200 000) of the CH1903 coordinate system, its international coordinates are 46°57′08.66″N 7°26′22.50″E / 46.9524056°N 7.4395833°E.
The city was originally built on a peninsula of the river Aare but outgrew the natural boundaries of the river in the 19th century. The following bridges were built to allow the city to grow outside of the boundaries imposed by the river:
- 1844 Nydeggbrücke
- 1883 Kirchenfeldbrücke
- 1898 Kornhausbrücke
The city is built on very uneven ground. There are several dozens of meters in height difference from the quarters down at the Aare (e.g. Matte, Marzili) to the higher ones (e.g. Kirchenfeld, Längasse).
Politics
Bern is governed by a 80-member legislative council (Stadtrat) and a 5-member executive council (Gemeinderat).
As of 2005, the representatives of the Social Democratic Party and of the three Green factions hold a majority in both councils (3 to 2 and 43 to 37, respectively). For this reason, it is they, collectively referred to as "Red-Green-Center" (Rot-Grün-Mitte), who mostly determine City policy, although no formal coalition agreement exists and, under the system of direct democracy that prevails in Switzerland, most important issues are settled by general referendum. The other major political parties of Bern are the Free Democratic Party (FDP, free-market liberal) and the Swiss People's Party (SVP, conservative).
The office of mayor (Stadtpräsident), as a primus inter pares in the executive council, is mostly representative. As of 2005, the mayor of Bern is Alexander Tschäppät of the Social Democrats.
Sights
Bern's city centre is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Perhaps its most famous sight is the Zytglogge, an elaborate medieval clock tower with moving puppets. It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral, the Münster, and a 15th century town hall. Thanks to 6 kilometers of arcades the old town boasts one of the longest covered shopping promenade in Europe.
Since the 16th century, the city has had a bear pit (the Bärengraben), which can be visited off the Nydeggbrücke. The Federal Building (Bundeshaus), dating from 1902, which houses Parliament and part of the federal administration, can also be visited.
The Garden of Roses (Rosengarten), which allows a scenic panorama view of the medieval city core, is a former cemetery on a hill which was converted into a park in 1913. Probably the newest attraction of Bern is the set of fountains in front of the Bundeshaus. It was inaugurated on August 1, 2004, the Swiss national holiday.
Culture
Bern is rich of cultural offerings for every taste.
Theatres
- city-theatre [1]
- Schlachthaus-theatre [2]
- tojo-theatre [3]
- The Theatre on the Effinger-Street [4]
- Narrenpack Theatre Bern [5]
Movie theaters
Bern has several dozens of movie theaters. As is customary in Switzerland, movies are generally shown in their original language (e.g., English) with subtitling in German and French. Only a small number of screenings are dubbed in German. Program information is available through e.g. the Cineman website.
Nightlife
- Reithalle [6] - the old riding school of Bern, now a meeting place for the alternative scene, with concerts, parties, flea market and much more
- Wasserwerk [7] - a night-club close to the river Aare with lots of concerts and parties
- Bierhübeli[8] - a concert and party club
- ISC [9] - the International Students Club, open for everybody
- dead-end [10] - a club for the late ones, opens at midnight
- Gaskessel [11]
- Mahogany Hall[12]
- Dampfzentrale [13]
- The Bernese Symphony Orchestra [14]
Museums
- Museum of Arts [15]
- Art-Hall [16]
- Museum of communications [17]
- Psychiatry Museum [18]
- Historic Museum [19]
- Natural-Historic Museum [20]
- Collection of Antiques [21]
- Alpine Museum [22]
- Einstein House [23]
- Marksmen Museum [24]
Festivals
- Gurtenfestival
- Berner Tanztage
- Internationales Jazzfestival Bern
- Taktlos-Festival
- National Reach Around Festival
fairs
- Zibelemärit - The Zibelemärit (market of onions) is an annual fair held on the fourth monday in november.
Education and Science
Bern has a University, a technical college and several vocational schools.
University
The University is spread over several buildings which are mainly located in the Längasse quarter. Currently ([2005]) there are around 13'000 students registered. It consists of the following faculties:
- Christian Theology
- Law
- Medicine
- Veterinary Medicine
- Teacher Education
- philosophical-historical
- philosophical-scientific
Technical College
Currently (2005) there are around 5000 students registered to the technical college of bern. It consists of the follwoing units:
- Technique and Computer Science
- Architecture, Construction and Wood
- Economics, Administration and Social Work
- Arts
- Agriculture
- Sports
Vocation Schools
Many vocation schools are present in Bern. Some of them are the following:
- Gewerblich-Industrielle Berufsschule Bern [25]
- Schule für Gestaltung Bern [26]
- Wirtschafts- und Kaderschule KV Bern [27]
- Berufsschule für Verwaltung Bern [28]
- BFF BERN, Berufs,- Fach- und Fortbildungsschule [29]
- Lehrwerkstätten der Stadt Bern [30]
- Berufsschule für Pflege Am Altenberg [31]
- Hotel Handelsschulen [32]
- Wirtschaftsmittelschule Bern [33]
Other Schools
- Academy of Music [34]
Transportation
Streets
Bern is well connected to other cities over several highways (A1, A12, A6).
Public Transport
The public transport works well in Bern, there are at the moment 3 tram lines and several Bus lines which connect the different parts of the City. Bern Rail Station connects the City to the national and international train network. Notable is a cable railway which leads from the marzili quarter to the Bundeshaus. This railway is, with a length of 106 m the shortest public cable railway in Europe. Several bridges connect the old parts of the city with the newer quarters outside of the peninsula.
Airtraffic
A little outside of Bern is Bern Airport.
Natives
A number of celebrities are natives of the city or canton of Bern: Category:Natives of Bern
Miscellaneous
The Universal Postal Union is situated in Bern.
External links
Template:Navigation bar Bern district
- ^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
- ^ . Federal Statistical Office https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)