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Northamptonshire

Coordinates: 52°17′N 0°50′W / 52.283°N 0.833°W / 52.283; -0.833
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52°17′N 0°50′W / 52.283°N 0.833°W / 52.283; -0.833

Northamptonshire
Ceremonial county
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionEast Midlands
Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Ceremonial county
Area[convert: needs a number]
 • Rank of 48
 • Rank of 48
Density[convert: needs a number]
Ethnicity
95.1% White
2.0% South Asian
1.2% Black British.

Northamptonshire (or, archaically, the County of Northampton; Template:Pron-en or /nɔrθˈhæmptənʃɪər/; abbreviated Northants. or N/hants) is a landlocked county in the English East Midlands, with a population of 629,676 as at the 2001 census. It has boundaries with Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Cambridgeshire (including the city of Peterborough), Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire (including the borough of Milton Keynes), Oxfordshire, and Lincolnshire (England's shortest county boundary at 19 metres (21 yd)). The county town is Northampton.

Northamptonshire has often been called the county of "squires and spires" due to its wide variety of historic buildings and country houses. The county has also been described as "England's Pancreas", most notably by the popular presenter Alan Titchmarsh in his 2007 series The Nature of Britain. This is due to its shape and location within the UK, and because it is regularly overlooked, especially compared to neighbouring Warwickshire, known as "The Heart of England".

Northamptonshire's county flower is the cowslip.

Geography

Northamptonshire is an upland county in the English Midlands. It contains the watershed between the Severn and The Wash. Several important rivers have their sources in the north west of the county, including the River Nene (to The Wash) and the "Warwickshire Avon" (to the Severn). In the 1820s it was boasted that "not a single brook, however insignificant, flows into it from any other district". The highest point in the county is nevertheless the modest Arbury Hill at 225 metres (738 ft).

Northampton is the largest town in the county, with a population of 194,122. This is followed by Kettering (51,063), Corby (49,222), Wellingborough (46,959 ), Rushden (25,849) and Daventry (22,367). Most of the county's population is concentrated in a central north – south band which includes the four largest towns (corresponding to districts 2, 4, 5 & 6 on the map). The west (districts 1 & 3) and east (district 7) are predominantly rural with small towns and many villages. Northamptonshire is a long, thin county (more so with the Soke of Peterborough), running from south-west to north-east.

Places

Main article: List of places in Northamptonshire

These are the main settlements in Northamptonshire with a town charter, a population over 5,000, or are otherwise notable.

Peterborough

The Soke of Peterborough was historically associated with Northamptonshire, as the county diocese is focused upon the cathedral there. However, it had its own county council, and in 1965 was merged with the neighbouring small county of Huntingdonshire.[1] Under the Local Government Act 1972 the city of Peterborough became a district of Cambridgeshire.[2]

History

Main article: History of Northamptonshire

Much of Northamptonshire’s countryside appears to have remained somewhat intractable with regards to early human occupation, resulting in an apparently sparse population and relatively few finds from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods.[3] About 500 BC the Iron Age was introduced into the area by a continental people in the form of the Hallstatt culture,[4] and over the next century a series of hill-forts were constructed at Arbury Camp, Rainsborough camp, Borough Hill, Castle Dykes, Guilsborough, Irthlingborough, and most notably of all, Hunbury Hill. There are two more possible hill-forts at Arbury Hill (Badby) and Thensford. [4]

In the 1st century BC most of what later became Northamptonshire became part of the territory of the Catuvellauni, a Belgic tribe, the Northamptonshire area forming their most northerly possession. [4] The Catuvellauni were in turn conquered by the Romans in 43 AD.

The Roman road of Watling Street passed through the county, and an important Roman settlement, Lactodorum, stood on the site of modern-day Towcester. There were other Roman settlements at Northampton, Kettering and along the Nene Valley near Raunds. A large fort was built at Longthorpe.[4]

After the Romans left, the area became part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia, and Northampton functioned as an administrative centre. The Mercians converted to Christianity in 654 AD when the pagan king Penda was killed in battle against the Northumbrians.[5]. From about 889 the area was conquered by the Danes (as at one point was almost all of England except for Athelney marsh in Somerset) and became part of the Danelaw - with Watling Street serving as the boundary - until being recaptured by the English under the Wessex king Edward the Elder, son of Alfred the Great, in 917. Northamptonshire was conquered again in 940, this time by the Vikings of York, who devastated the area, only for the county to be retaken by the English in 942.[6] Consequently, it is one of the few counties in England to have both Saxon and Danish town-names and settlements.

The county was first recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1011), as Hamtunscire: the scire (shire) of Hamtun (the homestead). The "North" was added to distinguish Northampton from the other important Hamtun further south: Southampton.

Rockingham Castle was built for William the Conqueror and was used as a Royal fortress until Elizabethan times. The now-ruined Fotheringhay Castle was used to imprison Mary, Queen of Scots before her execution. In 1460, during the Wars of the Roses, the Battle of Northampton took place and King Henry VI was captured.

John Speed's 17th century map of Northamptonshire.

During the English Civil War Northamptonshire strongly supported the Parliamentarian cause, and the Royalist forces suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Naseby in 1645 in the north of the county. King Charles I was later imprisoned at Holdenby House.[citation needed]

In the 18th and 19th centuries, parts of Northamptonshire and the surrounding area became industrialized,. The local speciallisation was the shoemaking and leather industry and by the end of the 19th century it was almost definitively the boot and shoe making capital of the world. And in the north of the county a large ironstone quarrying industry developed. In the 20th century, during the 1930s, the town of Corby was established as a major centre of the steel industry. Much of Northamptonshire nevertheless remains largely rural.

After the Second World War Northampton and Corby were designated as new towns. As of 2005 the government is encouraging development in the South Midlands area, including Kettering and Corby.

George Washington, the first President of the United States of America, was born into the Washington family who had migrated to America from Northamptonshire in the 1600s. George Washington's great-great-great-great-great grandfather Lawrence Washington was Mayor of Northampton on several occasions and it was he who bought Sulgrave Manor from Henry VIII in 1539. It was George Washington's great-grandfather, John Washington, who emigrated in 1656 from Northants to Virginia, where he married an American woman Anne Pope. Together they had four children, the second being Lawrence (the grandfather of George Washington) and with their children they began the American lineage of the Washingtons. Before George Washington's ancestors had settled in Northants, they lived in northern England. It was Lawrence Washington (born 1500) who moved from Warton, Lancashire to Sulgrave, Northamptonshire. The earliest known ancestor of George Washington is William de Hertburn, who had settled in the town of Washington in the North East in 1180 and, as was customary at the time, took the name of his estate (Washington).

Governance

National representation

Northamptonshire returns six members of Parliament. Following the 2005 general election, four MPs belong to the Conservative Party, while the other two represent the Labour Party.

Local government

Like most English shire counties, Northamptonshire has a two-tier structure of local government. The county has an elected county council based in Northampton, and is also divided into seven districts each with their own district councils.

These districts are Corby, Daventry district, East Northamptonshire, Kettering, Northampton, South Northamptonshire and Wellingborough. The district council offices for East Northamptonshire are based in Thrapston, and those for South Northamptonshire are based in Towcester. Northamptonshire also has a large number of civil parishes.

From 1993 until 2005, Northamptonshire County Council[7] for which each of the 73 electoral divisions in the county elects a single councillor, had been held by the Labour Party; previously it had been under no overall control since 1981. The councils of the rural districts – Daventry, East Northamptonshire, and South Northamptonshire – are strongly Conservative, whereas the political composition of the urban districts is more mixed. At the 2003 local elections, Labour lost control of Kettering, Northampton, and Wellingborough, retaining only Corby. Elections for the entire County Council are held every four years – the last were held on 5 May 2005 when control of the County Council changed from the Labour Party to the Conservatives. The County Council uses a leader and cabinet executive system and has recently (from April 2006) abolished its area committees.

Northampton itself is somewhat unusual[according to whom?] in being the most populous urban district in England not to be administered as a unitary authority (even though several smaller districts are unitary). During the 1990s local government reform, Northampton Borough Council petitioned strongly for unitary status, which led to fractured relations with the County Council.[citation needed]

Northamptonshire is policed by Northamptonshire Police, and is covered by Northamptonshire Fire and Rescue Service.

Before 1974, the Soke of Peterborough was considered geographically part of Northamptonshire, although it had had a separate county council since the late nineteenth century and separate Quarter Sessions courts before then. Now part of Cambridgeshire, the city of Peterborough became a unitary authority in 1998, but it continues to form part of that county for ceremonial purposes.[8]

Economy

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Northamptonshire at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Year Regional Gross Value Added[9] Agriculture[10] Industry[11] Services[12]
1995 6,139 112 2,157 3,870
2000 9,743 79 3,035 6,630
2003 10,901 90 3,260 7,551

Historically, Northamptonshire is home to footwear manufacturing companies and the Dr. Martens company in the UK is based in Wollaston near Wellingborough, where the boots used to be made. Weetabix breakfast cereal is made at Burton Latimer near Kettering, and Carlsberg beer is brewed in Northampton. Daventry and Wellingborough has many distribution centres and both have railfreight deports.

Education

Northamptonshire operates a complete comprehensive system with 30 state secondary schools and 4 independent schools.

Northamptonshire boasts an extensive[neutrality is disputed] music and performing arts service that provides peripatetic music teaching to schools in the area. It also supports 15 local Saturday morning music and performing arts centres around the county as well as providing a range of county level music groups.

The University of Northampton, a medium-sized [neutrality is disputed]University with 10,000 students and two campuses 2.5 miles (4.0 km) apart, is the only university in the county. It offers courses for needs and interests from foundation and undergraduate level to postgraduate, professional and doctoral qualifications. Subjects include traditional arts, humanities and sciences subjects, as well as more modern subjects such as entrepreneurship, product design and advertising.

The Tresham College with campuses in Wellingborough, Kettering and Corby is a major provider of further education and offers vocational courses, GCSE's and A Levels. It also offers Higher Education options in conjunction with several universities and has recently[when?] announced their intention to seek university status from the government and to open a Higher Education campus in Kettering.[citation needed]

Schools

Further information: List of schools in the East Midlands § Northamptonshire

Colleges

Universities

Healthcare

Northampton has several NHS branches, the main acute NHS hospitals in the county being Northampton General Hospital and Kettering General Hospital. In the south west of the county, the town of Brackley and surrounding villages are serviced by the Horton General Hospital in Banbury in the neighbouring county of Oxfordshire for any acute medical needs. A similar arrangement is in place in the northwest of the county for the town of Oundle and nearby villages, being serviced by Peterborough District Hospital.

Due to much expansion[neutrality is disputed] in the east of county, Kettering General Hospital has seen increasing pressure[citation needed] on its services. In January 2009, Irthlingborough was earmarked by the hospital to have a new satellite out-patient centre to provide over 48,000 appointments a year, as well as a minor injury unit - to serve East Northamptonshire.[citation needed]

In June 2008, Anglian Water found traces of Cryptosporidium in water supplies of Northamptonshire. The local reservoir, Pitsford, was investigated to find a rabbit which had strayed into it,[13] causing the problem. About 250,000 residents were affected;[14] by 14 July 2008, 13 cases of cryptosporidiosis attributed to water in Northampton had been reported.[15] Following the end of the investigation, Anglian Water lifted its boil notice for all affected areas on 4 July 2008.[16] Anglian Water revealed that it will pay up to £30 per household as compensation for customers hit by the water crisis.[17]

Transport

The gap in the hills at Watford Gap meant that many southeast to northwest routes passed through Northamptonshire. The Roman Road Watling Street (now part of the A5) passes through here, as did later canals, railways and major roads.

Roads

Major national highways, including the M1 motorway and the A14, provide Northamptonshire with transport links, both north – south and east – west. The A43 joins the M1 to the M40, passing through the south of the county to the Junction west of Brackley. The former steelworks town of Corby is now home to large areas of warehousing and distribution companies.

Rivers and canals

The Grand Union Canal at Braunston
Further information: Category:Rivers of Northamptonshire

Two major canals – the Oxford and the Grand Union – join in the county at Braunston. Notable features include a flight of 17 locks on the Grand Union at Rothersthorpe, the canal museum at Stoke Bruerne, and a tunnel at Blisworth which, at 2,813 metres (3,076 yd), is the third-longest navigable canal tunnel on the UK canal network [18].

A branch of the Grand Union Canal connects to the River Nene in Northampton and has been upgraded to a "wide canal" in places and is known as the Nene Navigation. It is famous for its guillotine locks.

For last five years[when?]2024 Northamptonshire County Council is in partnership with WS Atkins, Europe's largest Engineering Consultants to manage and maintain all highway functions.

Railways

The West Coast Main Line running alongside the M1 motorway near Daventry

Two trunk railway routes, the West Coast Main Line and the Midland Main Line traverse the county. At its peak, Northamptonshire had 75 railway stations. It now has only six, at Northampton and Long Buckby (on the WCML), Kettering, Wellingborough and Corby (on the Midland Main Line), along with King's Sutton, which is a few metres from the boundary with Oxfordshire on the Chiltern Main Line.

Corby has been described as one of the largest towns in Britain without a railway station.[citation needed] The railway running through the town (from Kettering to Oakham in Rutland) was previously used only by freight traffic and occasional diverted passenger trains that did not stop at the station. The line through Corby was once part of a main line to Nottingham through Melton Mowbray but the stretch between Melton and Nottingham was closed in 1968. In the 1980s, an experimental passenger shuttle service between Corby and Kettering proved unsuccessful.[citation needed] A bus link operated by East Midlands Trains provides access to Corby from Kettering station. On 23 February 2009, a new Corby station opened providing direct hourly access to St Pancras in London.

Railway services in Northamptonshire were reduced by the Beeching Axe in the 1960s.[19]. Closure of the line connecting Northampton to Peterborough by way of Wellingborough, Thrapston, and Oundle left eastern Northamptonshire devoid of railways. Part of this route has been re-opened in 1977 as the Nene Valley Railway. A section of one of the closed lines, the Northampton to Market Harborough line, is now the Northampton & Lamport heritage railway, while the route as a whole forms a part of the National Cycle Network, as the Brampton Valley Way.

As early as 1897 Northamptonshire had its own putative[according to whom?] Channel Tunnel rail link with the creation of the Great Central Railway, which was intended to connect to a tunnel under the English Channel [neutrality is disputed]. Although the complete project never came to fruition, the rail link through Northamptonshire was constructed, and had stations at Charwelton, Woodford Halse, Helmdon, and Brackley. It became part of the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923 (and of British Railways in 1948) before its closure in 1966.[citation needed]

Before nationalization of the railways in 1948 and the creation of British Railways), Northamptonshire was the base of three of the "Big Four" railway companies; the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, London and North Eastern Railway and Great Western Railway. Only the Southern Railway was not represented. After nationalisation, it is served by Virgin, London Midland, Chiltern Railways and East Midland Trains. From being served by 75 stations in 1948 and three operators, in 2009 it has 6 stations with four operators.

In June 2009 The Association of train operating companies (ATOC) recomened opening a new station on the former Irchester railway station site, for Rushden, Higham Ferrers and Irchester. (see Rushden Parkway and [1]).

Buses

Most buses are operated by Stagecoach or FirstGroup Some town area routes have been named like the Corby Star or Connect Wellingborough. Unusually some route designations include a letter, such as W1, W2, X7, Y4, and so on. '(see Stagecoach in Northants)[citation needed]

Airports

Northamptonshire has Sywell Aerodrome, which is situated on the edge of Sywell village. The airport has three grass runways, but is soon to get a hard runway so it can be used in all weathers.[citation needed]

Media

The two main newspapers in the county are the Northamptonshire Evening Telegraph and the Northampton Chronicle & Echo. Northamptonshire has a local BBC radio station, BBC Radio Northampton, which broadcasts on two FM frequencies–104.2 MHz for the south and west of the county (including Northampton and surrounding area) and 103.6 MHz for the north of the county (including Kettering and Corby). There are three commercial radio stations. Heart Northants (96.6 MHz FM), whilst AM station Gold (1557 kHz) also forms part of a national network. The former Kettering and Corby Broadcasting Company (KCBC) station originally broadcast on 1530 (later 1584) kHz AM before eventually moving to 107.4 MHz FM. Its studios and FM frequency are still in use following a merger with Wellingborough-based Connect FM which now broadcasts on 97.2 and 107.4 MHz. National digital radio is also available in Northamptonshire, though coverage is limited. In regional radio and television terms, the county is not usually considered [neutrality is disputed] as part of the East Midlands; [neutrality is disputed] unusually, it is associated with East Anglia, being part of the BBC East / BBC East Midlands regions and the Anglia Television region of ITV, the latter having an office adjacent to BBC Radio Northampton in Abington Street, Northampton. These services are broadcast from the Sandy Heath transmitter.

In the southwest of the county - primarily Brackley and the surrounding villages, broadcasts can be received from the Oxford transmitter, from ITV Thames Valley and BBC Oxford with local current affairs very much focused [neutrality is disputed] on the Thames Valley and a lack of focus on this area of the county.

Sport

Rugby Union

Northamptonshire's most successful sporting participation is in rugby union;Template:POVstatement its premier team, Northampton Saints, compete in the Guinness Premiership and achieved the status of European champions in 2000 by defeating Munster for the Heineken Cup, 9-8. Saints are based at the 13,600 capacity Franklin's Gardens, the second largest rugby stadium in the country, only beaten by Welford Road Stadium, home of the Leicester Tigers (17,498).

Football

Northamptonshire has severalf football teams, the most prominent being the League Two side Northampton Town. Other football teams include Kettering Town and Rushden & Diamonds, which are in the Conference National. Wellingborough Town claims to be the sixth oldest club in the country.

Cricket

Northamptonshire County Cricket Club is presently in Division Two of the County Championship. Northamptonshire Cricket Club has recently signed overseas professionals such as Sourav Ganguly.However in 2009 have been tipped to gain promotion to division 1.

Motor Sport

Silverstone is a major motor racing circuit, most notably used for the British Grand Prix. There is also a dedicated radio station for the circuit which broadcasts on 87.7 FM or 1602 MW when events are taking place. Rockingham Speedway near Corby is the largest stadium in the UK with 130,000 seats. It is a US-style elliptical racing circuit (the largest of its kind outside of the US), and is used extensively for all kinds of motor racing events. Northamptonshire is also home to Santa Pod drag racing circuit, venue for the FIA European Drag Racing Championships.

Music

Northampton has had a varied musical history. Its most famous export is Bauhaus, a revered Rock band active between the late-1970s and mid-1980s.

More recently music has flourished [neutrality is disputed] around the now closed Soundhaus and Labour Club. The Departure were the most famous [neutrality is disputed] recent band. However, New Cassettes, The Retro Spankees, The Weimar Republic, Winston Echo, Columbus and Crewsoe, Kowalski and Magic Skool Bus have prospered here.

Places of interest

See also: Category:Visitor attractions in Northamptonshire
Key
Abbey/Priory/Cathedral
Accessible open space Accessible open space
Amusement/Theme Park
Castle
Country Park Country Park
English Heritage
Forestry Commission
Heritage railway Heritage railway
Historic house Historic House
Places of Worship Places of Worship
Museum (free)
Museum		 Museum (free/not free)
National Trust National Trust
Theatre
Zoo

Annual events

See also

References

  1. ^ The Huntingdon and Peterborough Order 1964 (SI 1964/367), see Local Government Commission for England (1958–1967), Report and Proposals for the East Midlands General Review Area (Report No.3), 31 July 1961 and Report and Proposals for the Lincolnshire and East Anglia General Review Area (Report No.9), 7 May 1965
  2. ^ The English Non-Metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972 (SI 1972/2039) Part 5: County of Cambridgeshire
  3. ^ Greenall, R. L. (1979) A History of Northamptonshire Phillimore & Co. Ltd, p.19. ISBN 1 86077 147 5.
  4. ^ a b c d Greenall, R. L. (1979) A History of Northamptonshire Phillimore & Co. Ltd. p.20. ISBN 1 86077 147 5. Cite error: The named reference "Greenall p.20" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ Greenall, R. L. (1979) A History of Northamptonshire p.29., Phillimore & Co. Ltd, ISBN 1 86077 147 5.
  6. ^ Wood, Michael (1986) The Domesday Quest p. 90, BBC Books, 1986 ISBN 0 563 52274 7. .
  7. ^ "Northamptonshire County Council website". Retrieved 4 June 2009.
  8. ^ The Cambridgeshire (City of Peterborough) (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996 (SI 1996/1878), see Local Government Commission for England (1992), Final Recommendations for the Future Local Government of Cambridgeshire, October 1994 and Final Recommendations on the Future Local Government of Basildon & Thurrock, Blackburn & Blackpool, Broxtowe, Gedling & Rushcliffe, Dartford & Gravesham, Gillingham & Rochester upon Medway, Exeter, Gloucester, Halton & Warrington, Huntingdonshire & Peterborough, Northampton, Norwich, Spelthorne and the Wrekin, December 1995
  9. ^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
  10. ^ includes hunting and forestry
  11. ^ includes energy and construction
  12. ^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
  13. ^ Tite, Nick (2008-07-14). "Rabbit caused water contamination at Pitsford - Northants ET". Northants Evening Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  14. ^ "Sickness bug found in tap water". BBC. 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
  15. ^ "BBC News". News at Ten, BBC One. BBC. 2008-07-14. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  16. ^ "Anglian Water", Press Release
  17. ^ "Water crisis: All clear for tap water - and up to £30 compensation! - Northampton Chronicle and Echo". Chronicle & Echo. 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  18. ^ http://www.freebase.com/view/en/blisworth_tunnel?domain=%2Fbase%2Fengineering
  19. ^ SMJR


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