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Chemostat

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Stirred bioreactor operated as a chemostat, with a continuous inflow (the feed) and outflow (the effluent). The rate of medium flow is controlled to keep the culture volume constant.

A chemostat (from Chemical environment is static) is a bioreactor to which fresh medium is continuously added, while culture liquid is continuously removed to keep the culture volume constant.[1][2] By changing the rate with which medium is added to the bioreactor the growth rate of the microorganism can be easily controlled.

Operation

Steady State

One of the most important features of chemostats is that micro-organisms can be grown in a physiological steady state. In steady state, growth occurs at a constant rate and all culture parameters remain constant (culture volume, dissolved oxygen concentration, nutrient and product concentrations, pH, cell density, etc.).In addition environmental conditions can be controlled by the experimenter.[3] Micro-organisms grown in chemostats naturally strive to steady state: if a low amount of cells are present in the bioreactor, the cells can grow at growth rates higher than the dilution rate, as growth isn't limited by the addition of the limiting nutrient. The limiting nutrient is a nutrient essential for growth, present in the media at a limiting concentration (all other nutrients are usually supplied in surplus). However, if the cell concentration becomes too high, the amount of cells that are removed from the reactor cannot be replenished by growth as the addition of the limiting nutrient is insufficient. This results in an equilibrium situation (steady state), where the rate of cell growth is equal to the rate of cell removal.

Because obtaining a steady state requires at least 5 volume changes, chemostats require large nutrient and waste reservoirs.

Dilution Rate

At steady state the specific growth rate (μ) of the micro-organism is equal to the dilution rate (D). The dilution rate is defined as the rate of flow of medium over the volume of culture in the bioreactor:

Maximal growth rate

Each microorganism growing on a particular substrate has a maximum specific growth rate (μmax) (the rate of growth observed if none of the nutrients are limiting). If a dilution rate is chosen that is higher than μmax, the culture will not be able to sustain itself in the bioreactor, and will wash out.

Applications

Research

Chemostats in research are used for investigations in cell biology, as a source for large volumes of uniform cells or protein. The chemostat is often used to gather steady state data about an organism in order to generate a mathematical model relating to its metabolic processes. Chemostats are also used as microcosms in ecology[4][5] and evolutionary biology[6][7][8][9]. In the one case, mutation/selection is a nuisance, in the other case, it is the desired process under study. Chemostats can also be used to enrich for specific types of bacterial mutants in culture such as auxotrophs or those that are resistant to antibiotics or bacteriophages for further scientific study.[10]

Competition for single and multiple resources, the evolution of resource acquisition and utilization pathways, cross-feeding/symbiosis[11][12], antagonism, predation, and competition among predators have all been studied in ecology and evolutionary biology using chemostats.[13][14][15]

Industry

Chemostats are frequently used in the industrial manufacturing of ethanol. In this case, several chemostats are used in series, each maintained at decreasing sugar concentrations.[citation needed]

Concerns

  • Foaming results in overflow with the volume of liquid not exactly constant.
  • Some very fragile cells are ruptured during agitation and aeration.
  • Cells may grow on the walls or adhere to other surfaces[16], which is easily overcome by treating the glass walls of the vessel with a silane to render them hydrophobic.
  • Mixing may not truly be uniform, upsetting the "static" property of the chemostat.
  • Dripping the media into the chamber actually results in small pulses of nutrients and thus oscillations in concentrations, again upsetting the "static" property of the chemostat.
  • Bacteria travel upstream quite easily. They will reach the reservoir of sterile medium quickly unless the liquid path is interrupted by an air break in which the medium falls in drops through air.

Continuous efforts to remedy each defect lead to variations on the basic chemostat quite regularly. Examples in the literature are numerous.

  • Antifoaming agents are used to suppress foaming.
  • Agitation and aeration can be done gently.
  • Many approaches have been taken to reduce wall growth[17][18]
  • Various applications use paddles, bubbling, or other mechanisms for mixing[19]
  • Dripping can be made less drastic with smaller droplets and larger vessel volumes
  • Many improvements target the threat of contamination

Variations

Fermentation setups closely related to the chemostats are the turbidostat, the auxostat and the retentostat. In retentostats culture liquid is also removed from the bioreactor, but a filter retains the biomass. In this case, the biomass concentration increases until the nutrient requirement for biomass maintenance has become equal to the amount of limiting nutrient that can be consumed.

See also

References

  1. ^ Novick A, Szilard L (1950). "Description of the Chemostat". Science. 112 (2920): 715–6. doi:10.1126/science.112.2920.715. PMID 14787503.
  2. ^ James TW (1961). "Continuous Culture of Microorganisms". Annual Review of Microbiology. 15: 27–46. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.15.100161.000331.
  3. ^ D Herbert, R Elsworth Telling RC (1956). "The continuous culture of bacteria;a theroretical and Experimental study". J. gen. Microbiol. 14 (3): 601–622. doi:10.1099/00221287-14-3-601.
  4. ^ Becks L, Hilker FM, Malchow H, Jürgens K, Arndt H (2005). "Experimental demonstration of chaos in a microbial food web". Nature. 435 (7046): 1226–9. doi:10.1038/nature03627. PMID 15988524.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Pavlou S, Kevrekidis IG (1992). "Microbial predation in a periodically operated chemostat: a global study of the interaction between natural and externally imposed frequencies". Math Biosci. 108 (1): 1–55. doi:10.1016/0025-5564(92)90002-E. PMID 1550993.
  6. ^ Wichman HA, Millstein J, Bull JJ (2005). "Adaptive molecular evolution for 13,000 phage generations: a possible arms race". Genetics. 170 (1): 19–31. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.034488. PMID 15687276.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Dykhuizen DE, Dean AM (2004). "Evolution of specialists in an experimental microcosm". Genetics. 167 (4): 2015–26. doi:10.1534/genetics.103.025205. PMID 15342537.
  8. ^ Wick LM, Weilenmann H, Egli T (2002). "The apparent clock-like evolution of Escherichia coli in glucose-limited chemostats is reproducible at large but not at small population sizes and can be explained with Monod kinetics". Microbiology (Reading, Engl.). 148 (Pt 9): 2889–902. PMID 12213934.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Jones LE, Ellner SP (2007). "Effects of rapid prey evolution on predator-prey cycles". J Math Biol. 55 (4): 541–73. doi:10.1007/s00285-007-0094-6. PMID 17483952.
  10. ^ Schlegel HG, Jannasch HW (1967). "Enrichment cultures". Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 21: 49–70. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.21.100167.000405. PMID 4860267.
  11. ^ Daughton CG, Hsieh DP (1977). "Parathion utilization by bacterial symbionts in a chemostat". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34 (2): 175–84. PMID 410368.
  12. ^ Pfeiffer T, Bonhoeffer S (2004). "Evolution of cross-feeding in microbial populations". Am. Nat. 163 (6): E126–35. doi:10.1086/383593. PMID 15266392.
  13. ^ G. J. Butler and G. S. K. Wolkowicz. (1986). "Predator-mediated competition in the chemostat" (PDF). J Math Biol. 24 (2): 67–191. doi:10.1007/BF00275997. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Dykhuizen DE, Hartl DL (1983). "Selection in chemostats". Microbiol. Rev. 47 (2): 150–68. PMID 6308409. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Dykhuizen DE, Hartl DL (1981). "Evolution of Competitive Ability in Escherichia coli". Evolution. 35 (3): 581–94. doi:10.2307/2408204. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Bonomi A, Fredrickson AG (1976). "Protozoan feeding and bacterial wall growth". Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18 (2): 239–52. doi:10.1002/bit.260180209. PMID 1267931.
  17. ^ de Crécy E, Metzgar D, Allen C, Pénicaud M, Lyons B, Hansen CJ, de Crécy-Lagard V (2007). "Development of a novel continuous culture device for experimental evolution of bacterial populations". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 77 (2): 489–96. doi:10.1007/s00253-007-1168-5. PMID 17896105.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Zhang Z, Boccazzi P, Choi HG, Perozziello G, Sinskey AJ, Jensen KF (2006). "Microchemostat-microbial continuous culture in a polymer-based, instrumented microbioreactor". Lab Chip. 6 (7): 906–13. doi:10.1039/b518396k. PMID 16804595.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Van Hulle SW, Van Den Broeck S, Maertens J, Villez K, Schelstraete G, Volcke EI, Vanrolleghem PA (2003). "Practical experiences with start-up and operation of a continuously aerated lab-scale SHARON reactor". Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 68 (2 Pt A): 77–84. PMID 15296140.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  1. http://www.midgard.liu.se/~b00perst/chemostat.pdf
  2. http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Contin/chemosta.htm
  3. A final thesis including mathematical models of the chemostat and other bioreactors
  4. A page about one laboratory chemostat design
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