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Prostitution

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Prostitution is the sale of sexual services (typically manual stimulation, oral sex, or sexual intercourse, less often anal sex) for money or other kind of return, generally indiscriminately with many persons. A person selling sexual favors is a prostitute, a type of sex worker.

Overview


A Gay Party in a Brothel
by Torii Kiyonaga (1752-1815)

Most prostitutes are women offering their services to men. Male customers of prostitutes are known as johns in the United States or punters in the United Kingdom.

The English word whore, referring to (female) prostitutes, dates to at least 1100, but usage of that word is widely considered pejorative and prostitute is a less value-laden term. See also: call girl, courtesan.

Male prostitutes offering their services to male customers are called "escorts", "hustlers" or "rent boys." Male prostitutes offering services to female customers are comparatively rare and are known as "escorts" or "gigolos."

Organizers of prostitution are typically known as pimps (if male) or madams (if female).

Prostitutes are stigmatized in most societies and religions; their customers are typically stigmatized to a lesser degree.

The term prostitution is sometimes used in the more general meaning of having sex in order to achieve a certain goal different from procreation or pleasure. This includes forms of religious prostitution in which sex is practiced in compliance with religious precepts. Prostitution in this broader sense is also used in espionage.

Another generalization is using the term or an equivalent to mean any form of earning well in an unscrupulous degrading manner, e.g. quote whore. The term pimp is also sometimes similarly used figuratively, as in poverty pimp.

Types of prostitution

Prostitution today occurs in various quite different settings.

  • In street prostitution the prostitute solicits customers while waiting at street corners or walking alongside a street.
  • Prostitution can also take place in the prostitute's apartment and in many countries this is the only legal form of prostitution. A hybrid between brothel and apartment prostitution exists in Germany, Belgium, Switzerland and the Netherlands: female prostitutes rent tiny one-room apartments in red-light districts and solicit customers from behind windows.
  • Prostitution occurs in some massage parlors and in Asian countries in some barber shops where sexual services may be offered for an additional tip.
  • Brothels are establishments specifically dedicated to prostitution, often confined to special red-light districts in big cities. Other names for brothels include Bordello, Whore-house and Cathouse. Historical and rarer slang terms for brothels include bordel (from the French), Bovril, case (compare Spanish casa), common-house*, creep, crib, dress-house, drum, flash-house, flesh-shambles, gaff, harlot-house, hook shop, hot house*, house of ill/evil repute/fame, house of accommodation, house of assignation, joy-house, juke, kip, knocking-shop, leaping house, lupanar (from Latin), maison close (French closed house), maison de passe (house of passage), maison tolérée (tolerated house, i.e. licenced), massage parlour, meat house, moll-shop, notch-house, panel-house, parlour-house, peg house, picked hatch*, public house, rap club, rib-joint, slaughter-house, smuggling-ken, sporting-house, stew, trugging house/place, vaulting house, warren and whore-shop/sty. (* used by Shakespeare)
  • In escort or out-call prostitution, the customer calls an agency and the act takes place at the customer's place of residence or more commonly at his hotel room. This form of prostitution often shelters under the umbrella of escort agencies, who supply attractive escorts for social occasions. While some escort agencies provide non-sexual services only, many turn a blind eye to escorts who provide additional sexual services or actively encourage them. Even where this prostitution is legal, the euphemistic term escort service is common. See call girl.
  • In Japan, it is not uncommon for middle-class schoolgirls to prostitute themselves, often via "phone clubs" that allow them to anonymously establish contact first by phone. This practice is called enjo kosai.

Many prostitutes are also drug addicts who use prostitution to pay for their habit. The more 'high class' the form of prostitution the more likely it is the prostitute is motivated by purely financial reasons. High class prostitution can be extremely lucrative.

In many countries, illegal immigrants work in prostitution, sometimes against their will and generally in circumstances such that they feel they have no other choice. Often these prostitutes are kept in financial debt by the brothel owners, who charge them for their travel and other costs. The arrangement may be such that the prostitutes can never earn enough to pay off the debt. The term used for forcing people into prostitution is "sexual slavery".

In addition to the first world, this also takes place in countries of South Asia such as India and Thailand, where young girls are sometimes sold to brothel owners. In modern day Thailand this is becoming much rarer.

While in both of these societies visiting prostitutes is a common and almost normal behavior, Thailand is also a destination of sex tourists, travellers from rich countries in search of cheap sexual services. Other popular sex tourism destinations are Brazil, the Caribbean, and former eastern bloc countries.

Female prostitutes, especially street prostitutes, are commonly associated with a pimp, a man who lives off the proceeds of several prostitutes and may offer some protection in return. The relationship between pimp and prostitute is often abusive.

Female managers of brothels or escort services are known as madams.

There are other commercial sexual activities that are generally not classified as prostitution. These include acting and modeling for pornographic materials, even if this involves engaging in sexual intercourse; exotic dancing, which is naked, sexually provocative acting (sometimes involving masturbation) without physical contact with the customer; lap dancing, where the dancer may come into contact with the customer in sexually provocative but strictly limited ways; and the services of professional dominants.

In the case People v. Freeman, the California Supreme Court ruled that adult film makers could not be prosecuted under state laws against prostitution.

Street prostitution

In street prostitution, the prostitute solicits customers while waiting at street corners or walking alongside a street, usually dressed in skimpy, suggestive clothing. Often the prostitute appears to mind his or her own business and waits for the customer to initiate contact. The act is performed in the customer's car or in a nearby rented room. This is the lowest paid and most dangerous form of prostitution; street prostitutes are often drug addicts and are commonly subjected to violence by both their pimps and customers.

Street prostitutes may or may not have a pimp.

Pimps justify taking a proportion of the prostitutes earnings, claiming they protect prostitutes from dangerous clients. In reality prostitutes are often at more risk from the pimps themselves.

Pimps often target vulnerable women and young girls who have run away from home, initially offering themselves as lovers or father-figures. After introducing their victims to prostitution, they often encourage drug addiction to maintain their victim's dependency and use beatings to assert their control. Pimps are also commonly low-echelon drug dealers.

The basic act of exchanging money for sex among adults is legal in most countries. However, countries in which it is illegal include the United States (except for ten counties in the state of Nevada), some Muslim and various Communist countries. At one end of the legal spectrum, prostitution carries the death penalty in some Muslim countries; at the other end, prostitutes are tax paying and unionized professionals in the Netherlands and brothels are legal and advertising businesses there (however, prostitutes must be at least 18, while for non-commercial sex the age of consent is 16). The legal situation in Germany is almost as liberal as in the Netherlands, see prostitution in Germany. In most countries, it is almost impossible to engage in most forms of prostitution legally because surrounding activities such as advertising, solicitation, pimping, and owning, operating, or working in a brothel are illegal.

Rules vary as to which roles in prostitution are illegal: being a prostitute, being a client or being a pimp. Sweden outlaws the buying but not the selling of sex. In the case of a prostitute under 18 in The Netherlands, being the client or pimp is illegal, being the prostitute is not, except if the client is too young too (under 16).

Establishments engaged in sexual slavery or owned by organized crime are the highest priority targets of law enforcement actions against prostitution. Police also frequently intervene when prompted by local resident complaints. In most countries where prostitution is illegal, at least some forms of it are tolerated. It has been alleged that this situation allows the police to extort money or services from prostitutes in exchange for "looking the other way".

In some jurisdictions, such as Nevada (see: prostitution in Nevada), Switzerland and several Australian states, prostitution is legal but heavily regulated.

Such approaches are taken with the recognition that prostitution is impossible to eliminate and thus these societies have chosen to regulate it in ways that reduce the more undesirable consequences. Goals of such regulations include controlling sexually transmitted disease, reducing sexual slavery and controlling where brothels may operate.

Daily Planet is a brothel in Melbourne, Australia of which since 2003 shares are listed on the Australian Stock Exchange.

Several western countries have recently enacted laws punishing citizens who, as sex-tourists, engage in sex with minors in other countries. These laws are rarely enforced.

Pimping is a sex crime in almost all jurisdictions.

In 1949, the United Nations adopted a convention stating that prostitution is incompatible with human dignity, requiring all signing parties to punish pimps and brothel owners and operators and to abolish all special treatment or registration of prostitutes. The convention was ratified by 89 countries with the notable exceptions of Germany, the Netherlands and the United States.

Some municipalities in the Netherlands would like a "zero policy" for brothels, i.e. not allow any, on moral grounds, but by law this is not possible. However, regulations, including restrictions in number and location are common. Whether a zero policy on planological grounds is allowed is still unclear.

Advertising prostitution

In countries where prostitution is legal, advertising it may be legal (as in the Netherlands) or illegal (as in Germany). In countries where prostitution is illegal, obviously advertising it is also illegal.

Covert advertising for prostitution can take a number of forms:

  • by cards in newsagent's windows
  • by cards placed in public telephone enclosures: so-called tart cards
  • by euphemistic advertisements in regular magazines and newspapers
  • in specialist contact magazines
  • via the World Wide Web


Medical situation

Since prostitutes tend to have large numbers of sexual partners, prostitution has often been associated with the spread of sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS.

These responses to the problem are typical:

  • banning prostitution completely
  • introducing a system of registration for prostitutes that mandates health checks and other public health measures
  • educating prostitutes and their clients to encourage the use of barrier contraception and greater interaction with health care

Some think that the first two measures are counter-productive. Banning prostitution tends to drive it underground, making treatment and monitoring more difficult. Registering prostitutes makes the state complicit in prostitution and does not address the health risks of unregistered prostitutes. Both of the last two measures can be viewed as harm reduction policies.

Politics

Many countries have sex worker advocacy groups which lobby against criminalization and discrimination of prostitutes. These groups generally oppose Nevada-style regulation and oversight, stating that prostitution should be treated like other professions.

Other groups, often with religious backgrounds, focus on offering women a way out of the world of prostitution while not taking a position on the legal question.

The feminist position towards prostitution is divided: while some theorize prostitution as an act of sexual self-determination, decry discrimination and demand destigmatization and decriminalization, others, exemplified by the American radical feminist and ex-prostitute Andrea Dworkin, consider it to be sexual abuse or even rape. The former group pushed a law reform in Germany, resulting in January 2002 in the recognition of prostitution as a regular profession, making it possible for prostitutes to join the social security and health care system and to form trade unions. The latter faction of feminists was able in Sweden in 1999 to implement the law outlawing the buying of sexual favors but not the selling.

History

Prostitution is often called "the oldest profession in the world".

One of the first forms is sacred prostitution, supposedly practiced among Sumerians. In ancient sources (Herodotus, Thucydides) there are many traces of sacred prostitution, starting perhaps with Babylon, where each woman had to reach once a year the sanctuary of Militta (Aphrodites or Nana/Anahita) and there have sex with a foreigner as a sign of hospitality for a symbolic price.

A similar type of prostitution was practiced in Cyprus (Paphus) and in Corinth, where the temple counted more than a thousand prostitutes (hierodules), according to Strabo. It was widely in use in Sardinia and in some of the Phoenician cultures, usually in honour of the goddess Astarte (or Ishtar). Presumably by the Phoenicians, this practice was developed in other ports of the Mediterranean Sea, like in Erice (Sicily), in Locri Epizephiri, Croton, Rossano Vaglio, Sicca Veneria and other towns. Other hypothesis regard Asia Minor, Lydia, Syria and Etruscans.

It was common in Israel too, but some prophets, like Hosea and Ezekiel strongly fought it; it is assumed that it was part of the cults of Canaan, where a significant proportion of prostitutes were male.

In ancient Greek and Roman societies, common prostitutes were independent and sometimes influential women who were required to wear distinctive dresses and had to pay taxes. Some similarities have been found between the Greek Hetaera and the Japanese Geisha, complex figures that are perhaps in an intermediate position between prostitution and courtisanerie. Some prostitutes in ancient Greece, such as Lais were as famous for their company as their beauty, and some of these women charged extraordinary sums for their services.

In Greece, Solon instituted the first of Athens' brothels (oik`iskoi) in the 6th century BC, and with the earnings of this business he built a temple dedicated to Aprodites Pandemo (or Qedesh), patron goddess of this commerce. The greek word for prostitute is porne, derived from the verb pernemi (to sell), with the evident modern evolution. The procuring was however severely forbidden.

Each specialised category had its proper name, so there were the chamaitypa`i, working outdoor (lie-down), the perepatetikes who met their customers while walking (and then worked in their houses), the gephyrides, who worked near the bridges. In the 5th century, Ateneo informs us that the price was of 1 obole, a sixth of a dracma and the equivalent of an ordinary worker's day salary. The rare pictures describe that sex was performed on beds with covers and pillows, while triclinia usually didn't have these accessories.

In the Bible there are many stories about common prostitution, with also a case (Tamar) of a false prostitute that commits incest with her father-in-law (Judah). In Jericho, a prostitute named Rahab assisted the Israelite spies. In Jewish legend, she was rewarded for this by later marrying Joshua.

Throughout the Middle Ages, prostitution flourished in Europe and brothels were often operated by municipalities. The outbreak of sexually transmitted diseases in the 16th century and the Reformation led to stricter controls.

In some periods prostitutes had to distinguish themselves by particular signs, sometimes wearing very short hair or no hair at all. Ancient codes regulated in this case the crime of a prostitute that dissimulated her profession. In some cultures, prostitutes were the sole women allowed to sing in public.

In the 18th century, presumably in Venice, prostitutes started using condoms, made with catgut or cow bowel.

In the United States, prostitution was made illegal in almost all states between 1910 and 1915. In 1917 the legally defined prostitution district Storyville in New Orleans was closed down by the Federal government over local objections. Prostitution remained legal in Alaska until 1953, and still is legal in some counties of Nevada.

Communist countries have often claimed that prostitution does not exist within their borders.

In the 1970s some religious groups were discovered practicing religious prostitution as an instrument to make new adepts.

In the animal kingdom

In 1998 Dr. Fiona Hunter (of Cambridge University in the UK) and Dr. Lloyd Davis (of the University of Otago in New Zealand) reported that they had observed female penguins trading sexual favours with single male penguins for stones (necessary for nest-building) on Ross Island. When penguins take a mate, they are usually monogamous. All the female penguins who exchanged sex for stones did it behind the backs of their male partners who apparently never caught their mates in flagrante delicto.

Stones for nest-building are in short supply on Ross Island (unlike in the above image). This scarcity may be one of the motivations for some of the small percentage of female penguins who go on the game. However, Dr. Hunter believes that other factors may also be involved, especially since the female may only take a couple of stones in payment for her services even though hundreds may be required to build a nest. The females could be assessing the potential of single males in case their mate dies, for example. For the single male penguins, it is speculated that their only motivation is their own pleasure.

This is believed to be the first time prostitution has been recorded in the animal kingdom. Trading sex for food etc. within a relationship between animals is, however, much more common.[1]

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