Shayari
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In Urdu, poetry or Shaayaree,, essentially comprises couplet, or Sher. The plural for Sher is Ashaar. The form ghazal is a collection of mulitiple ashaar - each of which should convey a complete thought without any reference to other shayari of the same ghazal. In fact, though belonging to the same ghazal, the different ashaar therein can have completely different meaning and tone relative to one another.
Essential Shaayree vocabulary:
Sher
(Couplet). It consists of two lines (MISRA); first line is called 'MISRA-E-OOLA' and the second is called 'MISRA-E-SANI'. Each verse embodies a single thought or subject (sing) SHER, Shero, Shayari, Shyari, Shayri.
Yaaden
Ajeeb lagti hai shaam kabhi kabhi, Zindagi lagti hai bejan kabhi kabhi, Samajh aye to hame bhi batana ki, Kiyu karti hai yade itna pareshan kabhi kabhi!
chand
- chand ko dekha to kuch yaad aa gaya,
- dhundla sa chera nazro pe chaa gaya,
- dhyan s dekha to surat thi apki,
- naam zaban pe chandni aa gaya.
- saanso main bhi shaamil ho lahoo main bhi rawaan ho,
- lekin mery haathon ki lakeeron main kahan ho. by tariq pasha from mirpurkhas sindh
- yaadon mein hamesha yea yaad rakhana,
- nazroon se door sahi dil ke pass rakhana,
- yuhi nahi kehte ki shath rahna,
- door hi shahi magra hame dil ke pass rakhana
Bait-ul-Ghazal
The best SHER in a GHAZAL.
- Kar ghour fikar ismaiy jalwagari hogi yeh sheesha nahee hai khali ismaiy pari hogi
Urdu Ghazal
(Ode). The literary meaning of the word 'GHAZAL' is to converse with beloved. Etymologically, it come from the Arabic word Ghizaal, meaning gazelle. It is a poem containing a minimum of 5 verses and maximum 25. The opening Verse of the GHAZAL is called MATLA and both hemistiches rhyme with one another. The last verse of the GHAZAL is called MAQTA which usually contains the penname of the poet. Most of Persian and Urdu writers have earned fame as GHAZAL writers. GHAZAL is the soul of Urdu literature and most popular form of Urdu poetry.
The following is an example of sher, composed by Mirza Ghalib:
- nahii.n ki mujhko qayaamat kaa etiqaad nahii.n
- shab-e-firaaq se roz-e-jazaa ziyaad nahii.n
- It is not that I do not have faith in (the pains of) the day of judgement
- But the night of separation is not less than the day of judgement.
What the poet is trying to say is that he trusts that the day of judgement would be very painful, as it has been described in Qur'an and Hadith; however, this night of separation from his beloved is not less painful than the day of judgement.
A better example of ghazal is shown below from two couplets of Baqa Akbarabadi*, a contemporary of Meer Taqi Meer, from a ghazal written in the classical conversational form, that is, a dialogue between the lover and the beloved. This traditional form, as seen in Hafiz Shirazi's works in old Persian poetry, does seldom appear in contemporary Urdu works.
Kaha main ne! Sila meri wafa ka tujhsey kya nikla?
Kaha us ne! Nateeja dil lagane ka, bura nikla?
Kaha main ne! Wajah koi teri is be-wafaai ki?
Kaha us ne! Fida mujhpar koi, tujhsey siwa nikla!
Said I! What return did my love get back from you?
Said she! Did indeed your heart have a bad experience?
Said I! What caused this unfaithfulness of yours?
Said she! Someone more enchanted than you has shown up!
*Diwaan e Baqa Akbarabadi, Nizami Press Kanpur India 1932. Kutubkhana Anjuman Taraqqi Urdu. Hyderabad. India.Composition of only a single SHER, Shero-Shayari, Shyari, Shayri is called FARD.
merey bachche mujhe boodha nahiN hone daeteWritten in praise of ALLAH
ai do jahan ke wali, ai gulshanon ke mali, her cheese se hai zahir, hikmat teri nirali'
Hijv
(Satire). A poem written to condemn or to abuse a person. This form of poetry is considered of low type and which is usually avoided by reputed poets. The exact opposite of HIJV is MADAH which is a poem written in praise of Kings and Patrons.
Matla
Rhyming of the first two lines of a GHAZAL is called HUSN-E-MATLA.
Madah
Poem written in praise of Kings and Patrons.
Poem written in praise of Ahle-E-Bait (the members of the family of Prophet Muhammad.
The last line of a GHAZAL or a poem which generally contains the poet's pen-name.
A poem written to commemorate the exploits of great men of Islam; usually to describe the battle fought on the plains of Karbala in Iraq by Hazarat Imam Husain and his supporters against the army of Yazid. It is usually a poem of mourning. The famous MARSIYA writers in Urdu are Mir Baberali Anis and Salamatali Dabir. Even a short poem written to mourn the death of a friend can be called MARSIYA. Lord Alfred Tennyson's poem 'In Memoriam' can rightly be called MARSIYA. The sub-parts of MARSIYA are called NOHA and SOZ which means lamentation and burning of (heart) respectively.
A long epic poem describing the battles fought long ago and past events. It may also contain philosophical or ethical themes. The most famous MASNAWIS are Shah-Namah of Firdosi, Masnavi-E-Roomi in Persian language and Zehar-E-Ishq in Urdu.
The opening SHER of a GHAZAL.
One line of a couplet, or verse.
Munajat
A lyrical poem as prayer to God.
Each unit consists of 6 lines (Misra). Most famous writer of this type of poem is Maulana Altaf Husain Hali.
Verses written in praise of Prophet Muhammad.
The literary meaning of Nazm is Poetry (cf. Nasr, or Prose) A poem fully dealing with a single subject or thought.
Qafia
Rhyming of the last words of a poem.
(Ballad). It is a long poem in Urdu, Persian or Arabic which usually describes battles or written in praise of kings; princes or the poet's patron. There is no limit of verses; it may even go beyond hundred lines.
Qat'a
(Fragments). It has two Ashaar and has a one complete subject. Plural Qita'at.
Radeef
(End rhyme). Each SHER or couplet of GHAZAL in addition to QAFIA may also have RADEEF which is rhyming of more than the last two or three words.
Persian word for Quatrain. Contains only 4 lines, the third one being different from the other three as it should not have QAFIA and RADEEF. RUBA'I deals with social, philosophical and romantic subjects. In Persian language Umar Khayyam is supposed to be a great poet of RUBAIYY A T whereas in Urdu Yagana, Firaq and Josh are leading poets of this time and Anis, an old time poet.
(Literal meaning Salutation) It is a kind of poem in which the incidents of Karbala i.e. hardships of Hazarat Imam Husain and his followers are described It is also written in praise of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, and is recited by standing up. Subhan Allah.
A song sung at the time of tying Sehra during wedding ceremony, praising the bride or the bridegroom and their relatives.
Shehr Ashob
Ek Bekasi Hai Hijr Ke Maaron Ke Saath Saath .... Tutaa Hai Mera Dil Bhi Saharon Ke Saath Saath ....
Jee Bhar Ke Dekhne Bhi Na Paaye They Chup Gaye .... Armaan Bhi Hain Udas Nazaron Ke Saath Saath ....
Dil Main Wafur-e-Shauq Ka Tufaan Liye Hue .... Khamosh Jagta Hoon Sitaaron Ke Saath Saath ....
Itni To Mahviyat Ho Tasawur Main Tere Dost .... Khud Ko Bhi Bhul Jaun Nazaron Ke Saath Saath ....
Ye Aag Ishq Ki Phir Bhi Na Bujh Saki .... Hai Dil Main Ashk-e-Gham Bhi Sharun Ke Saath Saath ....
Tah-Tul-Lafz
The manner of reciting a poem; like rhythmic prose i.e. without singing; word for word.
A name adopted by a poet, by which he is known in the literary world.
Wasokht
Literal meaning 'displeasure' or 'disgust'. A kind of poem in which the displeasure and carelessness of a lover is narrated; while relinquishing the beloved.
Song or hymn.
dil jo maghroor haseena se lagaya jaye, goya toofan me charagon ko jalaya jaye. husn aur ishq ka rishta yun nibha ya jaye, koi bhe khouf-o-khatar dil me na laya jaye. ret ka ghar labe sahil na banaya jaye, kise sang dil se kabhe dil na lagaya jaye. wo qayamat ki ghare ho ge a-chanak jo kise sar se masoom ke ma baap ka saya jaye. arsh ke paye hila dete hai mazloom ki aah kise mazloom ke dil ko na dukhaya jaye. samne tegh ho sooli ho safe dushman ho farz ki raah me qadmo ko baraha ya jaye. apne ayebon ko chchupa lete hain sab hi "SAHIR" aib auron ka jahan tak ho chchupaya jaye.
Sufi music expressing the love and oneness with God or Prophet Muhammad and his companions sung by a group of people to the accompaniment of musical instruments. Now-a-days, it has taken popular form covering subjects of romance, liquor, etc.
Some famous Urdu Poets using Sher Amir Khusro Meer Ghalib Hasrat Mohani Iqbal Faiz Ahmed Faiz
References