Persona (1966 film)
| Persona | |
|---|---|
| File:Ingmar Bergman - Persona.jpg | |
| Directed by | Ingmar Bergman |
| Written by | Ingmar Bergman |
| Produced by | Ingmar Bergman |
| Starring | Bibi Andersson Liv Ullmann |
| Cinematography | Sven Nykvist |
| Distributed by | AB Svensk Filmindustri |
Release date |
|
Running time | 85 minutes |
| Country | Template:Film Sweden |
| Language | Swedish |
Persona is a film by Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, released in 1966, and starring Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann. Bergman held this film to be one of his most important; in his book Images, he writes: "Today I feel that in Persona — and later in Cries and Whispers — I had gone as far as I could go. And that in these two instances when working in total freedom, I touched wordless secrets that only the cinema can discover." He also said that
At some time or other, I said that Persona saved my life — that is no exaggeration. If I had not found the strength to make that film, I would probably have been all washed up. One significant point: for the first time I did not care in the least whether the result would be a commercial success...[1]
Bergman wrote Persona during nine weeks while recovering from pneumonia.[2] During filming Bergman wanted to call the film A Bit of Cinematography. His producer suggested something more accessible and the title of the film was changed.[3] Persona is a minimalist film: although five actors appear onscreen, Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullman are the only ones to appear for more than a minute, and Elisabet Vogler (Ullman's character) speaks only fourteen words in the film. There are no dressing-props; only items the characters use are shown onscreen. The imagery is dominated by extreme contrast, with the cottage scenes being drenched by intense sunlight that washes the image out in a white glare, and the actors wearing solid black costumes, simple hairstyles, and no make-up.
Persona is considered one of the major works of the 20th century by essayists and critics such as Susan Sontag, who referred to it as Bergman's masterpiece.[4] Other critics have described it as "one of this century’s great works of art".[5][6] In Sight and Sound’s 1972 poll of the ten greatest films of all time, Persona was ranked at number five.[7]
Plot
Prelude
Persona begins with images of camera equipment and projectors lighting up and projecting dozens of brief cinematic glimpses, including a crucifixion, an erect penis, children in Halloween costumes, and a lamb. The last, and longest, glimpse features an emaciated boy who wakes up in a hospital next to several sleeping women, walking up to a blurry image of a woman's face and touching it.
Act I
A young nurse, Alma (portrayed by Bibi Andersson), is summoned by the head doctor and charged with the care of stage actress Elisabet Vogler (portrayed by Liv Ullman), who has, despite the lack of any diagnosed impairment, become mute. The hospital administrator (portrayed by Margaretha Krook) offers her own seaside cottage as a place for Alma to nurse Elisabet back to health. Though Elisabet is nearly catatonic when the film begins, she does react with extreme panic upon seeing Thích Quảng Đức's suicide on television, and laughs mockingly at Alma's radio soap opera. As the two women leave the hospital together, Sister Alma reads aloud a letter Elisabet's husband has sent her, which includes a photograph of her thin son.
Together in the administrator's cottage, Elisabet begins to relax, though she remains completely silent and non-responsive. Alma speaks constantly to break the silence, at first about books she is reading and trivial matters, then increasingly about her own anxieties and relationship with her fiancé, Karl-Henrik, who scolds her for lacking ambition -- "though not with my career, I suppose in some greater way." Alma constantly compares herself to Elisabet and begins to grow attached to her. As the act closes, Alma confesses to cheating on her fiancé in a menage a quatre with underage boys. She became pregnant, and had Karl-Henrik's friend abort the baby, "and that was that". She is not sure how to process the abortion mentally. Elisabet is heard to say "You ought to go to bed, or you'll fall asleep at the table", but Alma either ignores her or dismisses it as a dream. Elisabet will later deny speaking.
Act II
Alma drives into town, taking Elisabet's letters for the postbox, but parks by the roadside to read what she wrote. She discovers in Elisabet's letters that Elisabet has been analyzing her and "studying" her. Alma returns distraught, breaks a drinking bottle on the footpath, and leaves the shards there to cut Elisabet. When Elisabet's feet start to bleed, her gaze meets Alma's knowingly, and the film itself breaks apart: the screen flashes white, scratch marks appear up and down the image, the sound rises and screeches, and the film appears to unwind as brief flashes of the prelude reappear for fractions of a second each.
When the film resumes, it is following Elisabet through the house with a thick blur on the lens. The image clears up with a sharp snap when she walks outside to meet Alma, who is weepy and bitter. At lunch, she tells Elisabet she has been hurt her by talking about her behind her back, and begs her to speak. When Elisabet does not react, the nurse flies into a rage and tells Elisabet "You are inaccessible. They said you were healthy, but your sickness is of the worst kind: it makes you seem healthy. You act it so well everyone believes it, everyone except me, because I know how rotten you are inside." Alma flings boiling water at Elisabet and chases her through the cottage, only stopping after hearing Elisabet wail "No!" Alma explains that Elisabet wouldn't have spoken had she not feared death. Elisabet flees, and Alma chases her begging for forgiveness.
Act III
That night, Alma watches Elisabet sleep, analyzing her face and the scars she covers with makeup. She hears a man yelling outside, and finds Elisabet's husband, Mr. Vogler, in the garden. Mr. Vogler mistakes Alma for his wife, and despite her repeatedly interjecting with "I'm not your wife", delivers a monologue about his love for her and the son they have together (repeating words he wrote to Elisabet in the opening act -- "We must see each other as two anxious children"). Elisabet stands quietly beside the two, holding Alma's hand, and Alma admits her love for Mr. Vogler and accepts her role as the mother of Elisabet's child. The two make love with Elisabet sitting quietly to the side in a look of panic, and afterward, Alma cries. The image of Elisabet becomes blurry.
The climax of the film comes the next morning: Alma catches Elisabet in the kitchen with a pained expression on her face, holding a picture of a small boy. Alma then narrates Elisabet's life story back to her, while the camera focuses tightly on Elisabet's anguished face: at a party one night, a man tells her "Elisabet, you have it virtually all in your armory as woman and artist. But you lack motherliness." She laughs, because it sounds silly, but the idea sticks in her mind, and she lets her husband impregnate her. As the pregnancy progresses, she grows increasing worried about her stretching and swelling body, her responsibility to her child, the pain of birth, and the idea of abandoning her career. Everyone Elisabet knows constantly says "Isn't she beautiful? She has never been so beautiful", but Elisabet makes repeated attempts to abort the fetus. After the child is born, she is repulsed by it, and prays for the death of her son. The child grows up tormented and desperate for affection. The camera turns to show Alma's face, and she repeats the same monologue again. At its conclusion, one half of the face of Alma and the moiety of Elisabet's visage are shown in split screen such that they appear to have become one face. Alma panics and cries "I'm not like you. I don't feel like you. I'm not Elisabet Vogler: you are Elisabet Vogler. I'm just here to help you!" Alma leaves, and later returns, to find that Elisabet has become completely catatonic. Alma falls into a strange mood and gashes her arm, forcing Elisabet's lips to the wound and subsequently beating her. Alma packs her things and leaves the cottage alone, as the camera turns away from the women to show the crew and director filming the scene.
Cast
- Bibi Andersson as Alma the Nurse
- Liv Ullmann as Elisabet the Actress
- Margaretha Krook as the Unnamed Doctor
- Gunnar Björnstrand as the Unnamed Husband
- Jörgen Lindström as the Unnamed Boy
Critical reception
The film has been interpreted in many different ways and has been the subject of long-standing debates among film fans as well as critics.
Lloyd Michaels sums up what he calls "the most widely held view" of Persona’s content.[8] According to this view, Persona is "a kind of modernist horror movie"[9] Elisabet’s condition, described by a doctor as "the hopeless dream to be", is "the shared condition of both life and film art".[10] Bergman and Elisabet share the same dilemma: they cannot respond authentically to "large catastrophes" (such as the Holocaust or the Vietnam War).[9] The actress Elisabet responds by no longer speaking: by contrast the filmmaker Bergman emphasizes that "necessary illusions" enable us to live.
Susan Sontag suggests that Persona is constructed as a series of variations on a theme of "doubling".[11] The subject of the film, Sontag proposes, is "violence of the spirit".[12] Film scholar P. Adams Sitney offers a completely different reading, arguing that "Persona covertly dramatizes a psychoanalysis from the point of view of a patient".[13]
Censorship
Two scenes are frequently cut from versions of the film; a brief shot at the beginning depicting an erect penis, and segments of Alma’s nighttime monologue about her abortion and menage a quatre (the American print makes no reference to ages; in the original, it is implied that they are twelve or thirteen).
When MGM archivist John Kirk restored Persona as part of a larger restoration project, he worked with the original, uncensored version with the brief shot of an erect penis. He also created new subtitles by commissioning several language experts to provide new, accurate translations for the dialogue; this is particularly noticeable during Alma’s graphic sexual descriptions, which some were reluctant to translate without toning down the language.
The original, uncensored version wasn’t widely available in the U.S. until 2004, when MGM’s home video department reissued Persona on DVD, utilizing Kirk’s work.
Influence on other films
Bergman features prominently in Woody Allen’s films. Love and Death references Persona in its final minutes; two characters are lined up, one facing the camera, the other at a 90-degree angle, with their mouths in the same space, just as in Persona.[citation needed]
David Lynch's surreal noir Mulholland Dr. is heavily influenced by Persona; including, but not limited to, an actress character and similar questions concerning identity, as well as a visual nod to Persona's famous merging of women's faces.[citation needed]
Robert Altman’s impressionist film 3 Women is also influenced by Persona as Shelley Duvall and Sissy Spacek begin to shift roles.[citation needed]
Awards and honors
- Persona won the 1967 National Society of Film Critics awards for Best Film, Best Director (Bergman) and Best Actress (Andersson).[14]
- Persona was included in The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made.[15]
- Ranked #71 in Empire magazines "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" in 2010.[16]
References
- ^ Vermilye, Jerry (2002). Ingmar Bergman: His Life and Films. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland. p. 123. ISBN 0786411600.
- ^ New Ingmar Bergman Film Set for Fall of '66 Premiere." New York Times 17 July 1965: 14.
- ^ Fleisher, Frederic. A bit of cinematogrpahy. Christian Science Monitor 11 November 1966: 8.
- ^ Sontag, p. 123.
- ^ Hubert Cohen, Ingmar Bergman: The Art of Confession, New York: Twayne, 1993, p. 215
- ^ Michaels, p. 5.
- ^ "The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll: 1972". Retrieved 2007-07-30.
- ^ Michaels, Lloyd. : 16–19.
{{cite journal}}:|contribution=ignored (help); Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) in Michaels (2000) - ^ a b Michaels, p. 17.
- ^ Michaels, p. 18.
- ^ Sontag, p. 135.
- ^ Sontag, p. 141.
- ^ Sitney, P. Adams (1990). Modernist Montage: The Obscurity of Vision in Cinema and Literature. Columbia University Press. p. 126. ISBN 0231071833.
- ^ "Persona (1966) Awards". Retrieved 2007-07-30.
- ^ Nichols, Peter M. (2004). The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made. St Martin's Press. p. 751. ISBN 0312326114.
- ^ "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema". Empire.
{{cite web}}: Text "71. Persona" ignored (help)
Bibliography
- Bergman, Ingmar (1972). Persona and Shame: The Screenplays of Ingmar Bergman. trans. Keith Bradfield. New York: Grossman Publishers. ISBN 0670158658.
- Michaels, Lloyd (ed.) (2000). Ingmar Bergman's Persona. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521656982.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - Sontag, Susan (2002). "Styles of Radical Will" (Document). New York: Picador. pp. 123–146.
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External links
