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Diamonds Are Forever
File:007DAFposter.jpg
Diamonds Are Forever film poster by Robert McGinnis
Directed byGuy Hamilton
Screenplay byRichard Maibaum
Tom Mankiewicz
Story byIan Fleming
Produced byHarry Saltzman
Albert R. Broccoli
StarringSean Connery
Jill St. John
Charles Gray
Lana Wood
Jimmy Dean
Bruce Glover
Putter Smith
Bernard Lee
CinematographyTed Moore
Edited byBert Bates
John Holmes
Music byJohn Barry
"Diamonds Are Forever"
Production
companies
Distributed byUnited Artists
Release dates
  • 6 August 1971 (1971-08-06) (United States)
  • 14 December 1971 (1971-12-14) (West Germany)
  • 30 December 1971 (1971-12-30) (United Kingdom)
Running time
115 minutes
CountryTemplate:Film UK
Budget$7.2 million
Box office$116 million

Diamonds Are Forever (1971) is the seventh spy film in the EON Productions James Bond series, and the sixth and final official film to star Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. The film is based on Ian Fleming's 1956 novel of the same name, and is the second of four James Bond films directed by Guy Hamilton. The story has Bond impersonating a diamond smuggler to infiltrate a smuggling ring, and soon uncovering a plot by his old nemesis Blofeld to use the diamonds and build a giant laser satellite that would be used to hold the world for ransom.

After George Lazenby left the franchise, producers Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli tested other actors, but studio United Artists wanted Sean Connery back, paying a then-record $1.2 million salary for him to return. The producers were inspired by Goldfinger, eventually hiring that film's director, Guy Hamilton. Locations included Las Vegas, California, Amsterdam and Lufthansa's hangar in Germany. Diamonds Are Forever was a commercial and critical success, but received criticism for its humorous camp tone.

Plot

In the pre-title sequence, James Bond is pursuing Ernst Stavro Blofeld, determined to avenge the murder of his wife Tracy di Vicenzo, which happened in the close of On Her Majesty's Secret Service. After interrogating several of Blofeld's associates worldwide, Bond traces him to an Egyptian facility where he is surgically creating look-alikes. Bond kills a test subject, but is captured by the 'real' Blofeld. After a brief fight, Bond overpowers and believes that he has finally killed Blofeld by drowning him in the pool of superheated mud.

Suspecting that South African diamonds may be being stockpiled to depress prices by dumping, and convinced that Blofeld is now dead, M orders Bond to go undercover as smuggler Peter Franks and uncover the smuggling ring. Meanwhile, Blofeld's henchmen Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd systematically kill several diamond smugglers involved in the ring. Posing as Franks, Bond travels to Amsterdam to meet Frank's contact, Tiffany Case. The real Franks shows up to contact Case, but Bond intercepts and kills him and switches IDs to make it seem like Franks is James Bond. Case and Bond then smuggle the diamonds to Los Angeles, hiding them inside Franks' corpse.

At the airport Bond meets his CIA ally Felix Leiter and transports the body to Slumber Inc., a funeral home, where the body is cremated and the diamonds passed onto the next smuggler, Shady Tree. Bond (still posing as Franks) collects his $50,000 fee for smuggling the diamonds but concludes that the money is counterfeit after Wint and Kidd try to assassinate him and destroy the fake money in a cremation furnace. When Tree and Slumber find that the diamonds in Franks' body were fakes (planted by Bond and the CIA), they save Bond from incineration and demand that Bond delivers the real diamonds in return for the real $50,000.

Bond tells Leiter to ship the real diamonds while he relaxes in Las Vegas at the Whyte House, a casino-hotel owned by the reclusive billionaire Willard Whyte, where Tree works as a stand-up comedian. There, Bond discovers Tree has been killed by Wint and Kidd, who do not know that the diamonds were fake.

Bond goes to the craps table in the Whyte House casino, where meets an opportunistic woman named Plenty O' Toole, and deliberately shows Whyte's assistant Bert Saxby the Slumber envelope containing the fake $50,000 to use as collateral for gambling. At the table, Bond "wins" $50,000 at the craps table - the perfect way for the real payout for the diamond smuggling to be laundered - and brings O'Toole to his room, but she is thrown out the window by Slumber Inc. smugglers already waiting in his room. After they leave, Bond spends the rest of the night with Tiffany Case. Tiffany tries to get Bond to reveal the location of the real diamonds by offering to help him steal the diamonds for themselves. Bond pretends to give in and arranges for her to retrieve the diamonds at the Circus Circus Las Vegas casino.

At the casino, Tiffany picks up the diamonds, unaware that she is under the surveillance of Leiter and his men, but she reneges her deal with Bond and flees, passing off the diamonds to the next smuggler. When Tiffany returns to her operation residence, Bond is waiting for her, and O'Toole's body is on her swimming pool - she was killed after being mistaken for Tiffany. The initially reticent Tiffany tells Bond where the diamonds are. Bond and Tiffany go to the airport, where the diamonds are given to Saxby, who drives off in a van. At a local filling station, Saxby switches cars with another man who takes the van with the diamonds. Tiffany causes a distraction which allows Bond to sneak on the van which drives to a remote facility outside the city.

Posing as a lab worker, Bond enters the apparent destination of the diamonds – a research laboratory owned by Willard Whyte, where he finds the other man, who is laser refraction specialist Professor Dr. Metz constructing a satellite. When his cover is blown by the real lab worker he impersonated, Bond escapes by stealing first a moon buggy and then an ATV, and reunites with Tiffany in a car chase through the streets of Las Vegas with security and the local police.

They return to the Whyte House - Bond by this time has revealed his true identity to Tiffany, and later scales the walls to the top floor to confront Willard Whyte. Inside, 007 is instead confronted by two identical Blofelds who used an adapted telephone to mask their voice to pose as Whyte. Bond kills one of the Blofelds, but it turns out to be a look-alike. Bond is then knocked out and left in a pipeline to die.

After Bond escapes, he calls Blofeld posing as Saxby. He finds out Whyte's location and rescues him, but in the meantime Blofeld abducts Case. With the help of Whyte, Bond raids the lab and uncovers Blofeld's plot to create a laser satellite using the diamonds, which by now is already in orbit. Blofeld destroys nuclear weapons in the United States, Soviet Union, and China, then proposes an international auction for global nuclear supremacy.

Whyte identifies an oil rig off the coast of Baja California as Blofeld's base of operations. Arriving at the rig, Bond switches the cassette containing the codes which control the satellite with a music tape, giving the coded one to Tiffany who is living there as a hostage. Trying to be helpful, she re-switches the tapes, gets caught trying to fix her mistake and is sent to join Bond in the brig. At this point, Leiter and the CIA have already begun a helicopter attack on the oil-rig. Tiffany manages to escape amidst the chaos and regroup with Bond. Blofeld tries to escape on a mini-sub, but Bond gains control of it, and crashes the sub into the control room, defeating Blofeld and destroying the satellite control along with the rest of the base.

Bond and Tiffany then head for home on the P&O ship Canberra. Wint and Kidd, disguised as waiters, attempt to kill them again, but Bond sees through their ploy, and disposes of them overboard. The film ends with Tiffany asking Bond how they can get the diamonds from the laser satellite down to Earth again as they see a bright speck in the night sky as the satellite continues to drift in orbit.

Cast

Main articles: List of James Bond henchmen in Diamonds Are Forever and List of James Bond allies in Diamonds Are Forever

Production

Script

This was the last Bond movie by Eon to use SPECTRE or Blofeld – elements that had not been featured in Ian Fleming's book, the content of which was almost entirely eschewed in the adaptation. After this, writer Kevin McClory's legal claim against the Fleming estate that he, and not Ian Fleming, had created the organization for the novel Thunderball was upheld by the courts. Blofeld is seen but not identified later in For Your Eyes Only (1981), as Eon's arrangements with the Fleming estate did not permit them to use McClory's works.

The original plot had as a villain Auric Goldfinger's twin, seeking revenge for the death of his brother. The plot was later changed after Albert R. Broccoli had a dream, where his close friend Howard Hughes was replaced by an imposter. So the character of Willard Whyte was created, and Tom Mankiewicz was chosen to rework the script.[1] The adaptation eliminated the main villains from the source Ian Fleming novel, mobsters called Jack and Seraffimo Spang, but used the henchmen Shady Tree, Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd.[1]

Richard Maibaum's original idea for the ending was a giant boat chase across Lake Mead with Blofeld being pursued by Bond and all the Las Vegas casino owners who would be sailing in their private yachts. Bond would rouse the allies into action with a spoof of Lord Nelson's famous cry, "Las Vegas expects every man to do his duty." Maibaum was misinformed; there were no Roman galleys or Chinese junks in Las Vegas, and the idea was too expensive to replicate, so it was dropped.[2]

Maibaum may have thought the eventual oil rig finale a poor substitute, but it was originally intended to be much more spectacular. Armed frogmen would jump from the helicopters into the sea and attach limpet mines to the rig's legs (this explains why frogmen appear on the movie's poster). Blofeld would have escaped in his BathoSub and Bond would have pursued him hanging from a weather balloon.[3] The chase would have then continued across a salt mine with the two mortal enemies scrambling over the pure white hills of salt before Blofeld would fall to his death in a salt granulator. Permission was not granted by the owners of the salt mine. It also made the sequence too long. Further problems followed when the explosives set up for the finale were set off too early; fortunately, a handful of cameras were ready and able to capture the footage.[2]

Casting

George Lazenby originally was contracted for seven Bond films, but left after just one, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, on the questionable advice of his agent.[4] Producers contemplated replacing him with John Gavin (though Batman star Adam West was also considered),[5] as well as Michael Gambon, who rejected the offer telling Broccoli that he was "in terrible shape".[6] United Artists' chief David Picker was unhappy with this decision and made it clear that Sean Connery should be enticed back to the role and that money was, essentially, no object. When approached about resuming the role of Bond, Connery demanded the then astronomical fee of £1.2 million (then $2.9 million, and over $20m inflation-adjusted for 2005) and to entice the actor to play Bond one more time United Artists would back two films of his choice.[7] When both sides had agreed to the deal Connery used the fee to establish the Scottish International Education Trust where Scottish artists could apply for funding without having to leave their country to pursue their careers. As John Gavin was no longer needed, his contract was paid in full by United Artists. The first film made under Connery's deal was The Offence directed by his friend Sidney Lumet.[5] The second was to be an adaptation of Macbeth by William Shakespeare using only Scottish actors and in which Connery himself would play the title role. This project was abandoned due to the Roman Polanski film version that was also in production at the same time. Sean Connery never played Macbeth on film, although his son Jason Connery later did.

Charles Gray was cast as master villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld, after playing a Bond ally called Henderson in You Only Live Twice (1967).[5] David Bauer who plays Morton Slumber previously appeared uncredited as an American Diplomat also in You Only Live Twice.

Jazz musician Putter Smith was invited by Harry Saltzman to play Mr. Kidd after a Thelonious Monk Band show. Musician Paul Williams was originally cast as Mr. Wint. But when he couldn't agree with the producers on money concerns, Bruce Glover replaced him. Glover said he was surprised for being chosen, because at first producers said he was too normal, that they wanted a deformed, Peter Lorre-like actor.[5]

Jimmy Dean was cast as Willard Whyte after Saltzman saw a presentation of him. Dean was very worried about playing a Howard Hughes pastiche, because he was an employee of Hughes at the Desert Inn.[5]

Actresses considered for the role of Tiffany Case included: Raquel Welch, Jane Fonda and Faye Dunaway. Jill St. John had originally been offered the part of Plenty O'Toole but landed the female lead after impressing director Guy Hamilton during screen tests. St. John became the first American Bond girl.[8] Lana Wood was cast as Plenty O'Toole following a suggestion of screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz.[5] The woman in the bikini named "Marie", who in the beginning of the film is convinced by Bond to give up the location of Blofeld, was Denise Perrier, Miss World 1953.[1]

Filming

The producers originally intended to have Diamonds Are Forever re-create commercially successful aspects of Goldfinger, including hiring its director, Guy Hamilton.[5] Filming began on 5 April 1971, with the South African scenes actually shot in the desert near Las Vegas, and finished in 13 August 1971.[5] The film was shot primarily at the Los Angeles International Airport,[9] Universal City Studios and eight hotels of Las Vegas.[10] Besides the Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, other places in England were Dover and Southampton. The climactic oil rig sequence was shot off the shore of Oceanside, California. Other filming locations included Cap D'Antibes in France for the opening scenes, Amsterdam and Lufthansa's hangar in Germany.[11]

Filming in Las Vegas took place mostly in hotels owned by Howard Hughes, since he was a friend of Cubby Broccoli.[8] Getting the streets empty in order to shoot was achieved through the collaboration of Hughes, the Las Vegas police and shopkeepers association.[2] The Las Vegas Hilton doubled for the Whyte House, and since the owner of the Circus Circus was a Bond fan, he allowed the Circus to be used on film and even made a cameo.[1][2] The cinematographers said filming in Las Vegas at night had an advantage: no additional illumination was required due to the high number of neon lights.[12]

The car chase where the red Ford Mustang comes outside of the narrow street on the opposite side in which it was rolled, was filmed over three nights on Fremont Street in Las Vegas. The alleyway car roll sequence is actually filmed in two locations. The entrance was at the car park at Universal Studios and the exit was at Fremont Street, Las Vegas. It eventually inspired a continuity mistake, as the car enters the alley on the right side tires and exits the street driving on the left side.[5][13]

The site used for the Willard Whyte Space Labs (where Bond gets away in the Moon Buggy) was actually, at that time, a Johns-Manville gypsum plant located just outside of Las Vegas. The home of Kirk Douglas was used for the scene in Tiffany's house, while the Elrod House in Palm Springs, designed by John Lautner, became Willard Whyte's house.[11]

The exterior shots of the Slumber mortuary were of a real crematorium on the outskirts of Las Vegas. The interiors were a set constructed at Pinewood Studios, where Ken Adam imitated the real building's lozenge shaped stained glass window in its nave. During location filming, Adam visited several funeral homes in the Las Vegas area, the inspiration behind the gaudy design of the Slumber mortuary (the use of tasteless Art Deco furniture and Tiffany lamps) came from these experiences.[11]

While filming the scene of finding Plenty O´Toole drowned in Tiffany's swimming pool, Lana Wood actually had her feet loosely tied to a cement block on the bottom. Film crew members held a rope across the pool for her, with which she could lift her face out of the water to breathe between takes. The pool's sloping bottom made the block slip into deeper water with each take. Eventually, Wood was submerged but was noticed by on-lookers and rescued before drowning for real. Wood, being a certified diver, took some water but remained calm during the ordeal, although she later admitted to a few "very uncomfortable moments and quite some struggling until they pulled me out."[14]

Since the car chase in Las Vegas would have many car crashes, the filmmakers had an arrangement with Ford to use their vehicles. Ford's only demand was that Sean Connery had to drive the 1971 Mustang Mach 1 which serves as Tiffany Case's car.[2] Other Ford vehicles include Blofeld's chief scientist's Ford Econoline van, Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd's Thunderbird, and during the moon buggy chase, the security guards are driving 1970 Mercury Montegos.

The Moon Buggy was inspired by the actual NASA vehicle, but with additions such as flaying arms since the producers didn't find the design "outrageous" enough. Built by custom car fabricator Dean Jeffries on a rear-engined Corvair chassis, it was capable of highway speeds. The fiberglass tires had to be replaced during the chase sequence because the heat and irregular desert soil ruined them.[15]

The crematorium sequence was the last portion of the film to be filmed using Connery in what would be his final scene in an EON-produced Bond film - the shots of Bond being incinerated in the coffin were filmed on Friday 13 August 1971.[1]

Music

Main article: Diamonds Are Forever (soundtrack)

"Diamonds Are Forever", the title song, was the second James Bond theme to be performed by Shirley Bassey, after "Goldfinger" in 1964. Producer Harry Saltzman reportedly hated the song, and only the insistence of co-producer Cubby Broccoli kept it in the film. Saltzman's major objection was to the sexual innuendo of the lyrics. Indeed, in an interview for the television programme James Bond's Greatest Hits composer John Barry revealed that he told Bassey to imagine she was singing about a penis. Bassey would later return for a third performance for 1979's Moonraker.

The original soundtrack was once again composed by John Barry, his sixth time composing for a Bond film.

With Connery back in the lead role, the "James Bond Theme" was played by an electric guitar in the somewhat unique, blued gunbarrel sequence accompanied with prismatic ripples of light, and pre-credits sequence, and in a full orchestral version during a hovercraft sequence in Amsterdam.

Release and reception

Diamonds are Forever was released on 17 December 1971. It grossed $43 million in the United States,[16] and $116 million worldwide[17]

Reviews were positive but the camp tone had a mixed reaction, the film currently carrying a 67% rating at Rotten Tomatoes.[18] Connery was applauded by Kevin A. Ranson of MovieCrypt and Michael A. Smith of Nolan's Pop Culture. Critic Roger Ebert criticised the complexity of the plot and "moments of silliness" such as Bond finding himself driving a moon buggy with antennae revolving and robot arms flapping. He praised the Las Vegas car chase scene particularly the Mustang up on two wheels.[19] James Berardinelli criticized the concepts of a laser-shooting satellite and the performances of Jill St. John, Norman Burton and Jimmy Dean.[20] Christopher Null called St. John "one of the least effective Bond girls — beautiful, but shrill and helpless".[21] Steve Rhodes said, "looking and acting like a couple of pseudo-country bumpkins, they (Putter Smith and Bruce Glover) seem to have wandered by accident from the adjoining sound stage into the filming of this movie." But he also extolled the car chase as "classic".[22] According to Danny Peary, Diamonds are Forever is “one of the most forgettable movies of the entire Bond series" and that "until Blofeld’s reappearance we must watch what is no better than a mundane diamond-smuggling melodrama, without the spectacle we associate with James Bond: the Las Vegas setting isn’t exotic enough, there’s little humor, assassins Mr. Kidd and Mr. Wint are similar to characters you’d find on The Avengers, but not nearly as amusing – and the trouble Bond gets into, even Maxwell Smart could escape.”[23]

IGN chose it as the third worst James Bond film, over The Man with the Golden Gun and Die Another Day,[24] while Norman Wilner of MSN chose it as the sixth worst.[25] Total Film listed Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd, and Bambie and Thumper, as the first and second worst villains in the Bond series (respectively).[26]

The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound but lost to Fiddler on the Roof.[27]

Broadcast television versions

When Diamonds Are Forever aired on ABC on 2 March 2002, there was a digitally altered sequence involving dark bra straps being placed on actress Lana Wood's originally naked back and her formerly tan panties.[28] Meanwhile, some TV versions omitted the homosexual inferences made by Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd, including the scene where they are holding hands, and Mr. Kidd's line aboard the airplane "I must say Ms. Case looks quite attractive.....for a lady!"

References

  1. ^ a b c d e John Cork. Commentary track: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Region 4 (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. {{cite AV media}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e Guy Hamilton. Commentary track: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Region 4 (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. {{cite AV media}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  3. ^ Oil Rig Attack: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Disc 2 (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. {{cite AV media}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  4. ^ Inside On Her Majesty's Secret Service (DVD). OHMSS Ultimate Edition DVD: MGM Home Entertainment Inc. 2000.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Inside Diamonds Are Forever: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Disc 2 (DVD). MGM/UA Home Video. 2000. ASIN: B000LY2L1Q. {{cite AV media}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help)
  6. ^ David Walliams takes some acting tips from Michael Gambon, The Sunday Times
  7. ^ Feeney Callan, Michael (2002). Sean Connery. Virgin Books. p. 217. ISBN 1852279923.
  8. ^ a b Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition DVD (Media notes). MGM/UA Home Video. {{cite AV media notes}}: Unknown parameter |publisherid= ignored (help)
  9. ^ "Los Angeles". Postcard Destinations. 2008-01-07. 8 minutes in. Voyager Channel. {{cite episode}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |transcripturl= (help); Unknown parameter |city= ignored (|location= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Exotic Locations: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Disc 2 (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. ASIN: B00004VUHC. {{cite AV media}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help)
  11. ^ a b c Exotic Locations: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Disc 2. ASIN: B000LY2L1Q. {{cite AV media}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help)
  12. ^ Peter Lamont. Commentary track: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Region 4 (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. {{cite AV media}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  13. ^ "Diamonds Are Forever". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
  14. ^ Lana Wood. Commentary track: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Region 4 (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. {{cite AV media}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  15. ^ Ken Adam. Commentary track: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Region 4 (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. {{cite AV media}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  16. ^ "Diamonds Are Forever". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
  17. ^ "Diamonds Are Forever". TheNumbers. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  18. ^ "Diamonds Are Forever". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 3 Mar 2010.
  19. ^ Roger Ebert (1971-12-01). "Diamond Are Forever review". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  20. ^ Berardinelli, James (1996). "Diamonds Are Forever: A film review". Reelviews.net. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
  21. ^ Null, Christopher. "Diamonds are Forever". Filmcritic.com. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
  22. ^ Rhodes, Steve (1998). "Diamonds are Forever". IMDb Reviews. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
  23. ^ Danny Peary, Guide for the Film Fanatic (Simon & Schuster, 1986) p.123
  24. ^ "James Bond's Top 20". IGN. 2006-11-17. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  25. ^ Norman Wilner. "Rating the Spy Game". MSN. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  26. ^ Chris Hicks (2008-10-13). "Bond Month: The crappest Bond villians (sic) of all time". Total Film. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
  27. ^ "Academy Awards Database". AMPAS. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
  28. ^ "Diamonds Are Forever (1971)". Mi6.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-02-06.

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