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Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil

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Princess Maria Amélia
Half-length painted portrait of a brown-haired young woman wearing a white satin ball gown trimmed with lace and bows, and also wearing an ermine stole thrown over one shoulder, a double strand of large pearls around her neck, pearl drop earrings, and a pink camellia arranged in the hair over her right ear.
Dona Maria Amélia, Princess of Brazil
Burial
Convento de Santo Antônio (Convent of Saint Anthony), Rio de Janeiro
Names
Maria Amélia Augusta Eugênia Josefina Luísa Teodolinda Elói Francisco Xavier de Paula Gabriela Rafaela Gonzaga
HouseHouse of Braganza
FatherPedro I of Brazil
MotherAmélie of Leuchtenberg
ReligionRoman Catholicism
SignatureCursive signature in ink

Dona Maria Amélia (1 December 1831 – 4 February 1853) was a princess of the Empire of Brazil. Her parents were Emperor Dom Pedro I and Amélie of Leuchtenberg. She was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Bragança). The only child of her father's second marriage, Maria Amélia was born in France after Pedro I abdicated the Brazilian throne. Before Maria Amélia was a month old, Pedro I went to Portugal to restore the crown of his eldest daughter, Maria II. He fought a successful war against his brother Miguel, who had usurped Maria II's throne.

Pedro I unexpectedly died from tuberculosis while still in Portugal, only months after his victory. Not yet three and fatherless, Maria Amélia settled in Portugal with her mother, Amélie. Brazil's government refused for many years to acknowledge the princess as a member of Brazil's Imperial House because she was foreign-born. Her elder half-brother Pedro II had succeeded Pedro I as emperor, but was only a child and unable to intervene on her behalf. She was not officially recognized as a Brazilian princess until after Pedro II was declared of age in 1840, and she would never travel to Brazil during her lifetime. The princess grew into an attractive and intelligent woman who was well-educated, and accomplished at drawing, painting, and the piano.

In early 1852, Maria Amélia was engaged to Archduke Maximilian of Austria. The couple fell deeply in love, but the marriage never occurred due to her premature death. She fell ill with tuberculosis and was taken to the town of Funchal on the Portuguese island of Madeira, where it was hoped that the princess would recover. Her health continued to deteriorate, however, and Maria Amélia died on 4 February 1853. Her body was brought to mainland Portugal and interred in the Braganza Pantheon. Almost 130 years later, Maria Amélia's remains were carried to Brazil. In Maria Amélia's honor, her mother financed the construction of a hospital in Funchal called "Princesa D. Maria Amélia". Maximilian eventually married, and afterwards made a personal pilgrimage to Brazil and other places linked to the princess. The trip influenced his eventual acceptance of the throne of Mexico in 1864.

Early years

Birth

Lithographic print from a painting depicting a woman seated in an elaborate armchair and wearing a low-cut velvet formal gown with ermine-trimmed sleeves, and a young girl standing next to the chair and clasping the hand of the woman
Princess Maria Amélia around age 9 with her mother, c.1840

Maria Amélia was born on 1 December 1831 in Paris, France.[1][2] She was christened Maria Amélia Augusta Eugênia Josefina Luísa Teodolinda Elói Francisco Xavier de Paula Gabriela Rafaela Gonzaga.[3][4]

She was the only daughter of Dom Pedro, the Duke of Braganza, and his second wife Amélie of Leuchtenberg (known in Brazil as Dona Amélia). Pedro had formerly been the first Emperor of Brazil, as Pedro I, and had then become King of Portugal, reigning as Pedro IV. His eldest daughter, Maria II, Maria Amélia's half-sister, was the child of Pedro's first marriage to Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria. In 1826, Pedro had abdicated the Portuguese throne, and Maria II had succeeded him, becoming Queen of Portugal. Two years later, her position was usurped by her uncle (Pedro's younger brother) Dom Miguel I.[5] Eager to restore Maria II, Pedro abdicated the Brazilian throne in April 1831 and departed for Europe with his wife, who was pregnant with Maria Amélia.[6]

Through her father, Maria Amélia was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza, and was referred to by the honorific "Dona"[A] from birth.[7] She was the granddaughter of the Portuguese King João VI and his wife Carlota Joaquina.[B] Maria Amélia's mother was the daughter of Eugène de Beauharnais, Duke of Leuchtenberg and the stepson of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte of France. Eugène was married to Princess Augusta, eldest daughter of King Maximilian I of Bavaria.[1]

To acknowledge Maria Amélia's rights as a Brazilian princess, Pedro invited several guests to observe her birth. Among these was José Joaquim da Rocha, one of the leading figures during Brazil's independence, who was then serving as the Brazilian diplomatic envoy to France.[4] The newborn's godparents were the French King Louis Philippe I and his consort, Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily.[8] Pedro was delighted with his new baby, and sent a letter dated "4 December" to his children who had remained in Brazil—including the child-emperor Dom Pedro II—with the message: "Divine Providence wanted to lessen the sorrow that my paternal heart feels in the separation from Y.I.M. [Your Imperial Majesty], giving me one more Daughter, and to Y.I.M., one more sister and subject ...".[8]

Brazilian princess

A finished sketch in graphite or charcoal depicting an old country cottage surrounded by trees, shrubs and outbuildings
A drawing made by Maria Amélia

When Maria Amélia was only 20 days old, her father departed to invade Portugal at the head of an army.[9] For almost two years, she lived in Paris with her mother and half-sister Maria II.[10] When news arrived that the Portuguese capital, Lisbon, had fallen to Pedro's forces, Amélie of Leuchtenberg departed Paris with her infant daughter, and her stepdaughter, for Portugal. They arrived in Lisbon on 22 September 1833 and disembarked the next day.[11] Charles John Napier, a British naval officer who had fought alongside Pedro, wrote about the emotional reunion: "I never saw [Pedro] so happy and pleased; he went onboard just a little above Belém; he was received at the ladder by the empress [Amélie] who hugged and kissed him with the greatest affection: the queen [Maria II] was very moved and could not hold her tears. The little Princess [Maria] Amélia, his youngest daughter, took much of his attention: she became somewhat scared of seeing his bushy beard and did not correspond much to his caresses."[12]

With Miguel defeated and exiled from Portugal, Maria Amélia and her family settled in Portugal. They first resided in the Palace of Ramalhão, and later, in the Royal Palace of Queluz near Lisbon. However, the conflict had taken its toll on her father's health, and he was dying of tuberculosis. Pedro had established a very close relationship with his daughter, and they adored each other.[13] Maria Amélia, who was not yet three years old, was taken during the early hours of 24 September 1834 to Pedro's deathbed. Very weak, he raised his hands to bless her and said: "Always tell this child of the father who loved her so dearly ... not to forget me ... always to obey her mother ... those are my last wishes ..."[14] In the early afternoon of the same day, Pedro died.[15]

Widowed, Amélie would never remarry and her days were spent overseeing her daughter's upbringing. Both permanently settled in Portugal, although they were not members of the Portuguese Royal Family. Neither of them ever traveled to Brazil, although Amélie unsuccessfully petitioned the Brazilian government to recognize mother and daughter as part of Brazil's Imperial Family and entitled to an income. Maria Amélia's half-brother, Brazilian Emperor Pedro II, was a minor, and the government was in the hands of a precarious regency. The courtiers and politicians who dominated the government feared rival centers of influence. They also suspected that Amélie might join with other political factions to undercut their own power. The government refused, for many years, to acknowledge Maria Amélia as a Brazilian princess due to her foreign birth, and forbade both her and her mother from setting foot in Brazil.[16] The situation would only change after Pedro II was declared of age in 1840 and was in a position to insist that they be recognized as members of his household. Aureliano Coutinho, the Viscount of Sepetiba,[C] and Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time, requested the parliament to grant them recognition, which occurred on 5 July 1841.[D][17]

Later life

Ill-fated engagement

Half-length painted portrait of a young man with bushy sideburns who is wearing a double-breasted black military tunic with large gold-braided epaulets, a breast star on the left side of the tunic, and under the tunic a red and blue sash of office and a medal on a ribbon about his neck
Archduke Maximilian became Emperor of Mexico in 1864, but was executed three years later.

Maria Amélia grew into an attractive young woman. Described as very kind, religious[18] and intelligent,[19] the princess received a refined education. She was highly skilled in drawing, painting and playing the piano.[20] Maria Amélia also loved poetry.[21] She spoke Portuguese, French and German fluently.[18] A teacher said of her that she "has, without knowing, an exceptional talent for dialectic, an ability that would make the fortune of a young law student."[22]

One of the main forces that apparently motivated Maria Amélia's dedication to her education was her father. The late Duke of Braganza cast a large shadow in her life, and was always remembered by his daughter, who would often ask the people around her: "and my father, who looks at me from heaven, shall he be pleased with his daughter?"[22] She was never quite able to cope with her father's death and it deeply touched her. A letter written by the princess on 27 August 1851 tells about her feelings:

I was in [the Royal Palace of] Queluz ... After the death of my father, I never saw this palace again. I could not remember anything, absolutely anything, with the exception of the room where my father died! ... There I remembered everything. Every object was engraved in my memory, even though I was, on that occasion, three years old! It was with great emotion that I entered that room! ... The bed ... the bed is still the same, in the same place, with the same curtains; there are the same coverlets, the same pillows ... everything so well preserved ... Woe ... [23] The garden is beautiful; I was shown an orange grove, planted in the same year of the death of my father, and by his order, and a sycamore that my father planted—he himself ... A profound sadness invaded me when contemplating these trees that had survived my father and that, probably shall survive all of us. It is an image of human fragility. Man is the most frail of all beings; he dies, while the objects which were seemingly created for his use, endure the centuries! ... But I am digressing in my melancholic reflections ...

— Maria Amélia[24]

In early 1852, Austrian Archduke Maximilian, then serving in the Austrian navy and on a stopover in Portugal, visited Amélie and Maria Amélia.[25] The princess had already met him at a family reunion in Munich in 1838. Maximilian's mother was the younger half-sister of Maria Amélia's maternal grandmother, and both women were members of the German House of Wittelsbach.[26] The Archduke was also related to Maria Amélia's older half-siblings, as his father was the younger brother of Brazilian Empress Leopoldina.[27] They instantly fell in love with each other and were betrothed.[25] The engagement, however, was never made official due to Maria Amélia's early death.[25]

Premature death

An engraving showing a woman lying in a draped bed and clutching a cross, with a woman dressed in mourning seated at the side of the bed, while a priest and 2 women wait next to a table on the left side of the picture
Maria Amélia's last moments with her mother at the bedside

In February 1852, Maria Amélia contracted scarlet fever.[28] As the months passed, she did not recover and was affected by a persistent cough—the onset of tuberculosis.[29] On 26 August, the princess departed from the Royal Palace of Caxias, where she lived, and traveled to the island of Madeira. The island's climate had a salutary reputation, as Maria Amélia noted: "the fevers disappear, they say, as if by magic!"[30] As she said farewell to her family, Maria Amélia may have felt an ill omen, since she asked her niece: "Is it not true, Maria, that you shall not forget me?!"[30]

Maria Amélia and her mother, who had accompanied her, disembarked on 31 August in Funchal, the capital of Madeira.[31] The entire town greeted her joyfully, and a crowd followed the princess to her new home.[32] She adored the island and told her mother: "If I one day recover my previous robust health, isn't that so mommy, we will stay a long time in this island. We will make long excursions in the mountains, we will find new paths, just as we did in Stein!"[33] But her health only worsened, and by the end of November, all hope was gone.[19] By the beginning of 1853, the princess was bedridden, and she knew death was approaching: "My strength diminishes from day to day; I can feel it ... we are reaching the beginning of the end."[34] A little after midnight in the early hours of 4 February, a priest administered the last rites. Maria Amélia tried to comfort her mother: "Do not cry ... let God's will be done; may He come to my aid in my last hour; may He console my poor mother!"[35] She died later that morning at around 4 a.m.[36]

The princess's body remained in the chapel until it was taken back to the Portuguese mainland on 7 May 1853.[37] On 12 May, the coffin was disembarked at Lisbon, and a grandiose funeral followed.[38] Her remains were interred next to her father's in the Braganza Pantheon, located in the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora.[39] Almost 130 years later, in 1982, Maria Amélia's remains were carried to Brazil and placed in the Convento de Santo Antônio (Convent of Saint Anthony) in Rio de Janeiro, where other Brazilian royals are interred.[40]

Legacy

A monochrome photograph showing a path winding through a tropical garden, and leading to a large, two-story neoclassical building with tiled roof, walls in white stucco with dark stone used for quoin blocks, window frames and balustrades
Hospital Princesa D. Maria Amélia

The death of Maria Amélia deeply touched those people who were close to her. Emperor Pedro II had never met his younger sister in person, but had developed a strong relationship with her through her letters. He wrote in his journal seven years after her death: "I heard the mass for my sis[ter] Amélia with whom I was so close and feel so sorry for never having met."[41] Amélie visited her daughter's tomb every 4 February until her own death.[42] Amélie financed the construction of a hospital in Funchal called "Princesa D. Maria Amélia" in her daughter's honor. The hospital is still in existence.[43] Amélie bequeathed her properties in Bavaria to Archduke Maximilian, "whom [she] would [have felt] happy having as a son-in-law, had God conserved [her] beloved daughter Maria Amélia".[E]

Archduke Maximilian was haunted by memories of his fiancée.[44] After his marriage to Charlotte of Belgium, he made a personal pilgrimage to locations connected to Maria Amélia in 1859.[45][46] Upon reaching the island of Madeira, he wrote:

I see again with sadness the valley of Machico and lovely Santa Cruz where, seven years ago, we experienced such sweet moments ... seven years full of happinesses and sadnesses, fertile in ordeals and bitter disillusions. Faithful to my word, I come again searching over the waves of the Ocean for a relief that the glimmering Europe can no more give to my troubled soul. When I compare both epochs, I feel penetrated by a profound melancholy. Seven years ago I woke up to life, happily facing the future; today, I feel exhausted; it weighs upon my shoulders, the burden of a bitter past ... Here died, of tuberculosis, on 4 February 1853, the only daughter of the Empress of Brazil, an extraordinarily gifted creature. She left this flawed world, pure as an angel who returns to Heaven, her true native land.

— Maximilian[47][48]

In Funchal, he visited the hospital that bore Maria Amélia's name. Maximilian financed, until his death, the maintenance of a double hospital room there. He also donated to the hospital, in memory of Maria Amélia, a statue of Our Lady of Sorrows.[46] From there, he went to the house (called Quinta das Angústias, or Anguish Villa) where she died. He wrote about this moment: "... for a long time I stood silent amidst thoughts of sorrow and longing under the shadow of a magnificent tree that enfolds and protects the house where the angel, so bitterly wept for, ceased to exist".[46] In his memoirs, Maximilian also mentioned the island of Madeira, and that it was there which was "extinguished the life that seemed destined to guarantee my own tranquil happiness".[49]

Maximilian departed from Madeira to Brazil, which he reached on 11 January 1869. He visited three Brazilian provinces during his trip.[F] He was fascinated by Brazil, the only monarchy in South America.[G] Years later, on 10 April 1864, he accepted a proposal to become emperor of the newly founded Mexican Empire.[50] He had been inspired by the stability and prosperity he had observed while touring Brazil under the rule of his deceased fiancée's elder brother, and believed that he could achieve the same results in Mexico.[51] On 19 June 1867, Maximilian was executed, after being captured by Mexican republicans.[50] As he was stripped of all his belongings to face a firing squad, Maximilian asked that the small medallion of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which he wore about his neck, be sent to Amélie (Maria Amélia's mother).[50][52] It was "his last homage to Maria Amélia".[50] While Maria Amélia's life had little impact upon events in either Brazil or Portugal, her death had significant, if indirect, repercussions on the history of Mexico.[H]

Titles and honors

Styles of
Maria Amélia, Princess of Brazil
Coat of arms consisting of a shield with a green field with a golden armillary sphere over the red and white Cross of the Order of Christ, surrounded by a blue band with 20 silver stars; the bearers are two arms of a wreath, with a coffee branch on the left and a flowering tobacco branch on the right; and above the shield is an arched golden and jeweled crown
Reference styleHer Highness
Spoken styleYour Highness
Alternative styleDona Maria Amélia

Titles and styles

  • 1 December 1831 – 4 February 1853: Her Highness The Princess Senhora Dona Maria Amélia of Brazil

Honors

Princess Maria Amélia was a recipient of the following Brazilian Orders:

She was a recipient of the following foreign honors:

Ancestry

Family of Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil
16. King João V of Portugal
8. King Pedro III of Portugal
17. Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria
4. King João VI of Portugal
18. King José I of Portugal
9. Queen Maria I of Portugal
19. Infanta Mariana Vitória of Spain
2. Emperor Pedro I of Brazil
20. King Carlos III of Spain
10. King Carlos IV of Spain
21. Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony
5. Infanta Carlota Joaquina of Spain
22. Philip, Duke of Parma
11. Princess Maria Luisa of Parma
23. Princess Louise-Élisabeth of France
1. Infanta Amélia of Brazil
24. François de Beauharnais, Marquess de la La Ferté-Beauharnais
12. Alexandre, vicomte de Beauharnais
25. Marie Anne Henriette Françoise Pyvart de Chastulle
6. Eugène de Beauharnais
26. Joseph-Gaspard de Tascher
13. Joséphine de Tascher de La Pagerie
27. Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sanois
3. Duchess Amélia of Leuchtenberg
28. Count Palatine Friedrich Michael of Zweibrücken
14. King Maximilian I of Bavaria
29. Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach
7. Princess Augusta of Bavaria
30. Prince Georg Wilhelm of Hesse-Darmstadt
15. Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt
31. Countess Marie Luise of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Heidesheim

Notes

  1. ^ Dona is a Portuguese and Brazilian honorific added to a name which is rendered in English as Dame or Lady, in Italian as Donna and in Spanish as Doña. Its male equivalent in Portuguese is Dom, in English is Lord and in Spanish or Italian is Don.
  2. ^ The information given is about Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, Maria Amélia's elder half-brother, but can be applied to her.[55]
  3. ^ Aureliano Coutinho, the Viscount of Sepetiba, was a politician who headed the "Courtier Faction", a political faction composed of high ranking palace servants and notable politicians. The courtiers exercised a strong influence over Pedro II, who was then no more than an adolescent. Once he matured and gained a full grasp of his capabilities, Maria Amélia's half-brother decisively engineered an end to the power held by the courtiers. By 1847, the Courtier Faction was no more.[56] Why he overruled refusals by previous governments to recognize Maria Amélia as Brazilian princess in order to please the Emperor (e.g. engineered by people such as Sepetiba, whose position relied on staying in Pedro II's good graces) is not known.
  4. ^ Law 184 of 5 July 1841[57]
  5. ^ Maximilian died in 1867, six years before Amélie. Her will disposed that if Maximilian had died without children, her properties would go to her nephew Nicholas, son of Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg.[58]
  6. ^ First Bahia, then Rio de Janeiro and lastly, Espírito Santo.[49]
  7. ^ As can be seeing in the letter dated 8 October 1864 that Maximilian sent to Pedro II when he was already living in Mexico as its emperor: "The recollections that remain in me of the beautiful voyage that I made to Brazil is in my memory and I will never forget; it is with a lively interest that I see the fast development and constant prosperity of Your beautiful Empire. Thanks to the really liberal impulse that Your Majesty can give to its government, Brazil, in a state of peace that gives envy in the New World, works actively for both the public wealth and its general well-being."[49]
  8. ^ The death of Maria Amélia created the need in Maximilian to relieve his "troubled soul"[48] resulting in his tour of places associated with the princess. The search for links to Maria Amélia eventually took him to Brazil, where he began to conceive a purpose for his empty life, and this in turn prompted his later acceptance of the Mexican crown with tragic results.[48][51] According to historian Pedro Calmon, Maximilian called Pedro II "tutor" and regarded him as an "example". Maximilian told his Brazilian cousin that whatever good he had done for Mexico had been a result of what he learned from Pedro II and Brazil on his 1860 trip.[59]

References

  1. ^ a b Almeida 1973, p. 51.
  2. ^ Sousa 1972, p. 185.
  3. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 45.
  4. ^ a b Sousa 1972, p. 187.
  5. ^ Barman 1999, pp. 17–18.
  6. ^ Almeida 1973, pp. 38 and 41.
  7. ^ Barman 1999, p. 424.
  8. ^ a b Almeida 1973, p. 42.
  9. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 44.
  10. ^ Sousa 1972, pp. 273–274.
  11. ^ Sousa 1972, p. 275.
  12. ^ Sousa 1972, p. 276.
  13. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 54.
  14. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 55.
  15. ^ Sousa 1972, p. 309.
  16. ^ Lyra 1977, pp. 42–43.
  17. ^ Lyra 1977, p. 279.
  18. ^ a b Almeida 1973, p. 58.
  19. ^ a b Almeida 1973, p. 78.
  20. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 67.
  21. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 64.
  22. ^ a b Almeida 1973, p. 65.
  23. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 70.
  24. ^ Almeida 1973, pp. 70–71.
  25. ^ a b c Almeida 1973, p. 111.
  26. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 57.
  27. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 124.
  28. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 71.
  29. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 72.
  30. ^ a b Almeida 1973, p. 73.
  31. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 75.
  32. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 76.
  33. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 77.
  34. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 82.
  35. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 83.
  36. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 85.
  37. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 86.
  38. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 88.
  39. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 89.
  40. ^ Santuário e Convento de Santo Antônio 2010.
  41. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 157.
  42. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 90.
  43. ^ Almeida 1973, pp. 99–100.
  44. ^ Haslip 1971, pp. 54–55, 128–129.
  45. ^ Calmon 1975, p. 624.
  46. ^ a b c Almeida 1973, p. 122.
  47. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 113.
  48. ^ a b c Longo 2008, p. 107.
  49. ^ a b c Almeida 1973, p. 123.
  50. ^ a b c d Almeida 1973, p. 145.
  51. ^ a b Calmon 1975, p. 631.
  52. ^ Longo 2008, p. 139.
  53. ^ a b Laemmert 1849, p. 24.
  54. ^ a b c d e Laemmert 1853, p. 24.
  55. ^ Barman 1999, p. 8.
  56. ^ Barman 1999, pp. 49, 114.
  57. ^ Brazilian Government 1864, pp. 8–9.
  58. ^ Almeida 1973, p. 152.
  59. ^ Calmon 1975, p. 755.

Bibliography

  • Almeida, Sylvia Lacerda Martins de (1973). Uma filha de D. Pedro I: Dona Maria Amélia (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3510-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Brazilian Government (1864). Colecção das leis do Império do Brasil de 1841 (in Portuguese). Vol. Tome IV, part I. Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Nacional. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Calmon, Pedro (1975). História de D. Pedro II (in Portuguese). Vol. 5. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • "História: Mausoléu Imperial". Santuário e Convento de Santo Antônio (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Província Franciscana da Imaculada Conceição do Brasil. 2010. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Haslip, Joan (1971). The Crown of Mexico: Maximilian and His Empress Carlota. New York, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-086572-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Laemmert, Eduardo (1849). Almanak Administrativo, Mercantil e Industrial (Almanaque Laemmert) (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Eduardo e Henrique Laemmert & C. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Laemmert, Eduardo (1853). Almanak Administrativo, Mercantil e Industrial (Almanaque Laemmert) (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Eduardo e Henrique Laemmert & C. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Longo, James McMurtry (2008). Isabel Orleans-Bragança: The Brazilian Princess Who Freed the Slaves. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-3201-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lyra, Heitor (1977). História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870) (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Sousa, Octávio Tarquínio de (1972). A vida de D. Pedro I (in Portuguese). Vol. 3. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

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