John VIII Palaiologos

John VIII Palaiologos Ίωάννης Η' Παλαιολόγος
136th Emperor of the Byzantine Empire
John VIII Palaiologus, by Benozzo Gozzoli
Reign	1425 – 1448
Predecessor	Manuel II Palaiologos
Successor	Constantine XI Palaiologos
Spouse	Anna of Moscow Sophia of Montferrat Maria of Trebizond
Imperial Dynasty	Palaiologos
Father	Manuel II Palaiologos
Mother	Helena Dragaš

John VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Ίωάννης Η' Παλαιολόγος, Iōannēs VIII Palaiologos, 18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448, Constantinople), was the penultimate reigning Byzantine Emperor from 1425 to 1448.

Life

Medal of the Emperor John VIII Palaiologos during his visit to Florence, by Pisanello (1438). The legend reads, in Greek: "John the Palaiologos, basileus and autokrator of the Romans".

John VIII Palaiologos was the eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos and Helena Dragaš, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine Dragaš. He was associated as co-emperor with his father before 1416 and became sole emperor in 1425.

In June 1422, John VIII Palaiologos supervised the defense of Constantinople during a siege by Murad II, but had to accept the loss of Thessalonica which his brother Andronikos had given to Venice in 1423. To secure protection against the Ottomans, he visited Pope Eugene IV and consented to the union of the Greek and Roman churches. The Union was ratified at the Council of Florence in 1439 which John attended with 700 followers including Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople and George Gemistos Plethon, a Neoplatonist philosopher influential among the academics of Italy. The Union failed due to opposition in Constantinople, but through his prudent conduct towards the Ottoman Empire he succeeded in holding possession of the city.

John VIII Palaiologos named his brother Constantine XI, who had served as regent in Constantinople in 1437–1439, as his successor. Despite the machinations of his younger brother Demetrios Palaiologos his mother Helena was able to secure Constantine XI's succession in 1448.

Marriages

Sketches of John VIII Palaiologos during his visit at the Council of Florence in 1438, by Pisanello.

John VIII as Pontius Pilatus in Piero della Francesca's Flagellation.

He was married three times. The first marriage to Anna of Moscow, daughter of Grand Prince Basil I of Moscow (1389–1425) and Sophia of Lithuania, in 1414. She died in August 1417 of plague.

The second marriage, arranged by his father Manuel II and Pope Martin V, was to Sophia of Montferrat in 1421. She was a daughter of Theodore II, Marquess of Montferrat and his second wife Joanna of Bar. Joanna was a daughter of Robert I, Duke of Bar and Marie Valois. Her maternal grandparents were John II of France and Bonne of Bohemia.

His third marriage, arranged by the future cardinal, Bessarion. was to Maria of Trebizond in 1427. She was a daughter of Alexios IV of Trebizond and Theodora Kantakouzene. She died in the winter of 1439, also from plague. None of the marriages produced any children.

Representation in art

He was famously depicted by several painters on the occasion of his visit to Italy. Perhaps the most famous of his portraits is the one by Benozzo Gozzoli, on the southern wall of the Magi Chapel, at the Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, in Florence. According to some interpretations, John VIII would be also portrayed in Piero della Francesca's Flagellation. A particularly fine portrait of John appears in a manuscript at the Monastery of St. Catherine at Sinai.

Further reading

• Harris, Jonathan, The End of Byzantium. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. ISBN 978 0 30011786 8
• Nicol, Donald M., The Last Centuries of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 2nd edition. ISBN 0521 43991 4

Ancestry

Family of John VIII Palaiologos

16. Michael IX Palaiologos 8. Andronikos III Palaiologos 17. Rita of Armenia 4. John V Palaiologos 18. Amadeus V, Count of Savoy 9. Anna of Savoy 19. Maria of Brabant 2. Manuel II Palaiologos 20. Michael Kantakouzenos 10. John VI Kantakouzenos 21. Theodora Palaiologina Angelina Kantakouzene 5. Helena Kantakouzene 22. Andronikos Asen 11. Irene Asanina 1. John VIII Palaiologos 12. Dejan 6. Constantine Dragaš 26. Stefan Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia 13. Theodora of Serbia 27. Theodora of Bulgaria 3. Helena Dragaš

References

• Media related to Ioannes VIII Palaiologus at Wikimedia Commons
• Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 1991.
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

Dear John by Diana Gilliland Wright

Drawings of John VIII Palaiologos by Pisanello, Florence 1439