SPQR

SPQR is an initialism from a Latin phrase, Senatus Populus que Romanus ("The Senate and People of Rome"), referring to the government of the ancient Roman Republic, and used as an official emblem of the modern day comune (municipality) of Rome. It appears on coins, at the end of documents made public by inscription in stone or metal, in dedications of monuments and public works, and was emblazoned on the standards of the Roman legions. The phrase appears many hundreds of times in Roman political, legal and historical literature, including the speeches of Marcus Tullius Cicero and the history of Titus Livius. Since the meaning and the words never vary, except for the spelling and inflection of populus in literature, Latin dictionaries classify it as a formula.

Historical context

The phrase's date of origin is not known, but its meaning places it generally after the founding of the Roman Republic. The two legal entities mentioned, Senatus and the Populus Romanus, are sovereign when combined. However, where populus is sovereign alone, Senatus is not. Under the Roman Monarchy neither entity was sovereign. The phrase, therefore, can be dated to no earlier than the foundation of the Republic.

This signature continued in use under the Roman Empire. The emperors were considered the representatives of the people even though the senatus consulta, or decrees of the Senate, were made at the pleasure of the emperor.

Populus Romanus in Roman literature is a phrase meaning the government of the People. When the Romans named governments of other countries they used populus in the singular or plural, such as populi Priscorum Latinorum, "the governments of the Old Latins". Romanus is the established adjective used to distinguish the Romans, as in civis Romanus, "Roman citizen". The locative, Romae, "at Rome", was never used for that purpose.

The Roman people appear very often in law and history in such phrases as dignitas, maiestas, auctoritas, libertas populi Romani, the "dignity, majesty, authority, freedom of the Roman people." They were a populus liber, "a free people." There was an exercitus, imperium, iudicia, honores, consules, voluntas of this same populus: "the army, rule, judgments, offices, consuls and will of the Roman people". They appear in early Latin as Popolus and Poplus, so the habit of thinking of themselves as free and sovereign was quite ingrained.

The Romans believed that all authority came from the people. It could be said that similar language seen in more modern political and social revolutions directly comes from this usage. People in this sense meant the whole government. The latter, however, was essentially divided into the aristocratic Senate, whose will was executed by the consuls and praetors, and the comitia centuriata, "committee of the centuries", whose will came to be safeguarded by the Tribunes.

During the regime of Benito Mussolini, SPQR was emblazoned on a number of public buildings and manhole covers in an attempt to promote his dictatorship as a "New Roman Empire".

Modern variants

Use of SPQR has been revived in modern times, throughout Europe and beyond. An international Roman revivalist organization, Nova Roma, employs the abbreviation as a use-protected trademark.^{[citation needed]}

SPQx is sometimes used as an assertion of municipal pride and civic rights. Reggio Emilia, for instance, has SPQR in its coat of arms, standing for "Senatus Populusque Regiensis". There have been reports of SPQx from:

Amsterdam, Netherlands, SPQA at one of the major theatres and some of the bridges^[1]
Antwerp, Belgium, SPQA on the Antwerp City Hall^[2]
Benevento, Italy, SPQB on manhole covers^[3]
Bremen, Germany, SPQB in the Town Hall of Bremen^[4]
Bruges, Belgium, SPQB on its coat of arms^[5]
Brussels, Belgium, SPQB found repeatedly on the Law Courts of Brussels,^[6] and over the main stage of La Monnaie/De Munt opera house
Dublin, Ireland, SPQH on the City Hall, Dublin built in 1769
Florence, Italy, SPQF^[3]
Florianópolis, Brazil, SPQF^[3]
Hamburg, Germany, SPQH on a door in the Hamburg Rathaus^[7]
Hannover, Germany
Hasselt, Belgium, SPQH
Kortrijk, Belgium, SPQC, city hall
Leeuwarden, Netherlands, SPQL on the mayor's chain of office^[8]
Liverpool, England, SPQL on various gold doors in St George's Hall^[9]
City of London, England, SPQL^[10]
Lübeck, Germany, SPQL on the Holstentor^[11]
Lucerne, Switzerland
Modica, Italy, SPQM is on the coat of arms
Molfetta, Italy, SPQM is on the coat of arms^[12]
Olomouc, Czech Republic, SPQO on its coat of arms^[3]
Palermo, Italy, SPQP^[13]
Siena, Italy, SPQS^[14]
Solothurn, Switzerland, on the Cathedral of St Ursus and Victor
Terracina, Italy, SPQT^[15]
Tivoli, Italy, SPQT^[16]
Verviers, Belgium, SPQV on the Grand Theatre^[17]
Vienna, Austria^[3]

In Italian, the acronym SPQR has its own amusing, modern interpretation as "Sono pazzi questi Romani" - meaning "These Romans are Crazy" or more literally "They are crazy these Romans". In the comic book series Asterix by René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, the character Obelix has this as a catch-phrase - "Ils sont fous ces romains" in French - which the Italian translator gave an extra twist.^{[citation needed]}

Gallery

Senatus Populusque Romanus
The inscription in the Arch of Titus
Modern coat of arms of Rome

Modern coat of arms of Rome
Manhole cover in Rome with SPQR inscription
SPQR of in the coat of arms of Reggio Emilia
Detail from the mosaic floor in the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan
"Superiority of the warrior class. State 2." Etching by Wenceslaus Hollar, (University of Toronto )