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Finnic peoples

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Europe in the 9th century

The Finnic or Fennic peoples (also referred to as Finnic tribes [nb 1], and Russian: Chuds[3]) were historic ethnic groups who spoke various languages traditionally classified as Finno-Permic[nb 2]. The number and identity of these groups varies according to the linguistic classification of the day, but generally number four or five: the Baltic Finns at the shores of Baltic sea, the Volga Finns (alternately the Mordvins and Mari), who lived near the Volga River, the Lapps at the Northern Fennoscandia, and the Permians, who live in north-central Russia.[nb 3][nb 4]

[nb 5] The Permians including Komis [nb 6] and Udmurts [nb 7] are sometimes thought to belong with the Volga Finns because according to some theories their ancient homeland lies in the northern part of the Volga River basin.[13]

The major modern representatives of the Baltic Finns who have maintained their languages are the Finns and Estonians. [nb 8] [15]

The modern representatives of the Volga Finns are the Mari [nb 9] or Cheremis who live in Mari El Republic and the Mordvins (including the Moksha and the Erzya) from the Republic of Mordovia in the Russian Federation. Other Volga Finnic groups of which there are records, such as the Muromians, Merya and Meshchera, have long since disappeared.[15]

Other groups include the Karelians[nb 10] , mainly living in Karelia, in Finland and northwestern Russia, the Ingrian Finns [nb 11] , Votes, and Veps [nb 12] living around the Gulf of Finland and Lakes Onega and Ladoga,[15] and the Setos and Võros, who live in southeastern Estonia. In parts of northern Sweden, a Finnic language or a dialect (Meänkieli) has a considerable presence and a Finnic-speaking minority, Kvens, live in Norway. Native speakers in the smaller groups are disappearing. In the 20th century both Livonian and Votic had fewer than 100 speakers left.

Notes and references

Footnotes
  1. ^ Scholars dispute the exact dates of the migrations of Finnic tribes to populate present Finland, Estonia and northwestern Russia. Other groups moved north to the Kama and Vychegda Rivers. The Finnic peoples that remained in the Volga region began to divide into groups by the sixth century. At the end of the 16 century the various Finnic peoples of present European Russia had coalesced into distinct national groups. The tribal groups that settled in the Northwest, along the Baltic Sea and north to the White sea and the Artci Ocean, included the Finns, Karelians, Ingerians, Veps, Ludian and Votes. Those Finnic peoples that remained in their ancestoral home in the Volga River basin developed as the Mrdvin and Mari nations.[1] Some suppose Finnic tribes to have spread continuously from the south and east of Europe to the far west of Britain[2]
  2. ^ the term Finnic has traditionally been a synonym for speakers of Finno-Permic languages (including the Baltic-Finnic languages, Volga-Finnic languages, Permic languages and the Sami languages) of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family.[4][5] At the same time, Finnic languages was the term used for Baltic-Finnic languages only by Finnish scholars.[6] In 2009, the 16th edition of Ethnologue: Languages of the World abandoned the traditional perspective and adopted the nomenclature of Finnish scholars, concluding that only Baltic Finnic had been established as a branch of the Uralic language family.[7]
  3. ^ Finnic has four major sub-divisions: the Lapps, the Baltic Finnic peoples, the Volga Finnic peoples, and the Permians[8]
  4. ^ The Finnic Peoples of the USSR are divided linguistically into five groups: Western (Balto-Finnic), Northern (Lapp), Mordvinian, Eastern (Mari), and Permian.[9]
  5. ^ The roots of Sami ethnicity derive from people who arrived from eastern Finland and spoke Proto-Sami, which had diverged from Early Proto-Finnic. These people were thus assimilated into the people already resident in the North who spoke an ancient European or Uralic language.[10]
  6. ^ The Komis, the most northerly of the Finnic peoples, inhabit the upper Vychegda and Pechora river basins[11]
  7. ^ The Udmurts are a Finnic people, one of the nations that make up the eastern branch of the Finno-Ugric peoples concentrated in the Volga River basin[12]
  8. ^ The Estonians are a Finnic people closely related to the neighboring Finns[14]
  9. ^ The Maris are a Finnic people, belonging to the Volga branch of the Finno-Ugric nations[16]
  10. ^ The Karels are a Finnic nation, descendants of a collection of tribal peoples who migrated from the Volga River region[17]
  11. ^ The Ingrians or Ingers, who call themselves and their homeland Inkeri, are a Finnic people, the remnant of a much larger pre-World War II Ingrian population[18]
  12. ^ The Veps are a Finnic people culturally and linguistically related to the neighboring Karels[19]
References
  • Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313309847. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Jarvenpa, Robert (2006). Circumpolar lives and livelihood. Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803226063. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Sinor, Denis (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 229–252. ISBN 0521243041. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Wixman, Ronald (1984). Peoples of the USSR. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0873325060. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Lallukka, Seppo (1990). The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. ISBN 9514106164. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Taagepera, Rein (1999). The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state. Psychology Press. ISBN 0415919770. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  1. ^ Minahan, James (2004). "The Finnic Groups". The former Soviet Union's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ Simcox, Edith Jemima (2010). Primitive Civilizations:. Cambridge University Press. p. 401. ISBN 1108021840. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ Taagepera, p 302
  4. ^ "The languages of Europe". Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volume 1. Infobase Publishing. 2006. p. 888. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ Ruhlen, Merritt (1991). "Uralic-Yukaghir". A Guide to the World's Languages: Classification. Stanford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0804718946. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ The Finnic languages by Johanna Laakso in The Circum-Baltic languages: typology and contact, p. 180
  7. ^ "Language Family Trees, Uralic, Finnic". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  8. ^ Sinor, p 130
  9. ^ Wixman, p. 68
  10. ^ Jarvenpa, p 158
  11. ^ Minahan, p 379
  12. ^ Minahan, p 703
  13. ^ Minahan, James (2004). The Former Soviet Union's Diverse Peoples. ABC-CLIO. p. 115. ISBN 9781576078235. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^ Minahan, p 234
  15. ^ a b c Finnic Peoples at Encyclopædia Britannica
  16. ^ Minahan, p 457
  17. ^ Minahan, p 369
  18. ^ Minahan, p 320
  19. ^ Minahan, p 721

See also

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