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Jared Lee Loughner

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Jared Lee Loughner
Mug shot of Loughner taken by U.S. Marshals on January 22, 2011
Born (1988-09-10) September 10, 1988 (age 36)
NationalityAmerican
EducationMountain View High School (dropped out)
Pima Community College (withdrew)
Known for2011 Tucson shooting

Jared Lee Loughner (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈlɒfnər/; born September 10, 1988)[1] is an American man who is charged with the January 8, 2011 Tucson, Arizona shooting that killed six people, including a nine-year-old girl (Christina Taylor Green) and the Chief U.S. District Court Judge John Roll. The shooting also left 14 others injured, including U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords.[2] He has been indicted on 49 counts by federal grand juries in Arizona.[3][4]

Personal background

Loughner is the only child of Randy and Amy Loughner.[5][6][7] They are described by a neighbor as a very private family.[5] He attended Mountain View High School, and dropped out in 2006.[6] Around this time those who knew him noted a change in his personality. Kelsey Hawkes, who dated Loughner for several months in high school, said she could not believe it was him after hearing of Loughner's arrest. "I've always known him as the sweet, caring Jared", said Hawkes, 21, a student at the University of Arizona.[8] While Loughner had friends in high school, neighbors noted that in the years following he would keep to himself and not respond to others.[9] Zach Osler, another high school classmate of Loughner's, and his closest friend, indicated that Loughner's life began to unravel after his high school girlfriend broke up with him, and he began to abuse alcohol and drugs, specifically Salvia divinorum, a natural and legal hallucinogen.[10] Another longtime friend, Kylie Smith, added that he had used cannabis (marijuana), psychedelic mushrooms, and LSD around that time as well.[11]

Loughner withdrew from Pima Community College after he was asked by administrators to obtain mental health clearance.[12]

At some point, Loughner was fired from his job at a Quiznos restaurant, with his manager saying he underwent a personality transformation. After this, Loughner briefly volunteered at a local animal shelter, walking dogs, but he was asked not to return; the shelter manager later said, "He was walking dogs in an area we didn't want dogs walked... He didn't understand or comprehend what the supervisor was trying to tell him. He was just resistant to that information."[13] From February to September 2010, Loughner had five contacts with Pima Community College police for classroom and library disruptions. On September 29, 2010, college police discovered a YouTube video shot by Loughner, in which his spoken commentary stated that the college was illegal according to the United States Constitution. The college told Loughner that if he wanted to come back to school, he needed to resolve his Code of Conduct violations and obtain a mental health clearance indicating, in the opinion of a mental health professional, that his presence did not constitute a danger to himself or others. On October 4, Loughner and his parents met with campus administrators and Loughner indicated he would withdraw from the college.[12] During Loughner's time at Pima, a teacher and a classmate both said they thought he might commit a school shooting.[14]

According to court records, Loughner had two previous offenses.[15] In October 2007, he was cited in Pima County for possession of drug paraphernalia from September 10, 2007, which was dismissed after he completed a diversion program.[citation needed] On October 13, 2008 he was charged after defacing a street sign in Marana, near Tucson. That charge was also dismissed following the completion of a diversion program in March 2009.[13][16] The U.S. Army confirmed that Loughner had been rejected as "unqualified" from the service in 2008.[17][18][19] According to military sources, Loughner admitted to marijuana use on numerous occasions during the application process.[6] Loughner quit using marijuana (as well as alcohol and tobacco) in late 2008 and did not use it since, according to one of his longtime friends.[20] Dr. Laura Nelson, deputy Director for Behavioral Health at the Arizona Department of Health Services, said the state has no record of Loughner seeking mental health treatment in the public system.

Views

In the initial aftermath of the 2011 Tucson shooting, many speculated that Loughner's political views had been fueled by extremist rhetoric.[citation needed] Records show that Loughner was registered as an independent voter and voted in 2006 and 2008, but not in 2010.[21][22] A YouTube channel under an account called "Classitup10" was linked to Loughner.[23][24] Loughner had also posted a video on YouTube in which he described his school, Pima Community College, as "one of the biggest scams in America". This video led to Loughner being suspended from the school.[25] One classmate stated that Loughner had laughed at a young woman and likened her to a terrorist after she read a poem about getting an abortion.[26][27] They also recall Loughner as an atheist and a nihilist.[16][20][26][28] An old friend, Bryce Tierney, discussed several of Loughner's views. According to him, Loughner had exhibited a longstanding dislike for Gabrielle Giffords, a Blue Dog Democrat, and he repeatedly derided her as a "fake". This grudge intensified when he attended her August 25, 2007, event and she did not, in his view, sufficiently answer his question: "What is government if words have no meaning?"[20] Loughner kept Giffords' form letter, which thanked him for attending the 2007 event. An envelope in the same box as the letter was scrawled with phrases like "die bitch" and "assassination plans have been made."[29] Loughner was known to believe, and to say, that women should not hold positions of power.[30][31] Loughner's best friend, Zach Osler, disputed speculation by media commentators that Loughner's actions were fueled by partisan politics and rhetoric, insisting, "He did not watch TV, he disliked the news, he didn't listen to political radio, he didn't take sides, he wasn't on the Left, he wasn't on the Right," and instead conspiracy theories had a profound effect on him.[10] Another friend, Zane Gutierrez, later told the New York Times that Loughner's anger would also "well up at the sight of President George W. Bush or in discussing what he considered to be the nefarious designs of government."[31]

Loughner believed in numerous conspiracy theories and espoused views such as: the United States Government was responsible for the September 11 attacks;[31] a New World Order would bring about a one world currency; there would be a 2012 apocalypse; NASA had faked spaceflights; and the government was using mind control to brainwash people by controlling grammar. He was a member of the message board Above Top Secret though members of the site did not respond warmly to his posts.[28][32][33][34] Reports appearing after the shooting noted similarities between the statements made by Loughner concerning grammar and mind control and the views of conspiracy theorist David Wynn Miller.[35] Miller stated, "He's just repeating things I've had up on my site the past 11 years."[36][37] According to Zach Osler, the online conspiracy theory film Zeitgeist: The Movie affected Loughner's view of the world. Loughner believed that most people in the country are brainwashed and are unaware that nothing is real. Loughner became obsessed with controlling what he perceived to be lucid dreams.[10][38][39][40]

Tucson shooting

Roadside sign at the scene of the shooting
Main article: 2011 Tucson shooting

Loughner allegedly purchased the 9mm Glock pistol used in the shooting from a Sportsman's Warehouse in Tucson on November 30, 2010.[12] The night before the shooting, he left a message on a friend's voicemail saying, "Hey man, it's Jared. Me and you had good times. Peace out. Later."[20] In a MySpace post the morning of the shooting at 4:12 am, he wrote, "Goodbye friends. Please don't be mad at me. The literacy rate is below 5%. I haven't talked to one person who is literate. I want to make it out alive. The longest war in the history of the United States. Goodbye. I'm saddened with the current currency and job employment. I had a bully at school. Thank you. P.S. --plead the fifth!"[41] Photos on the MySpace page showed a close-up picture of a handgun sitting atop a document titled "United States History."[12]

At 7:04 am MST (UTC-7), Loughner went to a Walmart store in the Foothills Mall to purchase ammunition but left the store and completed his purchase at a Walmart on North Cortaro Road at 7:28 am.[31][42] He was stopped by an Arizona Game and Fish Department officer at 7:34 am MST (UTC-7) for running a red light, but once the officer determined there were no outstanding warrants for Loughner, he was allowed to proceed to his destination with a warning to drive carefully.[10][31] He then took a taxi to a Safeway supermarket location in Casas Adobes, where Giffords was holding a constituents meeting.[31][43] The shooting occurred on January 8, 2011, at 10:10 am MST (UTC-7).[44][45] Loughner allegedly opened fire on Giffords as well as numerous bystanders,[44][45][46] killing six people. Thirteen other people were injured by gunfire, and one person was injured while fleeing the scene of the shooting.[47] Giffords, the apparent target of the attack,[48] was shot in the head and left in critical condition.[49]

Arrest

File:Jared Loughner sheriff's office.jpg
A picture of Loughner taken by the Pima County Sheriff's Office's forensic unit
An editor has nominated the above file for discussion of its purpose and/or potential deletion. You are welcome to participate in the discussion and help reach a consensus.

Loughner was subdued by bystanders and was arrested by police, saying, "I plead the Fifth," as he was taken into custody.[31] A photograph taken by the Pima County Sheriff's Office's forensic unit was released to the media on January 10, 2011[50] and published on front pages nationwide. The Washington Post described the picture as "smirking and creepy, with hollow eyes ablaze," while the art director for the New York Times stated it was placed on the front page because it "was the picture of the day [...] it was intense and arresting. It invited you to look and study, and wonder."[51]

Loughner was charged in federal court with one count of attempted assassination of a member of Congress, two counts of murder of a federal employee (including federal judge John Roll), and two counts of attempting to murder a federal employee.[2][46] He was indicted on three of the charges on January 19, 2011.[52] Loughner was being held without bail in the Federal Correctional Institution at Phoenix,[53] kept isolated in his cell away from other inmates 23 hours a day and allowed out for one hour to shower and exercise.[54] On February 24, 2011 he was transferred to the United States Penitentiary (USP) Tucson.[55][56]

Attorney Judy Clarke, a former federal public defender who has represented suspects in several high profile murder and terrorism cases, has been appointed to represent Loughner in federal court.[57] The entire federal judiciary of the state of Arizona recused themselves from hearing the case because of their ties to fellow judge John Roll, who was killed in the attack.[58][59] At the direction of Ninth Circuit Chief Judge Alex Kozinski, the federal case will be heard by San Diego-based Judge Larry Alan Burns from the Southern District of California.[60] Federal prosecutors have opposed motions to move the case outside of Arizona because of pre-trial publicity; the decision will be made by incoming Chief Judge Roslyn O. Silver, who succeeded Roll in the federal district of Arizona.[54]

Prosecutors representing Arizona, which has concurrent jurisdiction in the matter, have announced they intend to file murder and attempted murder charges on behalf of the other victims, those who were not members of Congress or federal employees, although they could legally file charges on behalf of all victims. Arizona state prosecutors normally have ten days from the time a suspect is brought into custody to file charges, but time spent in federal custody does not count towards this limitation.[61] Arizona law does not permit a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity, but does allow for a verdict of guilty but insane.[62]

On January 24, 2011, Loughner appeared at the Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse in Phoenix, before Judge Burns from San Diego.[63] Loughner, whose hair had partially regrown since his arrest, smiled while presented with the charges related to the shooting, including the attempted killing of Giffords and two of her aides. Loughner's attorney, Judy Clarke, requested that Judge Burns select a plea on her client's behalf, to which a plea of not guilty was recorded. When Burns asked Clarke if Loughner understood the charges against him, she replied that they were "not raising that issue" at that time. She also did not object to a request by prosecutors to have future hearings moved back to Tucson.[64] On March 3, 2011 a federal grand jury indicted Loughner on additional charges of murder and attempted murder for a total of 49 counts.[4] On March 9, 2011 Loughner pleaded not guilty to all 49 charges.[65]

On May 25, 2011, Judge Burns ruled Loughner incompetent to stand trial. Court proceedings are suspended while Loughner, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia,[66] undergoes psychiatric treatment at the psychiatric wing of the U.S. Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. If necessary, he will undergo pharmacological treatment with antipsychotics, under psychiatric care.[67] He will have to appear in court on September 21, 2011, when the judge will review whether he understands the charges and can assist in his defense. Some legal experts have asserted in the media that it is possible that he will never be found competent and could remain in a psychiatric facility indefinitely, but prosecutors hope the trial will resume. Loughner had disrupted the court hearing with an outburst, and was carried from the court room. According to the New York Times, Loughner believes he killed Giffords and has clashed with his lawyer when she told him the congresswoman had survived.[66]

On June 26, 2011, Judge Burns ruled that prison doctors could forcibly medicate Loughner with antipsychotic drugs in order to make him fit to stand trial.[68][69] On July 12, 2011, a three-judge federal appeals panel ruled that Loughner can refuse anti-psychotic medication, since he "has not been convicted of a crime, [and] is presumptively innocent and is therefore entitled to greater constitutional protections than a convicted inmate."[70][71][72] However, on July 27, 2011, a federal appeals panel reversed the earlier ruling and authorities can force Loughner to take anti-psychotic medication.[73] On August 30th, 2011, another hearing was held in a federal appeals court to decide whether antipsychotic medication was to be allowed to continue to be administered. [74]

References

  1. ^ Jacob, Jijo (January 10, 2011). "Who is Jared Lee Loughner?". International Business Times. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  2. ^ a b Taylor Jr., Tony M. (January 9, 2011). "Criminal Complaint: United States of America vs. Jared Lee Loughner (Case #11-0035M)". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. ISSN 0362-4331.
  3. ^ Candiotti, Susan; Selig, Roni (January 19, 2011). "Giffords may be moved to rehab center Friday". CNN. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  4. ^ a b Cratty, Carol (March 4, 2011). "Alleged Tucson gunman indicted on 49 charges in shooting". CNN. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  5. ^ a b Quinones, Sam (January 10, 2011). "Jared Lee Loughner's parents alone with their anguish, neighbor says". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  6. ^ a b c Berger, Judson (January 10, 2011). "Loughner's Meltdown Began in Adulthood, Those Near Him Say". FoxNews.com. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  7. ^ Cizmar, Martin (January 10, 2011). "Jared Lougher's Mother, Amy, a Pima County Employee, Reportedly Not at Work Today". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  8. ^ Strauss, Gary; Eisler, Peter; Gillum, Jack; Welch, William M. (January 10, 2011). "Friends, co-workers: Loughner had curious, dark change". tucsoncitizen.com. USA Today. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
  9. ^ Berger, Judson (January 10, 2011). "Mental Health Warnings Preceded Rampage, as Arizona Gunman Likely Went Untreated". FoxNews.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  10. ^ a b c d Banfield, Ashleigh (January 12, 2011). "Tucson Shooting: Jared Loughner Stopped By Authorities Hours Before Shooting". ABC News. Retrieved January 14, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Thompson, Mark (January 11, 2011). "How Jared Loughner Changed: The View from His Schools". Time. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  12. ^ a b c d Anglen, Robert (January 9, 2011). "Jared Lee Loughner, suspect in Gabrielle Giffords shooting, had college run-ins". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  13. ^ a b Gary Strauss (January 10, 2011). "Friends, co-workers: Loughner had curious, dark change". Tucson Citizen. USA Today. Retrieved January 11, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Daily Mail reporter (January 10, 2011). "'We have a mentally unstable person in the class that scares the living c**p out of me': Emails reveal student's fears of Jared Loughner months before shootings". Daily Mail. United Kingdom: Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  15. ^ Swaine, Jon (January 8, 2011). "Gabrielle Giffords shooting: strange internet trail of 'loner' Jared Lee Loughner, the alleged Tucson gunman". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  16. ^ a b AP staff reporter (January 10, 2011). "Shooting Suspect's Nihilism Rose With Isolation". NPR. Associated Press. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  17. ^ "Profile of Jared Loughner: 'I can't trust the current government'". msnbc.com. January 8, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  18. ^ U.S. Army Statement on status of suspect, U.S. Army Information Service, January 8, 2011
  19. ^ Steller, Tim (January 8, 2011). "Man linked to Giffords shooting called 'very disturbed'". Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  20. ^ a b c d Baumann, Nick (January 10, 2011). "Exclusive: Loughner Friend Explains Alleged Gunman's Grudge Against Giffords". Mother Jones. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  21. ^ Cillizza, Chris. "Jared Lee Loughner was a registered independent, didn't vote in 2010 election". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  22. ^ CNN Political Unit (January 10, 2011). "Accused gunman had no party affiliation". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved January 12, 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  23. ^ Myers, Amanda Lee; Espo, David; Tang, Terry (January 8, 2011). "Arizona Rep. Giffords shot, 6 killed in rampage". bloomberg.com. Bloomberg LP. Associated Press. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
  24. ^ Loughner, Jared Lee (December 15, 2010). "Classitup10's Channel". YouTube. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
  25. ^ Lin II, Rong-Gong; Reston, Maeve; Rojas, Rick (January 15, 2011). "School releases YouTube post from Loughner". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
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  27. ^ Lipton, Eric; Savage, Charlie; Shane, Scott (January 8, 2011). "Arizona Suspect's Recent Acts Offer Hints of Alienation". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  28. ^ a b CBS /AP staff reporters (January 10, 2011). "Who is Jared Loughner? Friends Reveal Alienation". CBS News. Associated Press. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  29. ^ CNN Wire Staff (January 13, 2011). "Loughner's dad feared he was 'out of control,' neighbor says". CNN. Retrieved January 13, 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  30. ^ Scocca, Tom (January 17, 2011). "Maybe Jared Loughner Was a Bigot, After All". Slate.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Barry, Dan (January 15, 2011). "Looking Behind the Mug-Shot Grin". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  32. ^ Bosch, Torie (January 10, 2011). "Jared Lee Loughner's Worldview a Conspiracy Theory Laundry List (VIDEO)". AOL News. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  33. ^ Fahrenthold, David A. (January 11, 2011). "Jared Lee Loughner apparently sought community online at Abovetopsecret.com". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  34. ^ CNN wire staff (January 9, 2011). "Arizona massacre suspect: 'Kind of a troubled past'". CNN. Retrieved January 12, 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  35. ^ Johnson, Kirk (January 9, 2011). "Jared L. Loughner's Odd Behavior Caused Alarm". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 11, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Conant, Eve; Martin, Claire (January 10, 2011). "Jared Lee Loughner's Mental State". Newsweek. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  37. ^ "Arizona Shooter's Online Footprint Shows Distrust Of Government, Interest In Conspiracy Theories". Anti-Defamation League. January 11, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
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  39. ^ "Report: Arizona Gunman Was Not Motivated By Politics". FoxNews.com. January 12, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
  40. ^ Weigel, David (January 13, 2011). "'Zeitgeist,' the Conspiracy Film That Possibly Inspired Loughner". Slate. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
  41. ^ Vo, Tammy (January 8, 2011). "9OYS Investigates: Who is Jared Loughner?". KGUN-TV. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  42. ^ NBC, msnbc.com and news services. "Loughner's parents 'devastated,' 'hurting'". msnbc.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  43. ^ Johnson, Kirk; Tanweer, Anissa (January 10, 2011). "Shooting Suspect Was Calm During Cab Ride to Supermarket, His Driver Reports". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  44. ^ a b Winter, Jana (January 9, 2011). "Suspected Arizona Gunman Reportedly Planned Shooting in Advance". Fox News Channel. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  45. ^ a b msnbc.com news services. "Suspect charged in congresswoman's attack". msnbc.com. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
  46. ^ Bell, Melissa; Buck, James (January 14, 2011). "Updated: List of injured victims in Arizona shooting released by Pima County sheriff". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
  47. ^ Lacey, Marc; Herszenhorn, David M. (January 9, 2011). "In Attack's Wake, Political Repercussions". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
  48. ^ Grinberg, Emanuella (January 8, 2011). "Witness: Arizona gunman 'was ready for war'". CNN. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  49. ^ Smith, Dylan (January 10, 2011). "Photo of accused gunman Jared Loughner released". Tucson Sentinel. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
  50. ^ Farhi, Paul (January 11, 2011). "Publications grapple with Jared Loughner mug shot". Washington Post. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
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  52. ^ ABC15.com staff, wire reports (January 9, 2011). "Tucson shooting suspect held without bail". KNXV-TV. Retrieved January 17, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  53. ^ a b Markon, Jerry (January 17, 2011). "Federal court authorities plan to move trial of Tucson shooting suspect". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
  54. ^ "Inmate Locator: Jared Lee Loughner". Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
  55. ^ "Loughner now in federal prison in Tucson". Arizona Daily Star. February 25, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  56. ^ Hoffer, Steven (January 10, 2011). "Judy Clarke, Who Defended the 'Unabomber,' Will Represent Jared Lee Loughner". AOL News. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  57. ^ Johnson, Kevin (January 12, 2011). "In Loughner case, Ariz. federal judiciary considers recusal". USA Today. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  58. ^ O'Neill, Ann (January 12, 2011). "Lawyer keeps even the most loathed criminals off death row". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  59. ^ Reilly, Ryan J. (January 12, 2011). "Due To Arizona Conflicts, California Judge Takes Over Loughner Case". Talking Points Memo. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
  60. ^ Smith, Kim (January 10, 2011). "LaWall considers state charges in Tucson shooting spree case". Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  61. ^ Sherman, Mark (January 11, 2011). "Insanity Defense Could Be Difficult for Ariz. Shooting Suspect". Law.com. Associated Press. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
  62. ^ Bryan, Wright (January 24, 2011). "Loughner Pleads 'Not Guilty'". National Public Radio. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
  63. ^ Riccardi, Nicholas (January 25, 2011). "Not guilty plea is entered for Jared Loughner in Tucson attacks". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
  64. ^ "Jared Loughner Pleads Not Guilty to 49 Charges, Including Murder". ABC News. March 9, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
  65. ^ a b Lacey, Marc (May 25, 2011). "Suspect in Shooting of Giffords Ruled Unfit for Trial". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  66. ^ Nakamura, David (May 28, 2011). "Loughner ruling creates potential obstacles on path to trial in Arizona shootings". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  67. ^ Graham, Marty (JUne 29, 2011). Judge rules prison can forcibly medicate Loughner. Reuters
  68. ^ Perry, Tony (June 30, 2011). Suspected Tucson gunman can be forced to take antipsychotic drugs, judge rules. Los Angeles Times
  69. ^ Thompson, Scott (July 13, 2011). Court: Jared Loughner can refuse anti-psychotic medication. CNN
  70. ^ Emshwiller, John R.; Audi, Tamara (July 12, 2011). Federal Court Sides With Loughner in Drug Debate. Wall Street Journal
  71. ^ "Court: Jared Loughner can refuse anti-psychotic medication". CNN. July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
  72. ^ "Jared Loughner to be forced to take anti-psychotic medication". CNN. July 27, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  73. ^ http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-0831-jared-loughner-20110831,0,6344237.story

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