Antoni Gaudí

Antoni Gaudí
Antoni Gaudí
	Antoni Gaudí by Pau Audouard
Born	25 June 1852; Reus, Catalonia, Spain
Died	10 June 1926 (aged 73); Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Occupation	Architect
Buildings	Sagrada Família, Casa Milà, Casa Batlló
Projects	Park Güell, Colònia Güell

Template:Catalan name

Antoni Gaudí i Cornet (Catalan pronunciation: [ənˈtɔni ɣəwˈði]; 25 June 1852–10 June 1926) was a Spanish Catalan architect and the figurehead of Catalan Modernism. Gaudí's works, which reflect his highly individual and distinctive style, are largely concentrated in the Catalan capital of Barcelona, including his magnum opus, the Sagrada Família.

Much of Gaudí's work was marked by the four passions of his life: architecture, nature, religion and his love for Catalonia.^[3] Gaudí studied every detail of his creations, integrating into his architecture a series of crafts in which he was skilled, such as ceramics, stained glass, wrought ironwork forging and carpentry. He also introduced new techniques in the treatment of the materials, such as his famous trencadís, made of waste ceramic pieces. After a few years under the influence of neo-Gothic art and certain Oriental tendencies, Gaudí became part of the Catalan Modernista movement which was then reaching its peak in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Gaudí's work, however, transcended mainstream Modernisme, culminating in an organic style that was inspired by nature without losing the influence of experiences gained earlier in his career. Rarely did Gaudí draw detailed plans of his works, instead preferring to create them as three-dimensional scale models and moulding the details as he was conceiving them in his mind.

Gaudí’s work enjoys widespread international appeal and there are many studies devoted to his way of understanding architecture. Today, he and his work find admirers among architects and the general public alike. His masterpiece, the Sagrada Família, is one of the most visited monuments in Spain.^[4] Between 1984 and 2005 seven of his works were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Gaudí’s Roman Catholic faith intensified during the course of his life and religious images permeate his work. This has resulted in his being nicknamed "God's Architect",^[5] and in calls for him to be beatified.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Biography

Birth, childhood and studies

Antoni Gaudí was born in 1852 in Riudoms or in Reus,^[9] to the industrial boilermaker Francesc Gaudí i Serra (1813–1906) and Antònia Cornet i Bertran (1819–1876). He was the youngest of five children, of whom three survived to adulthood: Rosa (1844–1879), Francesc (1851–1876) and Antoni. Gaudí’s family origins go back to the Auvergne region in southern France, from where one of his ancestors, Joan Gaudí, a hawker, moved to Catalonia in the 17th century; possible origins of Gaudí's family name include Gaudy or Gaudin.^[10]

Gaudí's exact birthplace is unknown because no documents stating it were kept, leading to a controversy about whether he was born in Reus or Riudoms, two neighbouring municipalities of the Baix Camp district. In most of Gaudí's identification documents from both his student and professional years, Reus is given as his birthplace. Nonetheless, Gaudí himself stated on various occasions that he was born in Riudoms, his paternal family's village of origin.^[11] Gaudí was baptised in the church of Sant Pere Apòstol in Reus the day after his birth under the name "Antoni Plàcid Guillem Gaudí i Cornet".^[12]

Gaudí felt a deep appreciation for his native land and great pride in his Mediterranean heritage. He believed Mediterranean people to be endowed with creativity, originality and an innate sense for art and design. Gaudí reportedly described this distinction by stating, "We own the image. Fantasy comes from the ghosts. Fantasy is what people in the North own. We are concrete. The image comes from the Mediterranean. Orestes knows his way, where Hamlet is torn apart by his doubts."^[13]}} Time spent outdoors, particularly during summer stays in the Mas de la Calderera, home of the Gaudí family in Riudoms, afforded Gaudí the opportunity to study nature. Gaudí's enjoyment of the natural world led him to join the Centre Excursionista de Catalunya in 1879 at the age of 27. The organisation arranged expeditions that enabled Gaudí to explore Catalonia and southern France, often riding on horseback or walking ten kilometres a day.^[14]

Young Gaudí suffered from poor health, including rheumatism, which may have contributed to his rather reticent and reserved character.^[15] These health concerns and the hygienist theories of Dr. Kneipp^[16] were contributing factors to Gaudí's decision to adopt vegetarianism early in his life.^[17]^[18] His religious faith coupled with strict vegetarianism led him to undertake several lengthy and severe fasts. These fasts were often unhealthy and occasionally, as in 1894, led to illness that was life-threatening.^[19]

Gaudí’s education began at a nursery school run by a man named Francesc Berenguer, whose son, also called Francesc, would later become one of Gaudí’s main assistants. Subsequently he attended the Piarists school in Reus; here he distinguished himself by his artistic talents when he submitted drawings for a seminar called El Arlequín (the Harlequin).^[20] During this time he worked as an apprentice in the “Vapor Nou” textile mill in Reus. In 1868 he moved to Barcelona to study teaching in the Convent del Carme. In his adolescent years Gaudí became interested in utopian socialism and, together with his fellow students Eduard Toda i Güell and Josep Ribera i Sans, planned a restoration of the Poblet monastery that would have transformed it into a Utopian phalanstère.^[21]

Between 1875 and 1878, Gaudí completed his compulsory military service in the infantry regiment in Barcelona as a Military Administrator. The major part of his service was spent on sick leave, enabling Gaudí to continue his studies. Due to his poor health he was not forced to fight in the Third Carlist War, which lasted from 1872 to 1876.^[22] In 1876 his mother died at the age of 57. That same year witnessed the untimely death of Gaudí's 25-year-old brother Francesc, who had just graduated as a physician. Gaudí studied architecture at the Llotja School and the Barcelona Higher School of Architecture, from which he graduated in 1878. To finance his studies, Gaudí worked as a draughtsman for various architects and constructors such as Leandre Serrallach, Joan Martorell, Emili Sala Cortés, Francisco de Paula del Villar y Lozano and Josep Fontserè.^[23] In addition to his architecture classes, he attended French lectures and studied history, economics, philosophy and aesthetics. His grades were average and he occasionally failed his courses.^[24] When handing him his degree, Elies Rogent, director of Barcelona Architecture School, said: ”We have given this academic title either to a fool or a genius. Time will show.”^[25] Gaudí, when receiving his degree, reportedly told his friend the sculptor Llorenç Matamala, with his ironical sense of humour, "Llorenç, they’re saying I’m an architect now."^[26]

Adulthood and professional work

Gaudí’s first projects were the lamp posts he designed for the Plaça Reial in Barcelona, the unfinished Girossi newsstands, and the Cooperativa Obrera Mataronense (Workers' Cooperative of Mataró building). He gained wider recognition for his first important commission, the Casa Vicens, and subsequently received increasingly more significant requests. At the Paris World's Fair of 1878 Gaudí displayed a showcase he had produced for the glove manufacturer Comella. Its functional and aesthetic modernista design impressed Catalan industrialist Eusebi Güell, who subsequently initiated various projects with Gaudí. This was the beginning of a long friendship and patronage which culminated in some of Gaudí’s most outstanding work: the Güell wine cellars, the Güell pavilions, the Palau Güell (Güell palace), the Park Güell (Güell park) and the crypt of the church of the Colònia Güell. He also became a friend of the marquis of Comillas, the father-in-law of Count Güell, for whom he designed "El Capricho" in Comillas.

In 1883 Gaudí was put in charge of the recently-initiated project to build a Barcelona cathedral called Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família (Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family, or Sagrada Família). Gaudí completely changed the initially proposed design and imbued it with his own distinctive style. From 1915 until his death he devoted himself entirely to this project. Given the number of commissions he began receiving, he had to rely on a professional team to work on multiple projects simultaneously. His team consisted of professionals from all fields of construction. Several of the architects who worked under him made their own name in the field later on, such as Josep Maria Jujol, Joan Rubió, Cèsar Martinell, Francesc Folguera and Josep Francesc Ràfols. In 1885, Gaudí moved to rural Sant Feliu de Codines to escape the cholera epidemic that was ravaging Barcelona. He lived in Francesc Ullar’s house, for whom he designed a dinner table^[27] as a sign of his gratitude.

The 1888 World Fair was one of the era's major events in Barcelona and represented a key point in the history of the Modernisme movement. The leading architects of the time displayed their best works at the fair, including Gaudí, who showcased the building he had designed for the Compañía Trasatlántica (Transatlantic Company). Consequently he received a commission to restructure the Saló de Cent of the Barcelona City Council, but this project was ultimately not carried out. In the early 1890s Gaudí received two commissions from outside of Catalonia, namely the Bishop's Palace of Astorga and the Casa Botines in León. These works contributed to Gaudí's growing renown across Spain. In 1891, he travelled to Málaga and Tangiers to examine the plot of land for a project benefitting the Franciscan Catholic Missions that the 2nd marquis of Comillas had requested him to design.^[28] The project was never executed, but the towers Gaudí developed for the Missions served him as a model for the towers of the Church of the Sagrada Família in Barcelona.^{[citation needed]}

In 1899 Gaudí became a member of the Cercle Artístic de Sant Lluc (Saint Luke artistic circle), a Catholic artistic society founded in 1893 by the bishop Josep Torras i Bages and the brothers Josep and Joan Llimona. He also became a member of the Lliga Espiritual de la Mare de Déu de Montserrat (spiritual league of Our lady of Montserrat), another Catholic Catalan organisation.^[29] The conservative and religious character of his political thought was closely linked to the defence of the cultural identity of the Catalan people.^[30]

At the beginning of the century, Gaudí was working on numerous projects simultaneously. All of them reflected a shift in his style to become increasingly more personal and inspired by nature. In 1900, he received an award for the best building of the year from the Barcelona City Council for his Casa Calvet. During the first decade of the century Gaudí dedicated himself to projects like the Casa Figueras (Figueras house), better known as Bellesguard, the Park Güell, an urbanisation project that had no success, and the restoration of the Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, for which he visited Majorca several times. Between 1904 and 1910 he constructed the Casa Batlló (Batlló house) and the Casa Milà (Milá house), two of his most emblematic works.

As a result of Gaudí’s increasing fame, in 1902 the painter Joan Llimona chose Gaudí’s features to represent Saint Philip Neri in the paintings in the aisle of the Sant Felip Neri church in Barcelona.^[31] Together with Joan Santaló, son of his friend the physician Pere Santaló, he founded a company to make wrought iron the same year, a project that failed in the end.^[32]

After moving to Barcelona, Gaudí frequently changed his address: as a student he lived in residences, generally in the area of the Gothic Quarter; when he started his career he moved around several rented flats in the Eixample area. Finally, in 1906, he settled in a house in the Güell Park that he owned and which had been constructed by his assistant Francesc Berenguer as a showcase property for the estate. Nowadays it serves as the Gaudí Museum. There he lived with his father (who died in 1906 at the age of 93) and his niece Rosa Egea Gaudí (who died in 1912 at the age of 36). He lived in the house until 1925, a few months before his death, when he set off to reside in the workshop of the Sagrada Família.

One of the events that had a profound impact on Gaudí’s personality was Tragic Week in 1909. Gaudí remained in his house in the Güell Park during those days, but given the anticlerical atmosphere and the attacks on churches and convents he was worried about the safety of the Sagrada Família, which was not in fact affected.^[33]

In 1910, an exhibition in the Grand Palais of Paris was devoted to his work, during the annual salón of the Société des Beaux-Arts (Fine Arts Society) of France. Gaudí participated on the invitation of count Güell, displaying a series of pictures, plans and plaster scale models of several of his works. Although he participated hors concours, he received very good reviews from the French press. A large part of this exposition could be seen the following year at the I Salón Nacional de Arquitectura that took place in the municipal exhibition hall of Buen Retiro in Madrid.^[34]

During the Paris exposition in May 1910, Gaudí spent a holiday in Vic, where he designed two lampposts made of basalt and wrought iron for the Plaça Major of Vic, for Jaume Balmes’s centenary. The following year he was obliged to spend some time in Puigcerdà due to tuberculosis; during this time he conceived the idea for the facade of the Passion of the Sagrada Família.^[35] Due to his state of health, on 9 June he made his will at the office of the notary Ramon Cantó i Figueres;^[36] but he recovered completely.

The decade from 1910 was a hard one for Gaudí as it was full of tragedy: the deaths of his niece Rosa in 1912, and his main collaborator Francesc Berenguer in 1914; a severe economic crisis paralysed work on the Sagrada Família in 1915; in 1916 his friend Josep Torras i Bages, bishop of Vic, died; in 1917 the works at the Colonia Güell were interrupted; in 1918 his friend and patron Eusebi Güell^[37] died.Perhaps because of all these tragedies he devoted himself entirely the Sagrada Família from 1915, taking refuge in his work. Gaudí confessed to his collaborators:

My good friends are dead; I have no family and no clients, no fortune nor anything. Now I can dedicate myself entirely to the Church.^[38]

Gaudí dedicated the last years of his life entirely to the “Cathedral of the Poor”, as it was commonly known, for which he even took alms in order to continue the works. Apart from his dedication to this cause, he participated in few other activities, the majority of which were related to religion: in 1916 he participated in a course about Gregorian chant at the Palau de la Música Catalana taught by the Benedictine monk Gregori M. Sunyol.^[39]

Gaudí lived his life devoted entirely to his profession, remaining single all his life. It seems that it was only on one occasion that he felt attracted to a woman, Josefa Moreu, teacher at the Mataró Cooperative, in 1884, but this was not reciprocated.^[40] From then on, Gaudí took refuge in his deep religiousness, which gave him profound spiritual peace. Gaudí is often depicted as unsociable and unpleasant, a man of gruff reactions and arrogant gestures. However, those who were close to him described him as friendly and polite, pleasant to talk to and faithful to his friends. Among these, his patrons Eusebi Güell and the bishop of Vic, Josep Torras i Bages, stand out, as well as the writers Joan Maragall and Jacint Verdaguer, the physician Pere Santaló and some of his most faithful collaborators, such as Francesc Berenguer and Llorenç Matamala.^[41]

Gaudí’s personal appearance—Nordic features, blond hair and blue eyes—changed radically over the course of time: he was no longer a young man with a dandy appearance (costly suits, well-groomed hair and beard, gourmet taste, frequent visits to the theatre and the opera, or visiting his sites in his horse carriage). When older, he became a man of strict simplicity, who ate frugally, used old, worn-out suits, and neglected his appearance to the extent that sometimes he was taken for a beggar, such as after the accident that caused his death.^[43]

Gaudí left hardly any written documents, apart from technical reports of his works required by official authorities, some letters sent to friends (particularly to Joan Maragall) and a few journal articles. Some of his quotes collected by his assistants and disciples have been conserved, above all by Josep Francesc Ràfols, Joan Bergós, Cèsar Martinell and Isidre Puig i Boada. The only written document Gaudí left is known as the Manuscrito de Reus (Reus Manuscript) (1873–1878), a kind of student diary in which he collected diverse impressions of architecture and decorating, putting forward his ideas on the subject. His analysis of the Christian church and of his ancestral house stand out, as well as a text about ornamentation and a reminder for the design of a desk.^[44]

Gaudí was always in favour of statehood for Catalonia but was reluctant to be politically active. Politicians, such as Francesc Cambó and Enric Prat de la Riba, suggested that he run for deputy but he refused. Nonetheless, Gaudí experienced conflict with the police. In 1920 he was beaten by police officers in a riot during the Floral Games celebrations.^[45] On 11 September 1924, National Day of Catalonia, he was beaten at a demonstration against the banning of the Catalan language by the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. Gaudí was arrested by the Civil Guard, resulting in a short stay in prison, from which he was freed after paying 50 pesetas bail.^[46]

Death

On 7 June 1926, Gaudí was taking his daily walk to the Sant Felip Neri church for his habitual prayer and confession. While walking along the Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes between Girona and Bailén streets, he was struck by a passing tram and lost consciousness.^[47] Assumed to be a beggar because of his lack of identity documents and shabby clothing, the unconscious Gaudí did not receive immediate aid. Eventually a police officer transported him in a taxi to the Santa Creu Hospital, where he received rudimentary care.^[48] By the time that the chaplain of the Sagrada Família, Mosén Gil Parés, recognised him on the following day, Gaudí's condition had deteriorated too severely for additional treatment to have any effect. Gaudí died on 10 June 1926 at the age of 73 and was buried two days later. A large crowd gathered to bid farewell to him in the chapel of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in the crypt of the Sagrada Família. His gravestone bears an inscription that reads, "Antonius Gaudí Cornet. Reusensis. Annos natus LXXIV, vitae exemplaris vir, eximiusque artifex, mirabilis operis hujus, templi auctor, pie obiit Barcinone die X Junii MCMXXVI, hinc cineres tanti hominis, resurrectionem mortuorum expectant. R.I.P."^[49]

Subsequent reputation

After his death, Gaudí's works suffered a period of neglect and were largely unpopular among international critics, who regarded them as baroque and excessively imaginative. In his homeland he was equally disdained by Noucentisme, the new movement which took the place of Modernisme. In 1936, during the Spanish Civil War, Gaudí's workshop in the Sagrada Família was ransacked and a great number of his documents, plans and scale models were destroyed.

Gaudí’s reputation was beginning to recover by the 1950s, when his work was championed not only by Salvador Dalí but also by architect Josep Lluís Sert. In 1952, the centenary year of the architect’s birth, the Asociación de Amigos de Gaudí (Friends of Gaudí Association) was founded with the aim of disseminating and conserving the legacy of the Catalan artist. Four years later, a retrospective exhibition of Gaudí's work was organised at the Saló del Tinell in Barcelona, and the Gaudí Chair at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia was created with the purpose of deepening the study of the Gaudí’s works and participating in their conservation. These events were followed in 1957 by Gaudí’s first international exhibition, held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. In 1976, on the 50th anniversary of his death, the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs organised an exhibition about Gaudí and his works that toured the globe.^[50]

Between 1950 and 1960, research and writings by international critics like George R. Collins, Nikolaus Pevsner and Roberto Pane spread a renewed awareness of Gaudí’s work, while in his homeland it was admired and promoted by Alexandre Cirici, Juan Eduardo Cirlot and Oriol Bohigas. Gaudí’s work has since gained widespread international appreciation, such as in Japan where notable studies have been published by Kenji Imai and Tokutoshi Torii. International recognition of Gaudí's contributions to the field of architecture and design culminated in the 1984 listing of Gaudí's key works as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.^[51]

Due to Gaudí's profoundly religious and ascetic lifestyle, the archbishop of Barcelona, Ricard Maria Carles proposed Gaudí’s beatification in 1998. His beatification was approved by the Vatican in 2000.^[52] On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of Gaudí’s birth, a number of official ceremonies, concerts, shows and conferences were held, and several books were published. On 24 September of the same year, the musical Gaudí had its premiere in the Palau dels Esports de Barcelona. The authors of the piece were Jordi Galceran, Esteve Miralles and Albert Guinovart.^[52] In 2008 the Gaudí Awards were launched in his honour, organised by the Catalan Film Academy to award the best Catalan films of the year.^[53]

Style

Gaudí and Modernisme

The course of Gaudí's professional life was unique in that he never ceased to investigate mechanical structures of buildings. Early on, Gaudí was inspired by oriental arts (India, Persia, Japan) through the study of the historicist architectural theoreticians, such as Walter Pater, John Ruskin and William Morris. The influence of the Oriental movement can be seen in works like the Capricho, the Güell Palace, the Güell Pavilions and the Casa Vicens. Later on, he adhered to the neo-Gothic movement that was in fashion at the time, following the ideas of the French architect Viollet-le-Duc. This influence is reflected in the Colegi de les Teresianes, the bishop's palace in Astorga, the Casa Botines and the Bellesguard house as well as in the crypt and the apse of the Sagrada Família. Eventually, Gaudí embarked on a more personal phase, with the individualistic, organic style inspired by nature in which he would build his major works.

During his time as a student, Gaudí was able to study a collection of photographs of Egyptian, Indian, Persian, Mayan, Chinese and Japanese art owned by the School of Architecture. The collection also included Moorish monuments in Spain, which left a deep mark on him and served as an inspiration in many of his works. He also studied the book Plans, elevations, sections and details of the Alhambra by Owen Jones, which he borrowed from the School’s library.^[54] He took various structural and ornamental solutions from nazarí and mudéjar art, which he used with variations and stylistic freedom in his works. A noteworthy observation that Gaudí made of Islamic art is the spatial uncertainty, the concept of structures with limitless space; taking on a feeling of sequence, fragmented, with holes and partitions, which create a divide without ruining the feeling of open space by closing it in with barriers.^[55]

Undoubtedly the style that influenced him most strongly was the Gothic Revival, promoted in the latter half of the 19th century by the theoretical works of Viollet-le-Duc. The French architect called for studying the styles of the past and adapting them in a rational manner, taking into account both the structure and design.^[56] Nonetheless, for Gaudí the Gothic style was "imperfect", because despite the effectiveness of some of its structural solutions it was an art that had yet to be "perfected”. In his own words:

Gothic art is imperfect, only half resolved; it is a style created by the compasses, a formulaic industrial repetition. Its stability depends on constant propping up by the buttresses: it is a defective body held up on crutches. (...) The proof that Gothic works are of deficient plasticity is that they produce their greatest emotional effect when they are mutilated, covered in ivy and lit by the moon.^[57]

After these initial influences, Gaudí moved towards Modernisme, which was then in its heyday. Modernisme in its earlier stages was inspired by historic architecture, as for its practitioners the return to the past was a response to the industrial forms imposed by the new technological advances that the Industrial Revolution produced. The use of these styles from the past represented a moral regeneration that allowed the bourgeoisie to identify with values they regarded as their cultural roots. The Renaixença (rebirth), the revival of Catalan culture that began in the second half of the 19th century, brought more Gothic forms into the Catalan “national” style that aimed to combine nationalism and cosmopolitanism while at the same time integrating into the European modernizing movement.^[58]

Some essential features of Modernisme were: an anticlassical language inherited from Romanticism with a tendency to a certain lyricism and subjectivity; the determined connexion of architecture with the applied arts and artistic work that produced a remarkably ornamental style; the use of new materials from which emerged a mixed constructional language, rich in contrasts, that sought a plastic effect for the whole; a strong sense of optimism and faith in progress that produced an impassioned and emphatic art that reflected the atmosphere of prosperity of the time, above all of the bourgeoisie.^[59]

Quest for a new architectural language

Gaudí is usually considered the great master of Catalan Modernism, but his works go beyond any style or classification. They are imaginative works that find their main inspiration in nature. Gaudí studied organic and anarchic geometric forms of nature thoroughly, searching for a language to give expression to these forms in architecture. Some of his greatest inspirations came from the mountain of Montserrat, the caves of Mallorca, the saltpetre caves in Collbató), the crag of Fra Guerau in the Prades Mountains behind Reus, the Pareis mountain in the north of Mallorca and Sant Miquel del Fai in Bigues i Riells, all of them places that Gaudí had visited.^[60]

This study of nature translated into his use of ruled geometrical forms such as the hyperbolic paraboloid, the hyperboloid, the helicoid and the cone, which reflect the forms Gaudí would find in nature.^[61] Ruled surfaces are forms generated by a straight line known as the generatrix, as it moves over one or several lines known as directrices. Gaudí found abundant examples of them in nature, for instance in rushes, reeds and bones; he used to say that there is no better structure than the trunk of a tree or a human skeleton. These forms are at the same time functional and aesthetic, and Gaudí would use them wisely, knowing how to adapt the language of nature to the structural forms of architecture. He used to assimilate the helicoid form to movement and the hyperboloid to light. Concerning ruled surfaces, he would say the following:

Paraboloids, hyperboloids and helicoids, constantly varying the incidence of the light, are rich in matrices themselves, which make ornamentation and even modelling unnecessary.^[62]

Another element widely used by Gaudí was the catenary curve. He had studied geometry thoroughly when he was young, studying numerous articles about engineering, a field that praised the virtues of the catenary curve as a mechanical element, one which at that time, however, was used only in the construction suspension bridges. Gaudí was the first one to use this element in common architecture. The use of these catenary arches in works like the Casa Milà, the School of the Teresianas, the crypt of the Colònia Güell and the Sagrada Família allowed Gaudí to add an element of great strength to his structures, given that the catenary distributes the weight it regularly carries evenly, being affected only by tangential forces that cancel each other out.^[63]

With the use of these elements, Gaudí went from plane to spatial geometry, to ruled geometry. These constructional forms are highly suited to the use of cheap materials such as brick. Gaudí frequently used brick laid with mortar in successive layers, as in the traditional Catalan vault.^[64] This quest for new structural solutions culminated between 1910 and 1920, when he put all his research and experience into his masterpiece, the Sagrada Família. Gaudí conceived this church as if it were the structure of a forest, with a set of tree-like columns divided into various branches to support a structure of intertwined hyperboloid vaults. He inclined the columns so they could put up better with the perpendicular pressures on their section. He also gave them a double turn helicoid shape (right turn and left turn), as in the branches and trunks of trees. This created a structure that is nowadays known as fractal.^[65] Together with a modulation of the space that divides it into small, independent and self-supporting modules, it creates a structure that perfectly supports the mechanical traction forces without need for buttresses, as required by the neo-Gothic style.^[66] Gaudí thus achieved a rational, structured and perfectly logical solution adapted to nature, creating at the same time a new architectural style that was original, simple, practical and aesthetic.

This new constructional technique allowed Gaudí to achieve his greatest architectural goal; to perfect and go beyond Gothic style. The hyperboloid vaults have their centre where the Gothic had their keystone, and the hyperboloid allows for a hole in this space to let natural light in. In the intersection between the vaults, where Gothic vaults have their ribs, the hyperboloid allows for holes as well, which Gaudí made use of to give the impression of a starry sky.^[67]

Gaudí complemented this organic vision of architecture with a unique spatial vision that allowed him to conceive his designs tridimensionally, unlike the dimensionally flat design of traditional architecture. He used to say that he had acquired this spatial sense as a boy by looking at the drawings his father made of the boilers and stills he produced.^[68] Because of this spatial conception, Gaudí always preferred to work with casts and scale models or even improvise on site as the works progressed. Reluctant to draw plans, only on rare occasions did he sketch his works, in fact only when required by official authorities.

One of Gaudí’s many innovations in the technical realm was the use of a scale model to calculate structures: for the church of the Colònia Güell, he built a big scale model (1:10) with a height of four metres in a shed next to the building. There, he set up a model that had strings with little bags full of bullets hanging from them. On a drawing board that was attached to the ceiling he drew the floor of the church, and he hung the strings (for the catenaries) with the bullets (for the weight) from the supporting points of the building—columns, intersection of walls. These weights produced a catenary curve both in the arches and vaults. At that point, he took a picture that, when inverted, showed the structure for columns and arches that Gaudí had been looking for. Gaudí would then paint over these photographs with gouache or pastel. The outline of the church defined, he recorded every single detail of the building: architectural, stylistic and decorative.^[69]

Gaudís position in the history of architecture is that of a great creative genius who, inspired by nature, developed a style of his own that attained great technical perfection as well as a cultivated aesthetic value, and bore the mark of his strong character. Gaudí’s structural innovations were to a certain extent the result of his having passed through various styles, from Doric to Baroque via Gothic, his main source of inspiration. It could be said that these styles culminated in the work of Gaudí, who reinterpreted and perfected them. Gaudí passed through the historicism and eclecticism of his generation without connecting with other architectural movements of the 20th century that, with their rationalist postulates, derived from the Bauhaus School, and represented an antithetical evolution to that initiated by Gaudí, given that it later on marked the disdain and the initial lack of comprehension of the work of the modernista architect.

Other factors that led to the initial neglect of the Catalan architect's work was that despite having numerous assistants and helpers, Gaudí did not create a school of his own and never taught, nor did he leave behind many any written documents. Some of his subordinates followed his footsteps closely, above all Francesc Berenguer and Josep Maria Jujol; others, like Cèsar Martinell, Francesc Folguera and Josep Francesc Ràfols graduated towards Noucentisme, leaving the master’s trail.^[70] Despite this, a degree of Gaudí's influence can be discerned in some architects that either formed part of the Modernista movement or departed from it and who had had no direct contact with Gaudí, such as Josep Maria Pericas (Casa Alòs, Ripoll), Bernardí Martorell (Olius cemetery) and Lluís Muncunill (Masía Freixa, Terrassa). Nonetheless, Gaudí left a deep mark on 20th century architecture: masters like Le Corbusier have declared themselves admirers of his work, and the works of other architects like Pier Luigi Nervi, Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Oscar Niemeyer, Félix Candela, Eduardo Torroja and Santiago Calatrava were inspired by the new style Gaudí had invented. Frei Otto used Gaudí’s forms in the construction of the Munich Olympic Stadium. In Japan, the work of Kenji Imai bears evidence of Gaudí’s influence, as can be seen in the Memorial for the Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan in Nagasaki (Japanese National Architecture Award in 1962), where the use of Gaudí's famous “trencadís" stands out.^[71] Art critics in research and teaching positions since 1950 have given the artist a well-deserved position of relevance within 20th-century architecture.

Design and craftsmanship

During his student days, Gaudí used to attend various craft workshops, such as those taught by Eudald Puntí, Llorenç Matamala and Joan Oñós, where he learned the basic aspects of all techniques relating to architecture, including sculpture, carpentry, wrought ironwork, stained glass, ceramics, plaster modelling, etc.^[72] He also took on new technological developments, integrating into his technique the use of iron and reinforced concrete in construction. All this is due to the global vision Gaudí had of architecture as a multifunctional design, in which every single detail in an arrangement has to be harmoniously made and well proportioned. This knowledge not only allowed him to design architectural projects but also to design all the elements of the works he created, from furnishings to illumination to wrought ironwork.

Gaudí was also an innovator in the realm of craftsmanship, conceiving new technical and decorative solutions with the materials he used, as for example his way of designing ceramic mosaics made of waste pieces (“trencadís”) in original and imaginative combinations. For the restoration of Mallorca Cathedral he invented a new technique to produce stained glass, which consisted of juxtaposing three glass panes of primary colours, and sometimes a neutral one, varying the thickness of the glass in order to graduate the intensity of the light.^[73]

This was how he personally designed many of the Sagrada Família’s sculptures, applying a method he himself had conceived. To start with, he would thoroughly study the anatomy of the figure, concentrating on gestures. For this purpose, he attentively studied the human skeleton and sometimes used dummies made of wire to test the appropriate posture of the figure he was about to sculpt. In a second step, he would take photographs of the models, using a mirror system that provided multiple perspectives. He would then make plaster casts of the figures, both of people and animals (on one occasion he made a donkey stand up so it would not move). He would modify the proportions of these casts to obtain the desired appearance of the figure, depending on its place in the church (the higher up, the bigger it would be). Eventually, he would sculpt the figures in stone.^[74]

Apart from architecture, Gaudí also designed urban settings and landscaping, always aiming to place his works in the most appropriate surroundings, both natural and architectural. He studied the location of his constructions thoroughly, trying to integrate them into their surroundings naturally. For this purpose, he often used the material that was most common in these surroundings, such as the slate of Bellesguard and the grey granit of Bierzo in the Bishop’s Palace of Astorga. Many of his projects included gardens, like the Casa Vicens or the Güell Pavilions, or were even gardens themselves, like the Güell Park or the Can Artigas Gardens. A perfect example of this integration into nature was the First Mystery of the Glory of the Rosary at Montserrat, where the architectural framework is nature itself—here the Montserrat rock—that encircles the group of sculptures that adorned the path to the Holy Cave.

Equally, Gaudí stood out as interior decorator, taking care of the decoration of most of his buildings personally, from the design of the furnishings to the smallest details. In each case he knew how to apply stylistic particularities, personalising the decoration according to the owner’s taste, the predominant style of the arrangement or its place in the surroundings—whether urban or natural—and depending on its type, secular or religious. Many of his works were related to liturgical furnishing. From the design of a desk for his office at the beginning of his career to the furnishings designed for the Sobrellano Palace of Comillas, he designed all furnishing of the Vicens, Calvet, Batlló and Milà houses, of the Güell Palace and the Bellesguard Tower, and finally also the liturgical furnishing of the Sagrada Família. It is noteworthy that Gaudí studied some ergonomy in order to adapt his furnishings to the human anatomy in an optimal way. Many of the furnishings he designed are currently exhibited at the Gaudí Museum in the Güell Park.^[75]

Another aspect to mention is the intelligent distribution of space, always with the aim of creating a comfortable, intimate atmosphere in the interior of all his buildings. For this purpose, Gaudí would divide the space into different sections, adapted to their specific use, by means of low walls, dropped ceilings, sliding doors and wall closets. Apart from taking care of every single detail of all structural and ornamental elements, he would make sure his constructions had good lighting and ventilation. For this purpose, he would study the orientation of the building in detail with respect to the cardinal points, as well as the climate of the region and its place in the surrounding natural setting. At that time, there was an increasing demand for more domestic comfort, with piped water and gas and the use of electric light, all of which Gaudí expertly incorporated into his constructions. For the Sagrada Família, for example, he carried out thorough studies on acoustics and illumination, in order to optimise them. He used to say the following with regard to light:

Light achieves maximum harmony at an inclination of 45°, since it resides on objects in a way that is neither horizontal nor vertical. This can be considered medium light, and it offers the most perfect vision of objects and their most exquisite nuances. It is the Mediterranean light.^[76]

Lighting also served Gaudí for the organisation of space, which required a careful study of the gradient of light intensity to adequately adapt to each specific environment. He achieved this with different elements such as skylights, windows, shutters and blinds; a notable case is the gradation of colour used in the atrium of the Casa Batlló to achieve uniform distribution of light throughout the interior. He also tended to build south-facing houses to maximise sunlight.^[77]

Works

Gaudí’s work is difficult to classify. It is normally classed as modernista, and it belongs to this movement on account of its eagerness to renovate without breaking with tradition, its quest for modernity, the ornamental sense applied to works, and the multidisciplinary character of its undertakings, where craftsmanship plays a central role. To this, Gaudí adds a dose of the baroque, adopts technical advances and continues to use traditional architectural language. Together with his inspiration from nature and the original touch of his works, this is the amalgam that gives his works their personal and unique character in the history of architecture.

Chronologically, it is difficult to establish guidelines that illustrate the evolution of Gaudí’s style faithfully. Although he moved on from his initially historicist approach to immerse himself completely in the modernista movement which arose so vigorously in the last third of the 19th century in Catalonia, before finally attaining his personal, organic style, this process did not consist of clearly-defined stages with boundaries between one stage and another: rather, at every stage there are reflections of all the earlier ones, as he gradually assimilated them and surpassed them. One of the best descriptions of Gaudí’s work was made by his disciple and biographer Joan Bergós, according to plastic and structural criteria. Bergós establishes five periods in Gaudí’s productions: preliminary period, mudéjar-morisco (Moorish/mudéjar art), emulated Gothic, naturalist and expressionist, and organic synthesis.^[78]

Early works

Gaudís first works both from his student days and the time just after his graduation stand out for the great precision of their details, the use of superior geometry and the prevalence of mechanical considerations in the calculations of the structures.^[79]

During his studies, Gaudí designed various projects, among which the following stand out: a cemetery gate (1875), a Spanish pavilion for the Philadelphia World Fair of 1876, a quay-side building (1876), a courtyard for the Diputació de Barcelona (1876), a monumental fountain for the Plaça Catalunya in Barcelona (1877) and a university assembly hall (1877).^[80]

Student works

Cemetery gate (1875)	Quay-side building (1876)	Fountain in Plaça Catalunya (1877)	University assembly hall (1877)

Antoni Gaudí started his professional career while still pursuing his university studies. To pay for his studies, he worked as a draughtsman for some of the most outstanding architects in Barcelona at the time, such as Joan Martorell, Josep Fontserè, Francisco de Paula del Villar y Lozano, Leandre Serrallach and Emili Sala Cortés.^[23] Gaudí had a long-standing relationship with Josep Fontserè, since his family was also from Riudoms and they had known each other for some time. Despite not having a degree in architecture, Fontserè received the commission from the city council of Barcelona for the Parc de la Ciutadella development, carried out between 1873 and 1882. In this project, Gaudí was in charge of the design of the entrance gate of the park, the balustrade of the band-stand and the water project for the monumental fountain, where he designed an artificial cave that already shows his liking for nature and the organic touch he would give his architecture.^[81]

Gaudí worked for Francisco de Paula del Villar on the apse of the Montserrat monastery, designing the niche for the image of the Black Virgin of Montserrat in 1876. Later on, he would substitute Villar in the works of the Sagrada Família. With Leandre Serrallach, he worked on a project for a tram line to Villa Arcadia in Montjuïc. Eventually, he collaborated with Joan Martorell working on the Jesuit church on Carrer Casp and the Salesian convent in Passeig de Sant Joan, as well as the Villaricos church (Almería). He also carried out a project for Martorell for the competition for a new facade for Barcelona cathedral, which was eventually not approved. His relationship with Martorell, whom he always considered one of his main and most influential masters, brought him unexpected luck; it was Martorell that recommended Gaudí for the Sagrada Família.

After his graduation as an architect in 1878, Gaudí's first works were a set of lampposts for the Plaça Reial, the project for the Girossi newsstands and the Mataró cooperative, which was his first important work. He received the request for the set of lampposts from the city council of Barcelona in February 1878, when he had graduated but not yet received his degree, which was sent from Madrid on 15 March of the same year.^[82] For this commission he designed two different types of lampposts: one with six arms, of which two were installed in the Plaça Reial, and another with three, of which two were installed in the Pla del Palau, opposite the Civil Government. The lampposts were inaugurated during the Mercè festivities in 1879. Made of cast iron with a marble base, they have a decoration in which the caduceus of Mercury is prominent, symbol of commerce and emblem of Barcelona.

The project of the Girossi newsstands, which was never carried out, was a commission from the tradesman Enrique Girossi de Sanctis. It would have consisted of 20 newsstands, spread out throughout Barcelona. Each of them would have included a public lavatory, a flower stand and glass panels for advertisements as well as a clock, a calendar, a barometer and a thermometer. Gaudí conceived a structure with iron pillars and marble and glass slabs, crowned by a large iron and glass roof, with a gas illumination system.^[83]

The Cooperativa Obrera Mataronense (Mataró Workers' Cooperative) was Gaudí’s first big project, on which he worked from 1878 to 1882, for Salvador Pagès i Anglada. The project, for the cooperative’s head office in Mataró, comprised a factory, a housing estate for the workers, a social centre and a services building, though only the factory and the services building were completed. In the factory roof Gaudí used the catenary arch for the first time, with a bolt assembly system devised by Philibert de l'Orme.^[84] He also used ceramic tile decoration for the first time in the services building. Gaudí laid out the site taking account of solar orientation, another signature of his works, and included landscaped areas in the project. He even designed the Cooperative’s banner, with the figure of a bee, symbol of industriousness.

In May 1878 Gaudí designed a display cabinet for the Esteban Comella glove factory, which was exhibited in the Spanish pavilion at the Paris World Exhibition that year.^[85] It was this work that attracted the attention of the entrepreneur Eusebi Güell, visiting the French capital; he was so impressed that he wanted to meet Gaudí on his return, beginning a long friendship and professional collaboration, Güell being Gaudí’s main patron and sponsor of many of his large projects.

The first task that Güell gave to Gaudí, that same year, was the design of the furniture for the pantheon chapel of the Palacio de Sobrellano in Comillas, which was then being constructed by Joan Martorell, Gaudí’s teacher, at the request of the Marquis of Comillas, Güell’s father in law. Gaudí designed a chair, a bench and a prayer stool: the chair was upholstered with velvet, finished with two eagles and the Marquis’ coat of arms; the bench stands out with the motif of a dragon, designed by Llorenç Matamala; the prayer stool is decorated with plants.

Also in 1878 he drew up the plans for a theatre in the former town of Sant Gervasi de Cassoles (now a district of Barcelona); Gaudí did not take part in the subsequent construction of the theatre, which no longer exists. The following year he designed the furniture and counter for the Gibert Pharmacy, with marquetry of Arab influence. The same year he made five drawings for a procession in honour of the poet Francesc Vicent Garcia i Torres in Vallfogona de Riucorb, where which this celebrated 17th-century writer and friend of Lope de Vega was the parish priest . Gaudí’s project was centred on the poet and on several aspects of agricultural work, such as reaping and harvesting grapes and olives; however, as a result of organisational problems Gaudí’s ideas were not carried out.^[86]

Between 1879 and 1881 he drew up a project for the decoration of the church of Sant Pacià, belonging to the Colegio de Jesús-María in Sant Andreu del Palomar: he created the altar in a Gothic style, the monstrance with Byzantine influence, the mosaics and the lighting, as well as the school’s furniture. The church caught fire during the Tragic Week of 1909, and now only the mosaics remain, of “opus tesselatum”, probably the work of the Italian mosaicist Luigi Pellerin.^[87] He was given the task of decorating the church of the Colegio de Jesús-María in Tarragona (1880–1882): he created the altar in white Italian marble, and its front part, or antependium, with four columns bearing medallions of polychrome alabaster, with figures of angels; the ostensory with gilt wood, the work of Eudald Puntí, decorated with rosaries, angels, tetramorph symbols and the dove of the Holy Ghost; and the choir stalls, which were destroyed in 1936.^[88]

In 1880 he designed an electric lighting project for Barcelona’s Muralla de Mar, or sea wall, which finally was not carried out. It consisted of eight large iron street lamps, profusely decorated with plant motifs, friezes, shields and names of battles and Catalan admirals. The same year he participated in the competition for the construction of the San Sebastián social centre (now town hall), won by Luis Aladrén Mendivi and Adolfo Morales de los Ríos; Gaudí submitted a project that was a synthesis of several of his earlier studies, such as the fountain for the Plaça Catalunya and the courtyard of the Provincial Council.^[89]

A new task of the Güell-López’s for Comillas was the gazebo for Alfonso XII’s visit to the Cantabrian town in 1881. Gaudí designed a small pavilion in the shape of a Hindu turban, covered in mosaics and decorated with an abundance of small bells which jingled constantly. It was subsequently moved into the Güell Pavilions.^[90]

In 1882 he designed a Benedictine monastery and a church dedicated to the Holy Spirit in Villaricos (Cuevas de Vera, Almeria) for his former teacher, Joan Martorell. It was of neo-Gothic design, similar to the Convent of the Salesians that Gaudí also planned with Martorell. Ultimately it was not carried out, and the project plans were destroyed in the looting of the Sagrada Família in 1936.^[91] The same year he was tasked with constructing a hunting lodge and wine cellars at a country residence known as La Cuadra, in Garraf (Sitges), property of baron Eusebi Güell. Ultimately the lodge was not built, only the wine cellars some years later. With Martorell he also collaborated in three other projects: the church of the Jesuit School in Carrer Caspe; the Convent of the Salesians in Passeig de Sant Joan, a neo-Gothic project with an altar in the centre of the crossing; and the facade project for Barcelona cathedral, for the competition convened by the cathedral chapter in 1882, ultimately won by Josep Oriol Mestres and August Font i Carreras.^[92]

Gaudí’s collaboration with Martorell was a determining factor in Gaudí’s recommendation for the Sagrada Família. The church was the idea of Josep Maria Bocabella, founder of the Devotees of Saint Joseph Association, which acquired a complete block of Barcelona’s Eixample district.^[93] The project was originally entrusted to Francisco de Paula del Villar y Lozano, who planned the construction of a neo-Gothic church, on which work began in 1882. However, the following year Villar resigned due to disagreements with the construction board, and the task went to Gaudí, who completely redesigned the project, apart from the part of the crypt that had already been built.^[94] Gaudí devoted the rest of his life to the construction of the church, which was to be the synthesis of all of his architectural discoveries.

Orientalist period

During these years Gaudí completed a series of works with a distinctly oriental flavour, inspired by the art of the Middle and Far East (India, Persia, Japan), as well as Islamic-Hispanic art, mainly Mudejar and Nazari. Gaudí used ceramic tile decoration abundantly, as well as Moorish arches, columns of exposed brick and pinnacles in the shape of pavilions or domes.^[95]

Between 1883 and 1888 he constructed the Casa Vicens, commissioned by stockbroker Manuel Vicens i Montaner. It was constructed with four floors, with facades on three sides and an extensive garden, with a monumental brick fountain. The house was surrounded by a wall with iron gates, decorated with palmetto leaves, work of Llorenç Matamala. The walls of the house are of stone alternated with lines of tile, which imitate yellow flowers typical of this area; the house is topped with chimneys and turrets. In the interior the polychrome wooden roof beams stand out, adorned with floral themes of papier maché; the walls are decorated with vegetable motifs, as well as paintings by Josep Torrescasana; finally, the floor consists of Roman-style mosaics of "opus tesselatum". One of the most original rooms is the smoking room, notable the ceiling, decorated with Moorish honeycomb-work, reminiscent of the Generalife in the Alhambra in Granada.^[96]

In the same year, 1883, Gaudí designed the Santísimo Sacramento chapel for the parish church of San Félix de Alella, as well as some topographical plans for the Can Rosell de la Llena country residence in Gelida. He also received a commission to build a small annex to the Palacio de Sobrellano, for the Baron of Comillas, in the Cantabrian town of the same name. Known as El Capricho, it was commissioned by Máximo Díaz de Quijano and constructed between 1883 and 1885. Cristòfor Cascante i Colom, Gaudí’s fellow student, directed the construction. In an oriental style, it has an elongated shape, on three levels and a cylindrical tower in the shape of a Persian minaret, faced completely in ceramics. The entrance is set behind four columns supporting depressed arches, with capitals decorated with birds and leaves, similar to those that can be seen at the Casa Vicens. Notable are the main lounge, with its large sash window, and the smoking room with a ceiling consisting of a false Arab-style stucco vault.^[97]

Gaudí carried out a second commission from Eusebi Güell between 1884 and 1887, the Güell Pavilions in Pedralbes, now on the outskirts of Barcelona. Güell had a country residence in Les Corts de Sarrià, consisting of two adjacent properties known as Can Feliu and Can Cuyàs de la Riera. The architect Joan Martorell had built a Caribbean-style mansion, which was demolished in 1919 to make way for the Royal Palace of Pedralbes. Gaudí undertook the task of refurbishing the house and constructing a wall and porter's lodge. He completed the stone wall with several entrances, the main entrance with an iron gate in the shape of a dragon, with a symbology allusive to the myths of Hercules and the Garden of the Hesperides.^[98] The buildings consist of a stable, covered longeing ring and porter's lodge: the stable has a rectangular base and catenary arches; the longeing ring has a square base with a hyperboloid dome; the porter's lodge consists of three small buildings, the central one being polygonal with a hyperbolic dome, and the other two smaller and cubic. All three are topped by ventilators in the shape of chimneys faced with ceramics. The walls are of exposed brick in various shades of reds and yellows; in certain sections prefabricated cement blocks are also used. The Pavilions are now the headquarters of the Real Cátedra Gaudí, of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia.

In 1885 Gaudí accepted a commission from Josep Maria Bocabella, promotor of the Sagrada Família, for an altar in the oratory of the Bocabella family, who had obtained permission from the Pope to have an altar in their home. The altar is made of varnished mahogany, with a slab of white marble in the centre for relics. It is decorated with plants and religious motifs, such as the Greek letters alpha and omega, symbol of the beginning and end, gospel phrases and images of Saint Francis of Paola, Saint Teresa of Avila and the Holy Family and closed with a curtain of crimson embroidery. It was made by the cabinet maker Frederic Labòria, who also collaborated with Gaudí on the Sagrada Família.^[99]

Shortly after, Gaudí received an important new commission from Güell: the construction of his family house, in the Carrer Nou de la Rambla in Barcelona. The Palau Güell (1886–1888) continues the tradition of large Catalan urban mansions such as those in Carrer Montcada. Gaudí designed a monumental entrance with a magnificent parabolic-arched entrance and iron gates, decorated with the Catalan coat of arms and a helmet with a winged dragon, the work of Joan Oñós. A notable feature is the triple-height entrance hall; it is the core of the building, surrounded by the main rooms of the palace, and it is remarkable for its double dome, parabolic within and conical on the outside, a solution typical of Byzantine art. For the gallery on the street facade Gaudí used an original system of catenary arches and columns with hyperbolic capitals, a style he used neither before nor afterwards.^[100] He designed the interior of the palace with great care, with a sumptuous Mudejar-style decoration, where the wood and iron coffered ceilings stand out. The chimneys on the roof are a highly remarkable feature, faced in vividly-coloured ceramic tiles, as is the tall spire in the form of a lantern tower, which is the external termination of the dome within, and is also faced with ceramic tiles and topped with an iron weather vane.^[101]

On the occasion of the World Expo held in Barcelona in 1888, Gaudí constructed the pavilion for the Compañía Trasatlántica, property of the Marquis of Comillas, in the Maritime Section of the event. He created it in a Granadinian Nazari style, with horseshoe arches and stucco decoration; the building survived until the Passeig Marítim was opened up in 1960. In the wake of the event he received a commission from Barcelona Council to restore the Saló de Cent and the grand stairs in Barcelona City Hall, as well as a chair for the queen Maria Cristina; only the chair was made, and Mayor Francesc Rius i Taulet presented it to the Queen.^[102]

Neo-Gothic period

During this period Gaudí was inspired above all by mediaeval Gothic art, but wanted to improve on its structural solutions. Neo-gothic was one of the most successful historicist styles at that time, above all as a result of the theoretical studies of Viollet-le-Duc.^[103] Gaudí studied examples in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Roussillon in depth, as well as Leonese and Castillian buildings during his stays in León and Burgos, and became convinced that it was an imperfect style, leaving major structural issues only partly resolved. In his works he eliminated the need of buttresses through the use of ruled surfaces, and abolishing crenellations and excessive openwork.^[104]

The first example was the Colegio de las Teresianas (1888–1889), in Barcelona’s Carrer Ganduxer, commissioned by San Enrique de Ossó. Gaudí fulfilled the wish of the order that the building should be austere, in keeping with their vows of poverty. He designed a simple building, using bricks for the exterior and some brick elements for the interior. Wrought ironwork, one of Gaudí's favourite materials,is also used on the facades, the building is crowned by a row of merlons which suggest a castle, a possible reference to Saint Teresa’s Interior Castle.^[105] On the corners are brick pinnacles topped by helicoidal columns and culminating in a four-armed cross, typical of Gaudí’s works, and with ceramic shields bearing various symbols of the order. In the interior there is a corridor which is famous for the series of catenary arches that it contains. These elegant arches are not merely decorative, but are there to support the ceiling and the floor above. For Gaudí, the parabolic arch was an ideal constructional element, capable of supporting great loads with slender masonry .^[106]

Gaudí received his next commission from a clergyman who had been a boyhood friend in his native Reus. When he was appointed bishop of Astorga, Joan Baptista Grau i Vallespinós asked Gaudí to design a new episcopal palace for the city, as the previous building had caught fire. Constructed between 1889 and 1915, in a neo-Gothic style with four cylindrical towers, it was surrounded by a moat. The stone with which it was built (grey granite from the El Bierzo area) is in harmony with its surroundings, particularly with the cathedral in its immediate vicinity, as well as with the natural landscape, which in late 19th-century Astorga was more visible than it is today. The porch has three large flared arches, built of ashlar and separated by sloping buttresses. The structure of the building is supported by columns with decorated capitals and by ribbed vaults on pointed arches, and topped with Mudejar-style merlons. Gaudí resigned from the project in 1893, at the death of Bishop Grau, due to disagreements with the Chapter, and it was finished in 1915 by Ricardo García Guereta. It currently houses a museum about the Way of Saint James, which passes through Astorga^[107]

Another of Gaudí’s projects outside of Catalonia was the Casa de los Botines, in León (1891–1894), commissioned by Simón Fernández Fernández and Mariano Andrés Luna, textile merchants from Leon, who were recommended Gaudí by Eusebi Güell, with whom they did business. Gaudí’s project was an impressive neo-Gothic style building, which bears his unmistakable modernista imprint. The building was used to accommodate offices and textile shops on the lower floors, as well as apartments on the upper floors. It was constructed with walls of solid limestone.^[108] The building is flanked by four cylindrical turrets surmounted by slate spires, and surrounded by an area with an iron grille. The Gothic facade style, with its cusped arches, has a clock and a sculpture of Saint George and the Dragon, the work of Llorenç Matamala.^[109] It is now the headquarters of the Caja España.

In 1892 Gaudí was commissioned by Claudio López Bru, second Marquis of Comillas, with the Franciscana Catholic Missions for the city of Tangier, in Morocco (at the time a Spanish colony). The project included a church, hospital and school, and Gaudí conceived a quadrilobulate ground-plan floor structure, with catenary arches, parabolic towers, and hyperboloid windows. Ultimately the project was not carried out, something Gaudí deeply regretted, always keeping his design with him. In spite of this, the project influenced the works of the Sagrada Família, in particular the design of the towers, with their paraboloid shape like those of the Missions.^[110]

In 1895 he designed a funerary chapel for the Güell family at the abbey of Montserrat, but little is known about this work, which was never built. That year, construction finally began on the Bodegas Güell, the 1882 project for a hunting lodge and some wineries at La Cuadra de Garraf (Sitges), property of Eusebi Güell. Constructed between 1895 and 1897 under the direction of Francesc Berenguer, Gaudí’s aide, the wineries have a triangular end facade, a very steep stone roof, a group of chimneys and two bridges that join them to an older building. It has three floors: the bottom one for a garage, an apartment and a chapel with catenary arches, with the altar in the centre. It was completed with a porter’s lodge, notable for the iron gate in the shape of a fishing net.

In the township of Sant Gervasi de Cassoles (now a district of Barcelona), Gaudí was given a commission by the widow of Jaume Figueras to renovate the Torre Bellesguard (1900–1909), former summer palace of King Martin I the Humane.^[111] Gaudí designed it in a neo-Gothic style, respecting the former building as much as possible, and tried as always to integrate the architecture into the natural surroundings. This influenced his choice of local slate for the construction. The building's ground-plan measures 15m x 15m, with the corners oriented to the four cardinal points. Constructed in stone and brick, it is taller than it is wide, with a spire topped with the four-armed cross, the Catalan flag and the royal crown. The house has a basement, ground floor, first floor and an attic, with a gable roof.^[112]

Naturalist period

During this period Gaudí perfected his personal style, inspired by the organic shapes of nature, putting into practise a whole series of new structural solutions originating from his deep analysis of ruled geometry. To this he added a great creative freedom and an imaginative ornamental style. His works acquired a great richness of structure, with shapes and volumes devoid of rational rigidity or any classic premise.^[113]

Commissioned by the company Hijos de Pedro Mártir Calvet, Gaudí built the Casa Calvet (1898–1899), in Barcelona’s Carrer Casp. The facade is built of Montjuïc stone, adorned with wrought iron balconies and topped with two pediments with wrought iron crosses. Another notable feature of the facade is the gallery on the main floor, decorated with plant and mythological motifs. For this project Gaudí used a Baroque style, visible in the use of Solomonic columns, decoration with floral themes and the design of the terraced roof . In 1900 he won the award for the best building of the year from Barcelona City Council.^[114]

A virtually unknown work by Gaudí is the Casa Clapés (1899–1900), at 125 Carrer Escorial, commissioned by the painter Aleix Clapés, who collaborated on occasion with Gaudí, such as in decorating the Palau Güell and the Casa Milà. It has a ground floor and three apartments, with stuccoed walls and cast-iron balconies. Due to its lack of decoration or original structural solutions its authorship was unknown until 1976, when the architect’s plans signed by Gaudí were discovered.^[115] In 1900 he renovated the house of Dr. Pere Santaló, at 32 Carrer Nou de la Rambla, a work of equally low importance. Santaló was a friend of Gaudí's, whom he accompanied during his stay in Puigcerdà in 1911.It was he who recommended him to do manual work for his rheumatism.^[116]

Also in 1900 he designed two banners: for the Orfeó Feliuà (of Sant Feliu de Codines), made of brass, leather, cork and silk, with ornamental motifs based on the martyrdom of San Félix (a millstone), music (a staff and clef) and the inscription “Orfeó Feliuà”; and Our Lady of Mercy of Reus, for the pilgrimage of the Reus residents of Barcelona, with an image of Isabel Besora, the shepherdess to whom the Virgin appeared in 1592, work of Aleix Clapés and, on the back, a rose and the Catalan flag. In the same year, for the shrine of Our Lady of Mercy in Reus, Gaudí outlined a project for the renovation of the church’s main facade, which ultimately was not undertaken, as the board considered it too expensive. Gaudí took this rejection quite badly, leaving some bitterness towards Reus, possibly the source of his subsequent claim that Riudoms was his place of birth.^[117] Between 1900 and 1902 Gaudí worked on the Casa Miralles, commissioned by the industrialist Hermenegild Miralles i Anglès; Gaudí designed only the wall near the gateway, of undulating masonry, with an iron gate topped with the four-armed cross. Subsequently, the house for Señor Miralles was designed by Domènec Sugrañes, associate architect of Gaudí.

Gaudí’s main new project at the beginning of the 20th century was the Park Güell (1900–1914), commissioned by Eusebi Güell. It was intended to be a residential estate in the style of an English garden city. The project was unsuccessful: of the 60 plots into which the site was divided only one was sold. Despite this, the park entrances and service areas were built, displaying Gaudí’s architectural genius and putting into practise many of his innovative structural solutions, which are emblematic of the organic style that culminates in the Sagrada Família. The Park Güell is situated in Barcelona’s Càrmel district, a rugged area, with steep slopes that Gaudí negotiated with a system of viaducts integrated into the terrain. The main entrance to the park has a buildings on each side, intended as a porter’s lodge and an office, and the site is surrounded by a stone and glazed-ceramic wall. These entrance buildings are an example of Gaudí at the height of his powers, with Catalan vaults that form a parabolic hyperboloid.^[118] Having passed through the gate, there are steps leading to higher levels, decorated with sculpted fountains, notably the dragon fountain, which has become a symbol of the park and one of Gaudí’s most recognised emblems. These steps lead to the Hypostyle Hall, which was to have been the residents’ market, constructed with large Doric columns. Above this chamber is a large plaza in the form of a Greek theatre, with the famous undulating bench covered in broken ceramics ("trencadís"), the work of Josep Maria Jujol.^[119] The park’s show home, the work of Francesc Berenguer, was Gaudí’s residence from 1906 to 1926, and currently houses the Casa-Museu Gaudí.

During this period Gaudí contributed to a group project, the Rosary of Montserrat (1900–1916). Located on the way to the Holy Cave of Montserrat, it was a series of groups of sculptures that evoked the mysteries of the Virgin, who tells the rosary. This project involved the best architects and sculptors of the era, and is a curious example of Catalan Modernism. Gaudí designed the First Mystery of Glory, which represents the Holy Sepulcher, with a statue of Christ Risen, the work of Josep Llimona, and the Three Marys sculpted by Dionís Renart. Another monumental project designed by Gaudí for Montserrat was never carried out: it would have included crowning the summit of El Cavall Bernat (one of the mountain peaks) with a viewpoint in the shape of a royal crown, incorporating a 20 m high Catalan coat of arms into the wall.^[120]

In 1901 Gaudí decorated the house of Isabel Güell López, Marchioness of Castelldosrius, and daughter of Eusebi Güell. Situated at 19 Carrer Junta de Comerç, the house had been built in 1885 and renovated between 1901 and 1904; it was destroyed by a bomb during the Civil War.^[121] The following year Gaudí took part in the decoration of the Bar Torino, property of Flaminio Mezzalana, located at 18 Passeig de Gràcia; Gaudí designed the ornamentation of el Salón Árabe of that establishment, made with varnished Arabian-style cardboard tiles (which no longer exist).

A project of great interest to Gaudí was the restoration of the Cathedral of Santa Maria in Palma de Mallorca (1903–1914), commissioned by the city’s bishop, Pere Campins i Barceló. Gaudí planned a series of works including removing the baroque altarpiece, revealing the bishop's throne, moving the choir-stalls from the centre of the nave and placing them in the presbytery, clearing the way through chapel of the Holy Trinity, placing new pulpits, fitting the cathedral with electrical lighting, uncovering the Gothic windows of the Royal Chapel and filling them with stained glass, placing a large canopy above the main altar and completing the decoration with paintings. This was coordinated by Joan Rubió i Bellver, Gaudí’s assistant. Josep Maria Jujol and the painters Joaquín Torres García, Iu Pascual and Jaume Llongueras were also involved. Gaudí abandoned the project in 1914 due to disagreements with the Cathedral chapter.^[122]

One of Gaudí’s largest and most striking works is the Casa Batlló (1904–1906). Commissioned by Josep Batlló i Casanovas to renovate an existing building erected in 1875 by Emili Sala Cortés,^[123] Gaudí focused on the facade, the main floor, the patio and the roof, and built a fifth floor for the staff. For this project he was assisted by his aides Domènec Sugrañes, Joan Rubió and Josep Canaleta. The facade is of Montjuïc sandstone cut to create warped ruled surfaces; the columns are bone shaped with vegetable decoration. Gaudí kept the rectangular shape of the old building’s balconies—with iron railings in the shape of masks—giving the rest of the facade an ascending undulating form. He also faced the facade with ceramic fragments of various colours ("trencadís"), which Gaudí obtained from the waste material of the Pelegrí glass works. The interior courtyard is roofed by a skylight supported by an iron structure in the shape of a double T, which rests on a series of catenary aches. The helicoidal chimneys are a notable feature of the roof, topped with conical caps, covered in clear glass in the centre and ceramics at the top, and surmounted by clear glass balls filled with sand of different colours. The facade culminates in catenary vaults covered with two layers of brick and faced with glazed ceramic tiles in the form of scales (in shades of yellow, green and blue), which resemble a dragon’s back; on the left side is a cylindrical turret with anagrams of Jesus, Mary and Joseph, and with Gaudí’s four-armed cross.^[124]

In 1904, commissioned by the painter Lluís Graner i Arrufí, he designed the decoration of the Sala Mercè, in the Rambla dels Estudis, one of the first cinemas in Barcelona; the theatre imitated a cave, inspired by the Coves del del Drac (Dragon's Caves) in Mallorca. Also for Graner he designed a detached house in the Bonanova district of Barcelona, of which only the foundations and the main gate were built, with three openings: for people, vehicles and birds; the building would have had a structure similar to the Casa Batlló or the porter's lodge of the Park Güell.^[125]

The same year he built a workshop, the Taller Badia, for Josep and Lluís Badia Miarnau, blacksmiths who worked for Gaudí on several of his works, such as the Batlló and Milà houses, the Park Güell and and the Sagrada Família; located at 278 Carrer Nàpols, it was a simple stone building. Around that time he also designed hexagonal hydraulic floor tiles for the Casa Batlló, they were eventually not used at this location but were used for the Casa Milà; they were a green colour and were decorated with seaweed, shells and starfish. These tiles were subsequently chosen to pave Barcelona’s Passeig de Gràcia.^[126]

Also in 1904 he built the Chalet de Catllaràs, in La Pobla de Lillet, for the Asland cement factory, owned by Eusebi Güell. It has a simple structure though very original, in the shape of a pointed arch, with two semi-circular flights of stairs leading to the top two floors. This building fell into ruin when the cement works closed, and when it was eventually restored its appearance was radically altered, the ingenious original staircase being replaced with a simpler metal one. In the same area he created the Can Artigas Gardens between 1905 and 1907, in an area called Font de la Magnesia, commissioned by the textile merchant Joan Artigas i Alart; men who had worked the Park Güell were also involved on this project, similar to the famous park in Barcelona.^[127]

Jardines de Can Artigas, in La Pobla de Lillet

In 1906 he designed a bridge over the Torrent de Pomeret, between Sarrià and Sant Gervasi. This river flowed directly between two of Gaudí’s works, Bellesguard and the Chalet Graner, and so he was asked to bridge the divide. Gaudí designed an interesting structure composed of juxtaposed triangles that would support the bridge’s framework, following the style of the viaducts that he made for the Park Güell. It would have been built with cement, and would have had a length of 154m and a height of 15m; the balustrade would have been covered with glazed tiles, with an inscription dedicated to Santa Eulàlia. The project was not approved by the Town Council of Sarrià.^[128]

The same year Gaudí apparently took part in the construction of the Torre Damià Mateu, in Llinars del Vallès, in collaboration with his disciple Francesc Berenguer, though the project’s authorship is not clear or to what extent they each contributed to it. The style of the building evokes Gaudí’s early work, such as the Casa Vicens or the Güell Pavilions; it had an entrance gate in the shape of a fishing net, currently installed in the Park Güell. The building was demolished in 1939.^[129] Also in 1906 he designed a new banner, this time for the Guild of Metalworkers and Blacksmiths for the Corpus Christi procession of 1910, in Barcelona Cathedral. It was dark green in colour, with Barcelona’s coat of arms in the upper left corner, and an image of Saint Eligius, patron of the guild, with typical tools of the trade. The banner was burned in July 1936.^[130]

Another of Gaudí’s major projects and one of his most admired works is the Casa Milà, better known as La Pedrera (1906–1910), commissioned by Pere Milà i Camps. Gaudí designed the house around two large curved courtyards, with a structure of stone, brick and cast-iron columns steel beams. The whole facade is built of limestone from Vilafranca del Penedès, apart from the upper level, which is covered in white tiles, evoking a snowy mountain. It has a total of five floors, plus a loft made entirely of catenary arches, as well as two large interior courtyards, one circular and one oval. Notable features are the staircases to the roof, topped with the four-armed cross, and the chimneys, covered in ceramics and with shapes that suggest mediaeval helmets. The interior decoration was carried out by Josep Maria Jujol and the painters Iu Pascual, Xavier Nogués and Aleix Clapés. The facade was to have been completed with a stone, metal and glass sculpture with Our lady of the Rosary accompanied by the archangels Michael and Gabriel, 4m in height. A sketch was made by the sculptor Carles Mani, but due to the events of the Tragic Week in 1909 the project was abandoned.^[131]

File:Hotel Attraction.jpg

Sketch of the Hotel Atracción, by Joan Matamala

In 1907, to mark the seventh centenary of the birth of King James I, Gaudí designed a monument in his memory. It would have been situated in the Plaça del Rei, and would have also meant the renovation of the adjacent buildings: new roof for the cathedral, as well as the completion of its towers and cupola; placement of three vases above the buttresses of the Chapel of Santa Àgada, dedicated to the Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary, as well as the figure of an angel on top of the chapel's tower; finally, the opening of a large square next to the walls (now the Plaça Ramon Berenguer el Grand). The project was not executed because the city council disliked it.^[132]

In 1908 Gaudí devised a project for a skyscraper hotel in New York, the Hotel Atraction, commissioned by two American entrepreneurs whose names are unknown. It would have been 360m high (taller than the Empire State Building), with a taller parabolic central section, topped with a star, and flanked by four volumes containing museums, art galleries and concert halls, with shapes similar to the Casa Milà. Inside it would have had five large rooms, one dedicated to every continent.^[133]

The last project for his great patron Eusebi Güell was the church for the Colònia Güell, an industrial village in Santa Coloma de Cervelló, of which only the crypt was constructed (known today as Crypt of the Colònia Güell) (1908–1918). The project began in 1890, and the factory, service buildings and housing for the workers were constructed. What would have been the colony’s church was designed by Gaudí in 1898, though the first stone was not laid until 4 October 1908. Unfortunately only the crypt was built, as Güell’s sons abandoned the project after his death in 1918. Gaudí designed an oval church with five aisles, one central aisle and two at either side. He conceived it as fully integrated into nature, reflecting his concept of architecture as organic structure. A porch of hyperbolic paraboloid vaults precedes the crypt, the first time that Gaudí used this structure and the first use of paraboloid vaults in the history of architecture.^[134] In the crypt the large hyperboloid stained glass windows stand out, with the shapes of flower petals and butterfly wings. Inside, circular brick pillars alternate with slanted basalt columns from Castellfollit de la Roca.

Final period

During the last years of his career, dedicated almost exclusively to la Sagrada Família, Gaudí reached the culmination of this naturalistic style, creating a synthesis of all of the solutions and styles he had tried until then. Gaudí achieved perfect harmony between structural and ornamental elements, between plastic and aesthetic, between function and form, between container and content, achieving the integration of all arts in one structured, logical work.^[135]

The first example of his final stage can be seen in a simple but very ingenious building, the Sagrada Família schools, a small school for the workers’ children. Built in 1909, it has a rectangular ground plan of 10m x 20m, and contained three classrooms, a vestibule and a chapel. It was built of exposed brick, in three overlapping layers, following the traditional Catalan method. The walls and roof have an undulating shape, giving the structure a sense of lightness but also strength. The Sagrada Família schools have set an example of constructive genius and have served as a source of inspiration for many architects, such is their simplicity, strength, originality, functionality and geometric excellence.^[136]

In May 1910 Gaudí paid a short visit to Vic, where he was tasked to design the lampposts for the city’s Plaça Major, in commemoration of the first centenary of the birth of Jaume Balmes. They were obelisk-shaped lamps, with basalt rock bases from Castellfollit de la Roca and wrought iron arms, topped with the four-armed cross; they were decorated with vegetable themes and included the birth and death dates of Balmes. They were demolished in 1924 due to poor maintenance.^[137]

The same year, on the occasion of Eusebi Güell's obtaining the title of count, Gaudí designed a coat of arms for his patron. He devised a shield with the lower part in a catenary shape typical of Gaudí. He divided it into two parts: the lantern of Palau Güell features a dove and a gear-wheel on the right in allusion to the Colònia Güell in Santa Coloma de Cervelló (coloma is Catalan for dove), with the phrase ahir pastor (yesterday Shepherd). On the left is an owl perched on a half-moon—symbol of prudence and wisdom—with the words avuy senyor (today Lord). The shield is surmounted by a helmet with the count's coronet and the dove symbol of the Holy Spirit.^[138]

In 1912 he built two pulpits for the church of Santa Maria in Blanes: the one on the Gospel side had a hexagonal base, decorated with the dove of the Holy Spirit and the names in Latin of the four evangelists and the seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit; the pulpit of the Epistle side had the names of the apostles who wrote epistles (Saint Peter, Saint Paul, Saint John the Evangelist, Saint Judas Thadeus and Saint James the Great), with the three theological virtues and the flames of Pentecost. These pulpits were burned in July 1936.^[139]

From 1915 Gaudí devoted himself almost exclusively to his magnum opus, the Sagrada Família, a synthesis of his architectural evolution. After completion of the crypt and the apse, still in Gothic style, the rest of the church is conceived in an organic style, imitating natural shapes with their abundance of ruled surfaces. The interior is intended to resemble a forest, with inclined columns like branching trees, helicoidal in form, creating a simple but sturdy structure. Gaudí applied all of his previous experimental findings in the Sagrada Família, from works such as the Park Güell and the crypt of the Colònia Güell, creating a church that is at once structurally perfect, harmonious and aesthetically satisfying.

The Sagrada Família has a cruciform plan, with a five-aisled nave, a transept of three aisles, and an apse with seven chapels. It has three facades dedicated to the birth, passion and glory of Jesus, and when completed it will have eighteen towers: four at each side making a total of twelve for the apostles, four on the transept invoking the evangelists and one on the apse dedicated to the Virgin, plus the central tower in honour of Jesus, which will reach 170m in height.^[140] The church will have two sacristies adjacent to the apse, and three large chapels: one for the Assumption in the apse, and the Baptism and Penitence chapels at the west end; also, it will be surrounded by a cloister designed for processions and to isolate the building from the exterior. Gaudí used highly symbolic content in the Sagrada Família, both in architecture and sculpture, dedicating each part of the church to a religious theme. During Gaudí’s life only the crypt, apse and part of the Nativity facade were completed. On this death his assistant took over the construction, Domènec Sugrañes; thereafter it was directed by various architects, with Jordi Bonet i Armengol being responsible from 1987. Artists such as Llorenç and Joan Matamala, Carles Mani, Jaume Busquets, Joaquim Ros i Bofarull, Etsuro Sotoo and Josep Maria Subirachs (creator of the Passion facade) have worked on the sculptural decoration.

During the last years of his life, apart from his devotion to the Sagrada Família, Gaudí participated only in minor projects which were not completed: in 1916, on the death of his friend bishop Josep Torras i Bages, he designed a monument in his honour, which he wanted to place in front of the Passion facade of the Sagrada Família. He made a sketch of the project, which ultimately was not carried out, and made a plaster bust of the bishop, the work of Joan Matamala under the instruction of Gaudí. It was put in the Sagrada Família, where it would have formed part of the church, but it was destroyed in 1936.^[141] Another commemorative monument project, also not carried out, was dedicated to Enric Prat de la Riba, which would have been situated in Castellterçol, birthplace of this Catalan politician. The project dates from 1918, and would have consisted of a tall tower with two porticos and a spire topped with an iron structure flying the Catalan flag. The sketch of the project was done by Lluís Bonet i Garí, Gaudí’s assistant.^[142]

In 1922 Gaudí was commissioned, by the Franciscan Padre Angélico Aranda, to construct a church dedicated to the Assumption in Rancagua (Chile).^[143] Gaudí apologised and said that he was occupied exclusively with the Sagrada Família, but sent some sketches of the Assumption chapel which he had designed for the apse of the Sagrada Família, which more or less coincided with what Padre Aranda had asked for. Unfortunately this project was not carried out, though there are currently plans by the Chilean architect Christian Matzner to take up the project, which if completed would become the first of Gaudí's works to be constructed in the Americas.^[144]

The same year Gaudí was consulted about the construction of a monumental train station for Barcelona (the future Estació de França). Gaudí suggested an iron structure in the form of a large suspended awning, a solution quite ahead of its time; perhaps for this reason, it put the head engineers off, and they declined Gaudí’s offer. The last known projects by the architect are the chapel for the Colónia Calvet in Torelló, of 1923, and a pulpit for Valencia (the exact location is unknown), of 1924. From then on, Gaudí worked exclusively on the Sagrada Família, until the fateful day of the accident which caused his death.

Collaborators

The enormous task which Gaudí faced, not in terms of the number of works, but in terms of their complexity, required the collaboration of a large number of assistants, artists, architects and craftsmen. Gaudí always led the way, but allowed discretion to the individual abilities of all of his collaborators. A test of his expertise both in his field and in interpersonal communication was demonstrated in bringing together a large number of professionals, all with diverse idiosyncrasies and work ethics, and creating an integrated and perfectly structured team.^[145] Among his collaborators were:

Architects: Francesc Berenguer, Josep Maria Jujol, Cristòfor Cascante i Colom, Josep Francesc Ràfols, Cèsar Martinell, Joan Bergós, Francesc Folguera, Josep Canaleta, Joan Rubió, Domènec Sugrañes, Francesc Quintana, Isidre Puig i Boada, Lluís Bonet i Garí.
Sculptors: Carles Mani, Joan Flotats, Llorenç Matamala, Joan Matamala, Josep Llimona.
Painters: Ricard Opisso, Aleix Clapés, Iu Pascual, Xavier Nogués, Jaume Llongueras, Joaquín Torres García.
Builders and foremen: Agustí Massip, Josep Bayó i Font, Claudi Alsina i Bonafont, Josep Pardo i Casanova and his nephew Julià Bardier i Pardo.
Craftsmen: Eudald Puntí (carpenter and forger), Joan Oñós (forger), Lluís y Josep Badia i Miarnau (forger), Joan Bertran (plasterer), Joan Munné (cabinet maker), Frederic Labòria (cabinet maker), Antoni Rigalt i Blanch (glazier), Josep Pelegrí (glazier), Mario Maragliano (mosaic artist), Jaume Pujol i Bausis and his son Pau Pujol i Vilà (ceramicists).

World Heritage

Several of Gaudí's works have been granted World Heritage status by UNESCO: in 1984^[146] the Park Güell, the Palau Güell and the Casa Milà; and in 2005^[147] the Nativity facade, the crypt and the apse of the Sagrada Família, the Casa Vicens and the Casa Batlló in Barcelona, together with the crypt of the Colònia Güell in Santa Coloma de Cervelló.

The declaration of Gaudí's works as World Heritage aims to recognise his outstanding universal value. According to the citation:^[148]

The work of Antoni Gaudí represents an exceptional and outstanding creative contribution to the development of architecture and building technology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Gaudí’s work exhibits an important interchange of values closely associated with the cultural and artistic currents of his time, as represented in el Modernisme [sic] of Catalonia. It anticipated and influenced many of the forms and techniques that were relevant to the development of modern construction in the 20th century.

Gaudí’s work represents a series of outstanding examples of the building typology in the architecture of the early 20th century, residential as well as public, to the development of which he made a significant and creative contribution.

Notes

^ (Massó 1974, pp. 17–18)
^ "Biography at Gaudí and Barcelona Club, page 1". Gaudiclub.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2005.
^ Quiroga, Eduardo Daniel; Salomón, Eduardo Alberto. "Gaudí: Mecánica y forma de la naturaleza". Arquba.com (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
^ Torres, I. Álvarez. "La Sagrada Familia de Barcelona ultima los preparativos para su apertura al culto". Lavoz Digital (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ Tremlett, Giles (11 July 2003). "God's architect on road to sainthood". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
^ ""God's architect" on the path to sainthood". The Times. UK. 9 November 2009. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ Klettner, Andrea (4 November 2010). "Pope's visit could fast-track Gaudí sainthood". Bdonline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
^ (Puig i Tàrrech 2010, p. 66)
^ There is a certain controversy about whether he was born in Reus or Riudoms, his father's village near Reus. However, most specialists tend towards Reus: “Gaudí was born in Carrer Sant Joan, close to the Plaça Prim in Reus, according to most versions (…) Nonetheless, Gaudí later on mischievously left these doors open when suggesting he might have been born in his father’s workshop, just across the municipal border of Riudoms.” (Van Hensbergen 2004, pp. 33–35)
^ (Castellar-Gassol 1999, p. 13) harv error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCastellar-Gassol1999 (help)
^ Throughout the early part of his life Gaudí indicated Reus as his birthplace in all his identity documents, but beginning in 1915 he declared himself Riudoms-born. His dissatifaction with the rejection of his proposal to restore the Misericordia sanctuary of Reus at around this time may have been the cause of his decision to claim Riudoms as his birthplace.(Bassegoda 1989, p. 552)
^ (Férrin 2001a, p. 61)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 26)
^ (Massó 1974, p. 31)
^ (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 36)
^ (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 162)
^ (Stone 2011)
^ Metello, Nuno (2008). "History of Vegetarianism—Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926)". International Vegetarian Union. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
^ (Castellar-Gassol 1999, p. 95) harv error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCastellar-Gassol1999 (help)
^ Tarragona, Josep M. (24 November 2006). "El Arlequín". Antonigaudi.org (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 35)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, pp. 24–25)
^ ^a ^b (Bassegoda 2002, p. 36)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, pp. 14–15)
^ Vargas, Judith Rodríguez. "Antoni Gaudí, la visión de un genio". Artes e Historia México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ (Tarragona 1999, p. 11)
^ (Tarragona 1999, p. 22)
^ (Crippa 2003, p. 92)
^ Barjau, Santi (July 2002). "El complejo mundo de un creador obstinado". Barcelona Metròpolis Mediterrània (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ (Martinell 1975, p. 48)
^ (Tarragona 1999, p. 235)
^ (Tarragona 1999, p. 236)
^ (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 250)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 551)
^ (Puig i Boada 1986, p. 166)
^ (Tarragona 1999, p. 239)
^ (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 291)
^ (Bonet i Armengol 2001, p. 21) harv error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBonet_i_Armengol2001 (help)
^ (Tarragona 1999, p. 164)
^ "El gran amor inalcanzado de Gaudí". CTV.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ "Amigos de Gaudí". Gaudiallgaudi.com (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ "Gaudí: El arquitecto de Dios". ACIPrensa.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ (Zerbst 2002, p. 13)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 29)
^ (Tarragona 1999, p. 240)
^ (Van Hensbergen 2004, pp. 304–305)
^ (Férrin 2001a, p. 415)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 263)
^ (Puig i Boada 1986, p. 18)
^ Bassegoda, Juan. "Antoni Gaudí Cornet (1852–1926)". Instituto Cervantes (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ (Massó 1974, p. 9)
^ ^a ^b "Beatificación de Gaudí". Sagrada Familia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ Ramón-Cortés, Sílvia; Borderías, Sílvia (24 November 2008). "Presentation of the Gaudí Awards of Cinema". Academy of Catalonian Cinema. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
^ (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 114)
^ (Flores 2002, p. 58)
^ (Saudi 2002, p. 44, Chapter: Els anys d'aprenentatge de Gaudí)
^ (Flores 2002, p. 89)
^ Fontbona, Francesc (July 2002). "El vanguardismo de un tradicionalista". Barcelona Metropolis Mediterranea (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ (Flores 2002, pp. 38–39)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 198)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 266)
^ (Puig i Boada 2004, p. 238)
^ (Saudi 2002, p. 168, Chapter: Apunts sobre la intuïció científica de Gaudí)
^ (Crippa 2003, p. 12)
^ (Saudi 2002, p. 144, Chapter: Gaudí: geometria, estructura i construcció)
^ (Flores 2002, pp. 91–92)
^ "Técnica arquitectónica de Gaudí". Gaudiallgaudi.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 16)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, pp. 366–367)
^ Pibernat, Oriol (July 2002). "Diseño: entre el legado y la invención de la tradición". Barcelona Metropolis Mediterranea (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ (Férrin 2001b, p. 74)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 12)
^ (Massó 1974, p. 40)
^ (Giordano 2011, pp. 76–77)
^ "El mobiliario de Gaudí". Gaudiclub.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ (Puig i Boada 2004, p. 96)
^ (Saudi 2002, p. 250, Chapter: Art, oficis i disseny en Gaudí)
^ (Massó 1974, pp. 51–68)
^ (Massó 1974, p. 51)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, pp. 24–29)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 111)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 129)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 119)
^ (Flores 2002, p. 26)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 139)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 57)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 156)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 161)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 181)
^ (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 93)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 183)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, pp. 187–194)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 113)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 117)
^ (Massó 1974, p. 52)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 107)
^ (Crippa 2003, p. 15)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, pp. 125–126)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 281)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 128)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 290)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 313)
^ "The 18th and 19th Centuries: Neoclassicism and Romanticism: Gothic Revival". All-art.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
^ (Massó 1974, p. 56)
^ (Crippa 2003, p. 33)
^ (Zerbst 2002, p. 94)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 150)
^ (Crippa 2003, p. 37)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 155)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 333)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 165)
^ (Crippa 2003, p. 49)
^ (Massó 1974, p. 60)
^ (Férrin 2001a, p. 241)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 375)
^ (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 272)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 425)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 176)
^ (Zerbst 2002, p. 150)
^ (Massó 1974, p. 79)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 435)
^ (Zerbst2002, p. 221)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 184)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 187)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 471)
^ (Saudi 2002, p. 271, Chapter: Gaudí i els seus coŀlaboradors: artistes i industrials a l’entorn del 1900)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 469)
^ (Bassegoda 2002, p. 214)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 507)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 509)
^ (Férrin 2001a, p. 296)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 529)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 531)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 370)
^ (Massó 1974, p. 68)
^ (Crippa 2003, p. 79)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 555)
^ (Massó 1974, p. 49)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 495)
^ (Zerbst 2002, p. 198)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 563)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 565)
^ (Bassegoda 1989, p. 581)
^ (Férrin 2001b, p. 47)
^ "Colaboradores de Gaudí". Gaudiallgaudi.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ "8th Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee". UNESCO. 2 November 1984. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ "29th Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee". UNESCO. 9 September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ "World Heritage: Works of Antoni Gaudí". UNESCO. 2 November 1984. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2008.

References

Bassegoda, Juan (1989). El gran Gaudí (in Spanish). Barcelona: Sabadell. ISBN 978-8486329440. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Bassegoda, Juan (2002). Gaudí o espacio, luz y equilibrio (in Spanish). Madrid: Criterio Libros. ISBN 978-8495437105. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Bergós, Juan; Bassegoda i Nonell, Joan; Crippa, Maria Antonietta; Llimargas i Casas, Marc (2002). Gaudí, l'home i l'obra (in Catalan). Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores. ISBN 978-8497857833. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Bonet i Armengol, Jordi (2001). The essential Gaudí: the geometric modulation of the Church of the Sagrada Familia. Translated by Mark Burry. Barcelona: Pòrtic. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Bonet i Armengol, Jordi (2001). L'últim Gaudí: el modulat geomètric del Temple de la Sagrada Família (in Catalan). Barcelona: Pòrtic. ISBN 978-8473067270. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Castellar-Gassol, Juan (1999). Gaudí, the Life of a Visionary. Translated by Paul Martin. Barcelona: Edicions de 1984. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Castellar-Gassol, Juan (1999). Gaudí, la vida d'un visionari (in Catalan). Barcelona: Edicions de 1984, S. L. ISBN 978-8486540548. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Crippa, Maria Antonietta (1 October 2003). Gaudí (in Spanish). Cologne, Germany: Taschen GmbH. ISBN 978-3822825198. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Férrin, Ana María (2001a). Gaudí, de piedra y fuego (in Spanish). Barcelona: Jaraquemada. ISBN 978-8493201500. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Férrin, Ana Maria (2001b). Gaudí: la huella de genio (in Spanish). Barcelona: Jaraquemada. ISBN 978-8493201517. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Flores, Carlos (2002). Les lliçons de Gaudí (in Catalan). Translated by Glòria Bohigas. Barcelona: Empúries. ISBN 978-8475969497. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Giordano, Carlos (2007). Gómez Gimeno, Mária José (ed.). Templo expiatorio de La Sagrada Familia: la obra maestra de Antoni Gaudí (in Spanish). Barcelona: Mundo Flip. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Giordano, Carlos (2011). Gómez Gimeno, Mária José (ed.). The Basilica of the Sagrada Familia: the masterpiece of Antoni Gaudí. Translated by Cerys R. Giordano Jones. Barcelona: Dos de Arte. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Giralt-Miracle, Daniel, ed. (2002). "Art, oficis i disseny en Gaudí". Gaudí 2002. Misceŀlània (in Catalan). Barcelona: Planeta. ISBN 978-8408043324. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Pere Hereu, Els anys d'aprenentatge de Gaudí
Martinell, Cèsar (1967). Gaudí, Su vida, su teoría, su obra (in Spanish). Barcelona: Colegio de Arquitectos de Cataluña y Baleares. Comisión de Cultura. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Martinell, Cèsar (1975). Gaudí: his life, his theories, his work. Translated by Judith Rohrer. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262130721. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Massó, Juan Bergós (1974). Gaudí, l'home i la obra (in Catalan). Barcelona: Universitat Politècnica de Barcelona. ISBN 84-600-6248-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Müller, Frederike; Wendt, Lars (Directors) (2006). The Architect Antoni Gaudí. Myth and Reality (DVD) (in German). Germany: WendtFilm & Ciné Canard.
Peláez, Javi. El proyecto de hotel gigante de Gaudí en Nueva York (1908), La Aldea Irreductible, 24 July 2009. Accessed 24 July 2009.
Puig i Boada, Isidre (1986). El temple de la Sagrada Família (in Catalan). Barcelona: Thor, D.L. ISBN 978-8428215572. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Puig i Boada, Isidre (1 October 2004). El pensament de Gaudí (in Catalan). Barcelona: Dux Editorial, S. L. ISBN 978-8460915874. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Puig i Tàrrech, Armand (2010). La Sagrada Família segons Gaudí: comprendre un símbol (in Catalan). Barcelona: Pòrtic. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Saudi, Antoni (2002). "Gaudí i els seus coŀlaboradors: artistes i industrials a l'entorn del 1900". In Casanova, Rossend (ed.). Gaudí 2002. Misceŀlània (in Catalan). Barcelona: Planeta. ISBN 978-8408043324. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Stone, Peter (3 May 2011). Frommer's Barcelona. Chichester, UK: Frommers. ISBN 978-0470096925. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Tarragona, Josep María (1999). Gaudí, biografia de l’artista (in Catalan). Barcelona: Proa. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Tarragona, Josep María (2011). Antoni Gaudí, un arquitecto genial (in Spanish). Barcelona: Casals. ISBN 978-8421824306. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Van Hensbergen, Gijs (7 January 2004). Antoni Gaudí (in Spanish). London, UK: Debolsillo. ISBN 978-8497930109. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Wagensberg, Jorge, ed. (2002). "Apunts sobre la intuïció científica de Gaudí". Gaudí 2002. Misceŀlània (in Catalan). Barcelona: Planeta. ISBN 978-8408043324. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Zerbst, Rainer (2002). Gaudí, 1852–1926: Antoni Gaudí i Cornet: a life devoted to architecture. Cologne, Germany: Taschen. ISBN 9783822821718. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

Template:Persondata

Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA

[Bergos-1] (Massó 1974, pp. 17–18)

[gaudiclub1-2] "Biography at Gaudí and Barcelona Club, page 1". Gaudiclub.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2005.

[3] Quiroga, Eduardo Daniel; Salomón, Eduardo Alberto. "Gaudí: Mecánica y forma de la naturaleza". Arquba.com (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2008.

[4] Torres, I. Álvarez. "La Sagrada Familia de Barcelona ultima los preparativos para su apertura al culto". Lavoz Digital (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[5] Tremlett, Giles (11 July 2003). "God's architect on road to sainthood". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.

[6] ""God's architect" on the path to sainthood". The Times. UK. 9 November 2009. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.

[7] Klettner, Andrea (4 November 2010). "Pope's visit could fast-track Gaudí sainthood". Bdonline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.

[8] (Puig i Tàrrech 2010, p. 66)

[9] There is a certain controversy about whether he was born in Reus or Riudoms, his father's village near Reus. However, most specialists tend towards Reus: “Gaudí was born in Carrer Sant Joan, close to the Plaça Prim in Reus, according to most versions (…) Nonetheless, Gaudí later on mischievously left these doors open when suggesting he might have been born in his father’s workshop, just across the municipal border of Riudoms.” (Van Hensbergen 2004, pp. 33–35)

[10] (Castellar-Gassol 1999, p. 13) harv error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCastellar-Gassol1999 (help)

[11] Throughout the early part of his life Gaudí indicated Reus as his birthplace in all his identity documents, but beginning in 1915 he declared himself Riudoms-born. His dissatifaction with the rejection of his proposal to restore the Misericordia sanctuary of Reus at around this time may have been the cause of his decision to claim Riudoms as his birthplace.(Bassegoda 1989, p. 552)

[12] (Férrin 2001a, p. 61)

[13] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 26)

[14] (Massó 1974, p. 31)

[15] (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 36)

[16] (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 162)

[17] (Stone 2011)

[18] Metello, Nuno (2008). "History of Vegetarianism—Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926)". International Vegetarian Union. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.

[19] (Castellar-Gassol 1999, p. 95) harv error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCastellar-Gassol1999 (help)

[20] Tarragona, Josep M. (24 November 2006). "El Arlequín". Antonigaudi.org (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[21] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 35)

[22] (Bassegoda 1989, pp. 24–25)

[Joan_Bassegoda_p._36-23] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 36)

[24] (Bassegoda 2002, pp. 14–15)

[25] Vargas, Judith Rodríguez. "Antoni Gaudí, la visión de un genio". Artes e Historia México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[26] (Tarragona 1999, p. 11)

[27] (Tarragona 1999, p. 22)

[28] (Crippa 2003, p. 92)

[29] Barjau, Santi (July 2002). "El complejo mundo de un creador obstinado". Barcelona Metròpolis Mediterrània (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[30] (Martinell 1975, p. 48)

[31] (Tarragona 1999, p. 235)

[32] (Tarragona 1999, p. 236)

[33] (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 250)

[34] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 551)

[35] (Puig i Boada 1986, p. 166)

[36] (Tarragona 1999, p. 239)

[37] (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 291)

[38] (Bonet i Armengol 2001, p. 21) harv error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBonet_i_Armengol2001 (help)

[39] (Tarragona 1999, p. 164)

[40] "El gran amor inalcanzado de Gaudí". CTV.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[41] "Amigos de Gaudí". Gaudiallgaudi.com (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[42] "Gaudí: El arquitecto de Dios". ACIPrensa.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[43] (Zerbst 2002, p. 13)

[44] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 29)

[45] (Tarragona 1999, p. 240)

[46] (Van Hensbergen 2004, pp. 304–305)

[47] (Férrin 2001a, p. 415)

[48] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 263)

[49] (Puig i Boada 1986, p. 18)

[Cerv-50] Bassegoda, Juan. "Antoni Gaudí Cornet (1852–1926)". Instituto Cervantes (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[51] (Massó 1974, p. 9)

[GaudiSFmain-52] "Beatificación de Gaudí". Sagrada Familia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[53] Ramón-Cortés, Sílvia; Borderías, Sílvia (24 November 2008). "Presentation of the Gaudí Awards of Cinema". Academy of Catalonian Cinema. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.

[54] (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 114)

[55] (Flores 2002, p. 58)

[56] (Saudi 2002, p. 44, Chapter: Els anys d'aprenentatge de Gaudí)

[57] (Flores 2002, p. 89)

[58] Fontbona, Francesc (July 2002). "El vanguardismo de un tradicionalista". Barcelona Metropolis Mediterranea (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[59] (Flores 2002, pp. 38–39)

[60] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 198)

[61] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 266)

[62] (Puig i Boada 2004, p. 238)

[63] (Saudi 2002, p. 168, Chapter: Apunts sobre la intuïció científica de Gaudí)

[64] (Crippa 2003, p. 12)

[65] (Saudi 2002, p. 144, Chapter: Gaudí: geometria, estructura i construcció)

[66] (Flores 2002, pp. 91–92)

[67] "Técnica arquitectónica de Gaudí". Gaudiallgaudi.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[68] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 16)

[69] (Bassegoda 1989, pp. 366–367)

[70] Pibernat, Oriol (July 2002). "Diseño: entre el legado y la invención de la tradición". Barcelona Metropolis Mediterranea (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[71] (Férrin 2001b, p. 74)

[72] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 12)

[73] (Massó 1974, p. 40)

[74] (Giordano 2011, pp. 76–77)

[75] "El mobiliario de Gaudí". Gaudiclub.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[76] (Puig i Boada 2004, p. 96)

[77] (Saudi 2002, p. 250, Chapter: Art, oficis i disseny en Gaudí)

[78] (Massó 1974, pp. 51–68)

[79] (Massó 1974, p. 51)

[80] (Bassegoda 2002, pp. 24–29)

[81] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 111)

[82] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 129)

[83] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 119)

[84] (Flores 2002, p. 26)

[85] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 139)

[86] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 57)

[87] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 156)

[88] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 161)

[89] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 181)

[90] (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 93)

[91] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 183)

[92] (Bassegoda 1989, pp. 187–194)

[93] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 113)

[94] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 117)

[95] (Massó 1974, p. 52)

[96] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 107)

[97] (Crippa 2003, p. 15)

[98] (Bassegoda 2002, pp. 125–126)

[99] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 281)

[100] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 128)

[101] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 290)

[102] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 313)

[103] "The 18th and 19th Centuries: Neoclassicism and Romanticism: Gothic Revival". All-art.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.

[104] (Massó 1974, p. 56)

[105] (Crippa 2003, p. 33)

[106] (Zerbst 2002, p. 94)

[107] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 150)

[108] (Crippa 2003, p. 37)

[109] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 155)

[110] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 333)

[111] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 165)

[112] (Crippa 2003, p. 49)

[113] (Massó 1974, p. 60)

[114] (Férrin 2001a, p. 241)

[115] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 375)

[116] (Van Hensbergen 2004, p. 272)

[117] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 425)

[118] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 176)

[119] (Zerbst 2002, p. 150)

[120] (Massó 1974, p. 79)

[121] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 435)

[122] (Zerbst2002, p. 221)

[123] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 184)

[124] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 187)

[125] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 471)

[126] (Saudi 2002, p. 271, Chapter: Gaudí i els seus coŀlaboradors: artistes i industrials a l’entorn del 1900)

[127] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 469)

[128] (Bassegoda 2002, p. 214)

[129] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 507)

[130] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 509)

[131] (Férrin 2001a, p. 296)

[132] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 529)

[133] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 531)

[134] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 370)

[135] (Massó 1974, p. 68)

[136] (Crippa 2003, p. 79)

[137] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 555)

[138] (Massó 1974, p. 49)

[139] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 495)

[140] (Zerbst 2002, p. 198)

[141] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 563)

[142] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 565)

[143] (Bassegoda 1989, p. 581)

[144] (Férrin 2001b, p. 47)

[145] "Colaboradores de Gaudí". Gaudiallgaudi.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[146] "8th Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee". UNESCO. 2 November 1984. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[147] "29th Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee". UNESCO. 9 September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

[148] "World Heritage: Works of Antoni Gaudí". UNESCO. 2 November 1984. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2008.

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