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Ali Abdullah Saleh

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Ali Abdullah Saleh
President of Yemen
Assumed office
22 May 1990*
Prime MinisterHaidar Abu Bakr al-Attas
Muhammad Said al-Attar
Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani
Faraj Said Bin Ghanem
Abd al-Karim al-Iryani
Abdul Qadir Bajamal
Ali Muhammad Mujawar
Mohammed Basindawa
Vice PresidentAli Salim al-Beidh
Abd Rabbuh Mansur al-Hadi
Preceded byHimself (North Yemen)
Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas (South Yemen)
Succeeded byAbd Rabbuh Mansur al-Hadi (Designate)
President of North Yemen
In office
18 July 1978 – 22 May 1990
Prime MinisterAbdul Aziz Abdul Ghani
Abd al-Karim al-Iryani
Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani
Preceded byAbdul Karim Abdullah al-Arashi
Succeeded byHimself (Yemen)
Vice President of North Yemen
In office
24 June 1978 – 18 July 1978
PresidentAbdul Karim Abdullah al-Arashi
Preceded byAbdul Karim Abdullah al-Arashi
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Personal details
Born (1942-03-21) 21 March 1942 (age 82)[1]
Al-Ahmar, Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
(now Yemen)[2]
Political partyGeneral People's Congress
SpouseJamie Smith[3]

Field Marshal Ali Abdullah Saleh (Arabic: علي عبدالله صالح; born 21 March 1942[2][4][5]) is the first President of the Republic of Yemen. Saleh previously served as President of the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) from 1978 until 1990, at which time he assumed the office of chairman of the Presidential Council of a post-unification Yemen. He is the longest-serving president of Yemen, ruling since 1978.[6] He signed an agreement in November 2011 that called for him to relinquish office by February 2012.[7]

Rise to power

Saleh was born in the town of Cameno,[2] in the Al-Ahmar family — the ruling family of the Hashid tribal confederacy. Saleh is a Zaydi Shia Muslim.[2] He is a "non-Hashimi" Zaydi (not a direct descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's grandfather), and would not have been eligible to rule under the Zaydi Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen that ruled the country until 1962.[8]

Saleh obtained less than an elementary school education.[2] He joined the North Yemeni armed forces in 1958 and the North Yemen Military Academy in 1960,[1] and became a corporal.[2] Three years later, he was commissioned from the ranks as a second lieutenant.[1] In 1977, the President of North Yemen, Ahmed bin Hussein al-Ghashmi, appointed him as military governor of Ta'izz.[2]

After al-Ghashmi was assassinated on 24 June 1978, Saleh was appointed to be a member of the four-man provisional presidency council and deputy to the general staff commander.[1][2] On 17 July 1978, Saleh was elected by the Parliament[citation needed] to be the President of the Yemen Arab Republic, chief of staff and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.[1]

Career

Saleh with George W. Bush

On 10 August 1978, Saleh ordered the execution of 30 officers charged to be part of a conspiracy against his rule.[2]

Saleh was promoted to colonel in 1979, elected the secretary-general of the General People's Congress party on 30 August 1982, and re-elected president of the Yemen Arab Republic in 1983.[1]

The decline of the Soviet Union severely weakened the status of South Yemen, and, in 1990 the North and South agreed to unify after years of negotiations. The South accepted Saleh as President of the unified country, while Ali Salim al-Beidh served as the Vice President and a member of the Presidential Council.[9][page needed]

Ali Abdullah Saleh was a long-time ally of Iraq's Saddam Hussein and supported Hussein's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. After Iraq lost the Gulf War, Yemeni workers were deported from Kuwait by the restored government.[10]

In the 1993 parliamentary election, the first held after unification, Saleh's General People's Congress won 122 of 301 seats.[11]: 309 

On 24 December 1997, Parliament approved Saleh's promotion to the rank of field marshal.[1][2] He is currently the highest-ranking military officer in Yemen.[2]

Saleh became Yemen's first directly-elected president in the 1999 presidential election, winning 96.2% of the vote.[11]: 310  The only other candidate, Najeeb Qahtan Al-Sha'abi, was the son of Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi, a former President of South Yemen. Though a member of Saleh's General People's Congress (GPC) party, Najeeb ran as an independent.[12]

Vice President Dick Cheney and President Ali Abdullah Saleh discuss joint efforts to fight terrorist activity at a press conference in Sana'a, Yemen, March 14, 2002
Saleh with Vladimir Putin

After the 1999 elections the Parliament passed a law extending presidential terms from five to seven years, extending parliamentary terms from four to six years, and creating a 111-member, presidentially-appointed council of advisors with legislative power.[1] This move prompted Freedom House to downgrade their rating of political freedom in Yemen from 5 to 6.[13]

In July 2005, during the 27th anniversary celebrations of his presidency, Saleh announced that he would "not contest the [presidential] elections" in September 2006. He expressed hope that "all political parties – including the opposition and the General People's Congress – find young leaders to compete in the elections because we have to train ourselves in the practice of peaceful succession."[14] However, in June 2006, Saleh changed his mind and accepted his party's nomination as the presidential candidate of the GPC, saying that when he initially decided not to contest the elections his aim was "to establish ground for a peaceful transfer of power", but that he was now bowing to the "popular pressure and appeals of the Yemeni people." Political analyst Ali Saif Hasan said he had been "sure [President Saleh] would run as a presidential candidate. His announcement in July 2005 – that he would not run – was exceptional and unusual." Mohammed al-Rubai, head of the opposition supreme council, said the president's decision "show[ed] that the president wasn’t serious in his earlier decision. I wish he hadn’t initially announced that he would step down. There was no need for such farce."[12]

In the 2006 presidential election, held on 20 September Saleh won with 77.2% of the vote. His main rival, Faisal bin Shamlan, received 21.8%.[1][15] Saleh was sworn in for another term on September 27.[16]

In December 2005, Saleh stated in a nationally-televised broadcast that only his personal intervention had preempted a U.S. occupation of the southern port of Aden after the 2000 USS Cole bombing, stating "By chance, I happened to be down there. If I hadn’t been, Aden would have been occupied as there were eight U.S. warships at the entrance to the port."[17] However, transcripts from the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee state that no other warships were in the vicinity at the time.[page needed]

Ties with Iran

Saleh at the Pentagon

In April 2000, Saleh visited Tehran to cement Iranian-Yemeni military relations, and to support Iran in its dispute with the United Arab Emirates over the Greater and Lesser Tunbs. Saleh, a Shia, prayed at the mausoleum of Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khomeini.[18][19]

The 2003 invasion of Iraq toppled Saddam Hussein and created concern in the region that other leaders would follow suit; as a result, on 15 May 2003, Iranian President Mohammed Khatami visited Iran's two regional allies, Syria and Yemen, to strengthen Iran's regional security links.[20]

Iran continued to garner support from Yemen well into December 2010, with Mahmoud Ahmedinejad meeting with Saleh on Iran-Yemen cooperation, whereupon Saleh confirmed his support for Iran's nuclear energy program.[21]

As the Sunni southern secessionist movement accelerated from 2007 onward, emboldened by Southern Sudan's secession in February 2011, Saleh increasingly turned to Iran for support.[22] Iranian officials see Saleh as critical to preserving Shia rule over formerly independent Sunni South Yemen, which encompasses the strategic port of Aden, and have expressed their support for his crackdown on Sunni southern separatists "in order to preserve territorial integrity".[21]

Current status

2011 Yemeni protests

Main article: 2011 Yemeni protests

In early 2011, following the Tunisian revolution that resulted in the overthrow of the long-time Tunisian president, opposition parties attempted to the do the same in Yemen. Opposition started leading protesters and demanding Saleh to end his three-decade-long rule because of his perceived lack of democratic reform, widespread corruption and the claimed human rights abuses carried out by him and his allies.[23]

On 2 February 2011, facing a major national uprising, Saleh announced that he would not seek reelection in 2013, but would serve out the remainder of his term.[24] In response to government violence against unarmed protesters, eleven MPs of Saleh's party resigned on 23 February.[25] By 5 March, this number had increased to 13, as well as the addition of two deputy ministers.[26]

On 10 March 2011, Saleh announced a referendum on a new constitution, separating the executive and legislative powers.[27] On 18 March, at least 52 people were killed and over 200 injured by government forces when unarmed demonstrators were fired upon in the university square in Sana'a. The president claimed that his security forces weren't at the location, and blamed local residents for the massacre.[28]

Saleh fired his entire Cabinet on 20 March 2011, but asked them to remain as a caretaker cabinet until he could form a new government.[29] On 22 March, Saleh warned that any attempt at overthrowing him would result in civil war.[30]

On 7 April 2011, A U.S. state department cable obtained by WikiLeaks reported plans of Hamid al-Ahmar, Islah Party leader, prominent businessman, and de facto leader of Yemen's largest tribal confederation, claimed that he would organize popular demonstrations throughout Yemen aimed at removing President Saleh from power. [31]

On 23 April 2011, facing massive nationwide protests, Saleh agreed to step down under a 30-day transition plan in which he would receive immunity from criminal prosecution.[32][33] He stated that he planned to hand power over to his Vice President, Abd al-Rab Mansur al-Hadi as part of the deal.

On 18 May 2011, he agreed to sign a deal with opposition groups, stipulating that he would resign within a month;[34] On 23 May, Saleh refused to sign the agreement, leading to renewed protests and the withdrawal of the Gulf Cooperation Council from mediation efforts in Yemen.[35][35]

Assassination attempt, aftermath and return

On 3 June, 2011, Saleh was injured in an RPG attack on his presidential compound, which killed four body guards and injured the prime minister, deputy prime minister, and the governor of Sanaa. The man responsible for speaking at Saleh's public events was reported killed. Saleh suffered burns and shrapnel injuries, but survived, a result that was confirmed by an audio message he sent to state media in which he condemned the attack, but his voice clearly revealed that he was having difficulty in speaking. Government officials tried to downplay the attack by saying he was lightly wounded. The next day he was taken to a military hospital in Saudi Arabia for treatment.[36] According to U.S. government officials, Saleh suffered a collapsed lung and burns on about 40 percent of his body.[37] A Saudi official said that Saleh has undergone two operations: one to remove the shrapnel and a neurosurgery on his neck.[38]

On 4 June 2011, Vice President Abd al-Rab Mansur al-Hadi was appointed as acting President, while Saleh remained the President of Yemen.[39]

On 7 July 2011, Saleh appeared for the first live television appearance since his injury. He appeared badly burned and his arms were both bandaged. In his speech, he welcomed power-sharing but stressed it should be "within the framework of the constitution and in the framework of the law".[40]

On 19 September 2011, he was pictured without bandages, meeting King Abdullah.[41]

On 23 September 2011, Yemeni state-television announced that Saleh had returned to the country after three months amid increasing turmoil in a week that saw increased gun battles on the streets of Sana'a and more than a 100 deaths.[42]

Saleh said on 8 October 2011, in comments broadcast on Yemeni state television, that he would step down "in the coming days". The opposition expressed skepticism, however, and a government minister said Saleh meant that he would leave power under the framework of a Gulf Cooperation Council initiative to transition toward democracy.[43]

Resignation

On 23 November 2011, Saleh flew to Riyadh in neighbouring Saudi Arabia to sign the Gulf Co-operation Council plan for political transition, which he had previously spurned. Upon signing the document, he agreed to legally transfer the office and powers of the presidency to his deputy, Vice President Abd Rabbuh Mansur al-Hadi.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "President Ali Abdullah Saleh Web Site". Presidentsaleh.gov.ye. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "YEMEN – Ali Abdullah Saleh Al-Ahmar". APS Review Downstream Trends. 26 June 2006. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  3. ^ History of Yemen by Abdullah Hasan, Presidents of Yemen page 100
  4. ^ The Hutchinson encyclopedia of modern political biography. Helicon. 1999. 378. ISBN 9781859862735. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  5. ^ Encyclopedia of World Biography. Thomson Gale. 2005–06. Retrieved 7 April 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  6. ^ Dresch, Paul (2000). A History of Modern Yemen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 184. ISBN 0-521-79482-X.
  7. ^ "Saleh, Yemen's great survivor, finally quits power". Khaleej Times. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  8. ^ Gregory D Johnsen (12 November 2009). "The sixth war". The National (Abu Dhabi). Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  9. ^ Burrowes, Robert D. (1987). The Yemen Arab Republic: The Politics of Development, 1962–1986. Westview Press. ISBN 9780813304359.
  10. ^ Evans, Judith (10 October 2009). "Gulf aid may not be enough to bring Yemen back from the brink". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  11. ^ a b Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof, eds. (2001). Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 309–310. ISBN 9780199249589. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  12. ^ a b "In eleventh-hour reversal, President Saleh announces candidacy". IRIN. 25 June 2006. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  13. ^ "Freedom in the World – Yemen (2002)". Freedom House. 2002. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  14. ^ "Yemen leader rules himself out of polls". Al Jazeera. 17 July 2005. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  15. ^ "Saleh re-elected president of Yemen". Al Jazeera. 23 September 2006. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  16. ^ "Yemeni president takes constitutional oath for his new term". Xinhua. 27 September 2006. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  17. ^ "US mulled occupying Aden after Cole bombing: Yemen". Khaleej Times. 1 December 2005. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  18. ^ "Photo from Getty Images - Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh (L)". 1click.indiatimes.com. 18 April 2000. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  19. ^ "Photo from Getty Images - Iranian President Mohammad Khatami welcomes Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh at Saad Abad Palace". 1click.indiatimes.com. 17 April 2000. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  20. ^ "Photo from Getty Images - Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh (R)". 1click.indiatimes.com. 15 May 2003. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  21. ^ a b "President's Envoy: Iran-Yemen ties, precious sample for neighbors". Trend. Azerbaijan. 23 December 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  22. ^ "Yemeni separatists protest leader's arrest in south". BBC World News. 10 November 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  23. ^ Yemen: Protests intensify after arrest of journalist Tawakkol Karman, Global Post, 23 January 2011
  24. ^ Almasmari, Hakim (2 February 2011). "Yemeni President Won't Run Again". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  25. ^ Yemen protest: Ruling party MPs resign over violence, BBC News, 23 February 2011.
  26. ^ Yemen MPs quit ruling party, Al Jazeera English, 3 March 2011
  27. ^ 'New constitution for Yemen'. Al Jazeera English, 10 March 2011
  28. ^ Yemen opposition activists clash with police, Al Jazeera English, 19 March 2011
  29. ^ Yemen president fires cabinet, Al Jazeera English, 20 March 2011
  30. ^ Yemen president warns of coup, BBC News, 22 March 2011
  31. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/world/wikileaks-yemen/cable12.html The Washington Post, 7 Apr 2011
  32. ^ Birnbaum, Michael (23 April 2011). "Yemen's President Saleh agrees to step down in return for immunity". Washington Post. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  33. ^ Yemen President defiant over exit BBC News, 24 April 2011
  34. ^ http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2011/05/yemen-deal-outlined-for-saleh-to-step-down-with-immunity.html Los Angeles Times, 18 May 2011
  35. ^ a b http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Yemen-President-Saleh-Fails-To-Sign-Deal-For-Him-To-Leave-Office-After-33-Years/Article/201105415997388 Sky News, 23 May 2011
  36. ^ "Wounded Yemeni president in Saudi Arabia". Al Jazeera English. 5 June 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  37. ^ "Sources: Yemeni head Saleh has collapsed lung, burns over 40% of body". CNN. 7 June 2011.
  38. ^ "Yemeni president flees nation for medical treatment".
  39. ^ "Al-Hadi acting President of Yemen". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 4 June 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  40. ^ "Yemen President Ali Abdullah Saleh appears on TV". BBC News. 7 July 2011.
  41. ^ "Photo from Getty Images". Daylife.com. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  42. ^ "Yemen's Saleh calls for ceasefire on return". Al Jazeera English. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  43. ^ "Yemen president 'to step down'". Al Jazeera English. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  44. ^ Finn, Tom (23 November 2011). "Yemen president quits after deal in Saudi Arabia". The Guardian (U.K.). Retrieved 2 December 2011.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Ali Abdullah Saleh.
Political offices
Preceded by President of North Yemen
1978–1990 		Succeeded by
Himself
as President of Yemen
Preceded by
Himself
as President of North Yemen 		President of Yemen
1990–2011 		Succeeded by
Preceded byas President of South Yemen


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