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Laura Secord

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This article is about the War of 1812 heroine. For the chocolate company, see Laura Secord Chocolates.
Laura Secord
Statue of Laura Secord
Statue of Laura Secord at the Valiants Memorial in Ottawa
Born
Laura Ingersoll

13 September 1775
Great Barrington, Province of Massachusetts Bay
Died17 October 1868(1868-10-17) (aged 93)
Village of Chippawa, Ontario, Canada
NationalityCanadian
Known forWar of 1812 heroine
Spouse
James Secord
​
(m. 1797⁠–⁠1841)​
Children
  • Mary (1799)
  • Charlotte (1801)
  • Harriet (1803)
  • Charles Badeau (1809)
  • Appolonia (1810)
  • Laura Ann (1815)
  • Hannah (1817)
Parents
  • Thomas Ingersoll
  • Elizabeth Dewey

Laura Secord (née Ingersoll, 13 September 1775 – 17 October 1868) was a Canadian heroine of the War of 1812. She is known for having walked 20 miles (32 km) out of American-occupied territory to warn British forces of an impending American attack in 1813. Her information led to the British victory at the Battle of Beaver Dams. Her contribution to the war was forgotten until 1860, when future king Albert Edward, Prince of Wales awarded the impoverished widow £100 for her service.

Her father, Thomas Ingersoll, fought on the side of the American revolutionaries during the War. He moved his family to the Niagara region of Upper Canada in 1795 after he had applied for and received a land grant. Shortly after, Laura married Loyalist James Secord, with whom she lived in Queenston and had seven children. After the outbreak of the War of 1812, Secord's husband was seriously wounded at the Battle of Queenston Heights. While he was still recovering in 1813, the Americans invaded the Niagara peninsula, including Queenston. Secord acquired information about a planned American attack, and stole away on the morning of 23 June to inform Lieutenant James FitzGibbon at DeCew House in the territory still controlled by the British. The information helped the British and their Mohawk warrior allies win the Battle of Beaver Dams, which kept back the invading Americans.

The legend of Laura Secord has become of part of Canadian mythology, and many embellished versions of the tale have appeared. She is the namesake of several schools, and the Laura Secord chocolate company was named in her honour on the centennial of her walk. She has been the subject of books, poetry, and plays. She has been repeatedly honoured in Canada, with several monuments, a museum, a statue at the Valiants Memorial in the Canadian capital, and a commemorative stamp issued by Canada Post.

Personal history

Family history and early life

Thomas Ingersoll married the seventeen-year-old Elizabeth Dewey on 28 February 1775. Their first child, Laura, was born in Great Barrington in the colonial Province of Massachusetts Bay on 13 September 1775.[1] Thomas's family had lived in Massachusetts for five generations. He descended from Richard Ingersoll, who had arrived in Salem, Massachusetts from Bedfordshire, England, in 1629. Thomas was born in 1749 in Westfield, Massachusetts. Elizabeth, daughter of Israel Dewey,[2] was also born in Westfield,[1] on 28 January 1758.[3] Thomas moved to Great Barrington in 1774, where he settled on a small piece of land with a house on it on the Housatonic River. Over the next several years, he worked successfully as a hatmaker, increasing his land and expanding his house as his family grew.[4] He spent much time away from home, working in the military during the American Revolutionary War on the side of the American revolutionaries, and rose through the ranks. Upon his return to Great Barrington, he was made a magistrate.[5]

Elizabeth gave birth to three more girls: Elizabeth Franks on 17 October 1779; Mira (or Myra) in 1781; and Abigail in September 1783.[6] Abigail was given up for adoption in 1784 to an aunt with the surname Nash.[7] Elizabeth Ingersoll died 20 February 1784,[8] and Thomas remarried to Mercy Smith, widow of Josiah Smith,[8] on 26 May 1785. Mercy had no children. She has been credited with teaching her stepdaughters to read and do needlework before her death from tuberculosis in 1789. By adolescence, Laura was caring for her sisters and looking after the household affairs. Thomas remarried four months after Mercy's death, on 20 September 1789, to Sarah ("Sally") Backus, a widow with a daughter, Harriet. The couple had a further four boys and three girls. The first boy, Charles Fortescue, was born on 27 September 1791.[9] Charlotte (born 1793) and Appolonia (born 1794) were the last members of this branch of the Ingersoll family to be born in Massachusetts.[10]

Thomas helped suppress Shays' Rebellion in 1786, which led to him achieving the rank of major. In the years following, however, he witnessed and was offended by the continuing persecution of Loyalists. He realized that in the depressed economic conditions that followed the Revolutionary War, and with his own deep debts, he was unlikely to see his former prosperity again.[11] In 1793, Thomas met with Mohawk leader Joseph Brant in New York City, who offered to show him the best land for settlement. He and four associates travelled to Upper Canada to petition Lieutenant Governor John Simcoe for a land grant. They received 66,000 acres (27,000 ha; 103 sq mi) in the Thames Valley, and founded Oxford-on-the-Thames (later known as Ingersoll, Ontario), on condition that they populate it with forty other families within seven years. After winding up affairs in Great Barrington, the Ingersoll family moved to Upper Canada in 1795.[12]

Upper Canada, marriage and children

Thomas Ingersoll supported his family in their early years in Upper Canada by running a tavern in Queenston while land was being cleared and roads built in the settlement. The family stayed in Queenston until a log cabin was completed on the settlement in 1796. After Simcoe returned to England in 1796, opposition grew in Upper Canada to the "Late Loyalists" like Thomas who had arrived in Canada for the land grants. The grants were greatly reduced, and Thomas's contract was cancelled, either over not having completed road construction on time or because he had not brought in the requisite number of settlers. Feeling cheated, in 1805 he moved the family to Credit River, close to York (present-day Toronto), where he successfully ran an inn until his death in 1812 following a stroke. Sally continued to run it until her own death in 1833.[13][14]

Laura had remained in Queenston when the family moved. She married the wealthy James Secord, likely in June 1797.[15][a] The Secord family originated in France, where the name was spelled D'Secor or Sicar. Five Secord brothers, who were Protestant Huguenots, fled from persecution in France and founded New Rochelle, New York in 1688. At the time of the American Revolution, Loyalist members of the family anglicized their surname to Secord.[16]

The Secord couple lived in a house built in St. Davids, the first floor of which was a shop. Secord gave birth to her first child, Mary, in St. Davids in 1799. Mary was followed by Charlotte (born 1801), Harriet (born 10 February 1803),[17] Charles Badeau (born 1809—the only male child) and Appolonia (born 1810).[18]

War of 1812

James Secord served under Isaac Brock when the War of 1812 broke out. He was amongst those who helped carry away Brock's body after he was killed in the first attack of the Battle of Queenston Heights in October 1812. Secord himself was severely wounded in the leg and shoulder during the battle. Laura heard of his predicament and rushed to his side. Some sources suggest that she found three American soldiers preparing to beat him to death with their gunstocks. According to this account, she begged to save her husband's life, reportedly offering her own in return, when American Captain John E. Wool happened upon the situation and reprimanded the soldiers.[19] This story may have been a later embellishment[20] and may have originated with her grandson, James B. Secord.[21] When the Secords arrived home, they found that the house had been looted in Laura's absence.[22] Spending the winter in St. Davids,[22] Laura spent the next several months nursing her wounded husband back to health.[23]

On 27 May 1813, the American army launched an attack across the Niagara River, and captured Fort George.[24] Queenston and the Niagara area fell to the Americans. Men of military age were sent as prisoners to the U.S., although James Secord, who was still recuperating, was not among them. That June, a number of U.S. soldiers were billeted at the Secords' home.[25]

Battle of Beaver Dams

Main article: Battle of Beaver Dams
Painting of Laura Secord warning British commander James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams
Secord warns British commander James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams (Lorne Kidd Smith, c. 1920)

On the evening of 22 June, Secord learned of plans for a surprise American attack on British troops led by Lieutenant James FitzGibbon at Beaver Dams, which would have furthered American control in the Niagara Peninsula.[26] It is unclear how she became aware of these plans. According to tradition she overheard a conversation among the billeted Americans as they ate dinner.[27] While her husband was still recovering from his October injuries, Secord set out early the next morning to warn the Lieutenant. She reportedly walked 20 miles (32 km) from present-day Queenston through St. Davids (where she stopped at the home of her half-brother Charles, who was ill in bed[28]), Homer, Shipman's Corners and Short Hills at the Niagara Escarpment before she arrived at the camp of allied Mohawk warriors who led her the rest of the way to FitzGibbon's headquarters at the DeCew House. A small British force and a larger contingent of Mohawk warriors were then readied for the American attack. Most of the American forces were casualties or taken prisoner in the Battle of Beaver Dams on 24 June.[26]

Post-war

In his report of the battle, FitzGibbon omitted any mention of Secord, stating only that he "received information" about the threat.[29] This may have been to protect the Secords during wartime. FitzGibbon first wrote of Secord in a certificate dated 26 February 1820, in support of a petition by her husband for a licence to operate a stone quarry in Queenston.[30]

After the war ended, with the Secords' Queenston store in ruins,[31] the family was impoverished. Only James's small war pension[32] and the rent from 200 acres of land they had in Grantham Township supported them.[31]

The Secords' sixth child, Laura Anne, was born in October 1815, and their last child, Hannah, was born in 1817. The Secords' eldest daughter Mary wedded a doctor, William Trumball, on 18 April 1816.[31] On 27 March 1817, Mary gave birth in Ireland to Elizabeth Trumball, the first of Laura and James's grandchildren. Mary had another daughter, also named Mary, in Jamaica, and brought her children back to Queenston with her in 1821 following her husband's death.[33]

The struggling James petitioned the government in 1827 for some sort of employment. Lieutenant-Governor Peregrine Maitland did not offer him a position, but offered something to Laura. He asked her to be in charge of the yet-to-be-completed Brock's Monument. At first, she turned it down, but then reluctantly accepted it.[34] The Secords' daughter, Appolonia, died at 18 of typhus in 1828. When Brock's Monument opened in 1831,[35] Secord learned the new Lieutenant-Governor, John Colborne, intended to give the keys to the widow of a member of the monument committee who had died in an accident. On 17 July 1831, Secord petitioned Colborne to honour Maitland's promise, including another certificate from FitzGibbon attesting her contribution to the war. She wrote that Colonel Thomas Clarke had been told by Maitland, "it was too late to think of [the committee member's widow] Mrs. Nichol as I have pledged my word to Mrs. Secord that as soon as possible she should have the key."[36] Despite Secord's pleas, the widow received the keys to the monument.[37]

James was appointed registrar of the Niagara Surrogate Court in 1828.[32] He was promoted to judge in 1833,[38] and his son Charles Badeau took over the registrar position.[39] Charles Badeau's first son, Charles Forsyth Secord, was born 9 May 1833. His is the only surviving line of Secords to have survived into the 21st century.[40]

James became a customs collector in 1835 at the port of Chippawa.[41][b] The position came with a home in Chippawa, into which the family moved. Charles Badeau took over the Queenston home.[42] Daughter Laura Ann and her son moved into the home in 1837 following her husband's death.[43]

Later life and death

Laura Secord in later life
Laura Secord, c. 1865

James Secord died of a stroke on 22 February 1841.[44] He was buried, according to his wishes, at Drummond Hill (now in Niagara Falls).[44] James's death left Laura destitute. His war pension came to an end,[45] and she was unable to keep the land that she still had profitable, and sold off much of it.[46] Governor-General Sydenham denied a 27 February 1841 petition she sent for her son to take over James's customs position.[47] Sydenham also denied a petition she sent that May for a pension for herself, as James had already received a pension for decades.[48]

Possibly with help from better-off members of the family, Secord moved to a red brick cottage on Water Street[c] in November 1841.[48] Daughter Harriet and her own two daughters joined her in May 1842, after the alcohol poisoning death of Harriet's husband . The three would stay with Secord for the rest of her life.[49] Youngest daughter Hannah also moved in when she was widowed in 1844, and brought two daughters with her.[46] Though she lacked training, for a short time Secord ran a small school out of the home in an effort to support herself. This venture was came to an end when the public common school system was introduced[43] in the 1840s.[50]

Over the years, the Secords unsuccessfully petitioned the government for some kind of acknowledgement. In 1860, when Secord was 85, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, who later became King Edward VII, heard of her story while travelling in Canada. At Chippawa, near Niagara Falls, he was made aware of Laura Secord's plight as an aging widow and sent an award of £100. It was the only official recognition that she received during her lifetime.[51]

Laura Secord died in 1868 at the age of 93.[52] She was interred next to her husband in the Drummond Hill Cemetery in Niagara Falls.[53] Her grave is marked by a monument with a bust on top, cast by the Bureau Brothers Foundry of Philadelphia. It is close to the monument marking the Battle of Lundy's Lane.

Personal description

Her granddaughter described Secord as being 5 feet 4 inches (163 cm) with brown eyes and a fair complexion.[54] James FitzGibbon wrote she was "of slight frame and delicate appearance".[55] She was a skilled at needlework, dressmaking and cooking.[46] Her large number of grandchildren are said to have enjoyed hearing their grandmother tell stories of her early life.[46] An Anglican,[56] Laura's religious faith is said to have increased with age.[57]

Legend

Painting of Laura Secord led by natives through the woods
Secord led through the woods by natives (Henry Sandham, c. 1910)

Secord's account of her trek changed throughout her life. Pierre Berton noted that she never stated clearly how she learned of the impending attack. She told FitzGibbon that her husband had learned about it from an American officer, but years later told her granddaughter that she had overheard the plans directly from the American soldiers billeted in her home.[58] Berton suggested that Secord's informant could have been an American still residing in the United States, who would have been charged with treason had Secord revealed her source.[58]

A number of writers have questioned Secord's story. William Stewart Wallace, in his 1932 book, The Story of Laura Secord: A Study in Historical Evidence, concluded her story was mostly myth, and that she played no significant role in the outcome of the Battle of Beaver Dams. Historian George Ingram contended in his 1965 book The Story of Laura Secord Revisited that Secord's debunking had been taken too far. Ruth MacKenzie also burnished Secord's reputation with Laura Secord: The Legend and the Lady in 1971.[59]

Historian Marsha Ann Tate notes that retellings of Secord's account have diverged significantly in everything but the most basic details of the story.[60] In the 1860s, as Secord's story gained prominence, historian William Foster Coffin added new details, which included the claim that Laura had brought a cow with her as an excuse to leave her home in case the American patrols questioned her.[61] Other versions hold that she left claiming to visit a sick relative in neighbouring St. Davids, and that she walked barefoot for much of the journey.[60]

The question of Secord's actual contribution to the British success has been contested. In the early 1920s, historians suggested that Native scouts had already informed FitzGibbon of the coming attack well before Secord had arrived on 23 June.[62] Later, two testimonials were found which FitzGibbon wrote in 1820 and 1827, which supported Secord's claim. FitzGibbon asserted that Laura Secord had arrived on 22 June (not 23 June), and that "in consequence of this information" he had been able to intercept the American troops.[32]

Legacy

Laura Secord Homestead
Laura Secord Homestead in Queenston 43°09′50″N 79°03′19″W / 43.16395°N 79.05523°W / 43.16395; -79.05523

Historian Cecilia Morgan argues that the Secord story became famous in the 1880s when upper-class women sought to strengthen the emotional ties between Canadian women and the British Empire. She argues that they needed a female heroine to validate their claims for women's suffrage.[61] The first product of their campaign was Sarah Anne Curzon's verse drama Laura Secord: The Heroine of 1812 in 1887. The play was responsible for "a deluge of articles and entries on Secord that filled Canadian histories and school textbooks at the turn of the 20th century".[63] Although critics gave the play negative reviews, it was the first full work devoted to her story and popularized her image.[64]

Secord has been compared to Québécois heroine Madeleine de Verchères[65] and to American Revolution hero Paul Revere.[66] Her story has been retold and commemorated by generations of biographers, playwrights, poets, novelists and journalists.[67]

Laura Secord Monument
Laura Secord Monument in Queenston Heights 43°05′22″N 79°05′45″W / 43.08941°N 79.09576°W / 43.08941; -79.09576

Early feminist Emma Currie, after she discovered a newspaper clipping of the story, began a lifelong interest in Secord's life. After she tracked down information from relatives as far away as Great Barrington, she published a biographical account in 1900 called The Story of Laura Secord, and later successfully petitioned to have a Secord memorial erected in Queenston Heights.[68] The cut stone[69] granite monument stands 7 feet (210 cm) and was dedicated in 1901.[70] In 1905, her portrait was hung in Parliament.[71] Playwright Merrill Denison made a radio play of her story in 1931 which mixed serious history with parody.[67]

The Secords attended Holy Trinity Church in Chippawa where their grave markers are presently located, as well as a few relics of the family.[72] Lundy's Lane Historical Museum in Niagara Falls has a cup and saucer from the family on display.[72] Secord's inscription on her grave marker at Drummond Hill Cemetery reads:

To perpetuate the name and fame of Laura Secord, who walked alone nearly 20 miles by a circuitous difficult and perilous route, through woods and swamps and over miry roads to warn a British outpost at DeCew's Falls of an intended attack and thereby enabled Lt. FitzGibbon on 24 June 1813, with fewer than 50 men of the H.M. 49th Regt., about 15 militiamen and a small force of Six Nations and other Indians under Capt. William Johnson Kerr and Dominique Ducharme to surprise and attack the enemy at Beechwoods (or Beaver Dams) and after a short engagement, to capture Col. Bosler of the U.S. Army and his entire force of 542 men with two field pieces.[73]

Laura Sceords Chocolate logo
Laura Secord Chocolates commemorated Secord on the centennial of her walk.

On the centennial of her walk, and to capitalize on Canadian patriotic feelings, Frank O'Connor founded Laura Secord Chocolates in 1913. The chain's first location opened on Yonge and Elm Streets in Toronto. The chocolates came in black boxes adorned with a cameo of Secord.[74]

The Secords' Queenston homestead was fired upon and looted during the War of 1812. Restored and given to the Niagara Parks Commission in 1971,[75] it is now a museum and gift shop at Partition and Queen streets in Queenston.[76] Thomas Ingersoll's old home on Main Street in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, was used as the town's Free Library from 1896 until 1913, when the Mason Library was built on the site.[77] The Great Barrington Historic District Commission made 18 October 1997 Laura Secord Day, and dedicated a plaque in her honour before Mason Library.[78]

Laura Secord is the namesake of a number of schools, including Laura Secord Public School (also "Laura Secord Memorial School",[79] 1914–2010)[80] in Queenston, École Laura Secord School in Winnipeg, Manitoba (built 1912),[81] and Laura Secord Elementary School in Vancouver, British Columbia. Beaver Dams Battlefield Park has dedicated a plaque to Secord.[82] In 1992, Canada Post issued a Laura Secord commemorative stamp.[83] In 2003, the Minister of Canadian Heritage declared Secord a "Person of National Historical Significance",[52] and in 2006 Secord's was one of fourteen statues dedicated at the Valiants Memorial in Ottawa.[84]

Notes

  1. ^ The exact date has not been determined as the marriage records were destroyed when the town was burned by the Americans in July 1814.[15]
  2. ^ Chippawa is now part of Niagara Falls, Ontario.
  3. ^ Water Street has since been renamed Bridgewater Street.[48]

References

  1. ^ a b Leavey 2012, p. 16.
  2. ^ Currie 1900, p. 49.
  3. ^ Currie 1900, p. 49; Leavey 2012, p. 16.
  4. ^ Leavey 2012, pp. 16–17.
  5. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 25.
  6. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 19.
  7. ^ Currie 1900, pp. 49–50; Leavey 2012, pp. 15–16, 24.
  8. ^ a b Currie 1900, p. 50.
  9. ^ Leavey 2012, pp. 24–26.
  10. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 31.
  11. ^ Leavey 2012, pp. 26–27.
  12. ^ Leavey 2012, pp. 29–31.
  13. ^ Leavey 2012, pp. 33, 35–37, 47.
  14. ^ McKenzie 1977, p. 29.
  15. ^ a b Leavey 2012, p. 42.
  16. ^ Leavey 2012, pp. 41–42.
  17. ^ Leavey 2012, pp. 42–43.
  18. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 46.
  19. ^ Bryce 1907, p. 7; McKenzie 1977, p. 15.
  20. ^ McKenzie 1977, p. 15.
  21. ^ Leavey 2012.
  22. ^ a b McKenzie 1977, p. 16.
  23. ^ Karr 1938, pp. 172–173.
  24. ^ Collins 2006, p. 109.
  25. ^ Karr 1938, pp. 173–174; Bryce 1907, pp. 9–10.
  26. ^ a b Bryce 1907, pp. 10–13; Carstens & Sanford 2011, p. 139.
  27. ^ McKenzie 1977, pp. 48–50.
  28. ^ McKenzie 1977, pp. 52–54.
  29. ^ McKenzie 1977, p. 70.
  30. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 112.
  31. ^ a b c Leavey 2012, p. 144.
  32. ^ a b c McKenzie 2000.
  33. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 146.
  34. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 148.
  35. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 150.
  36. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 151.
  37. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 152.
  38. ^ McKenzie 2000; Leavey 2012, p. 155.
  39. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 155.
  40. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 157.
  41. ^ McKenzie 2000; Leavey 2012, p. 155; Currie 1900, p. 69.
  42. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 156.
  43. ^ a b Leavey 2012, p. 168.
  44. ^ a b Leavey 2012, p. 165.
  45. ^ Leavey 2012, pp. 164–165.
  46. ^ a b c d Leavey 2012, p. 170.
  47. ^ Leavey 2012, pp. 166–167.
  48. ^ a b c Leavey 2012, p. 167.
  49. ^ Leavey 2012, pp. 167–168.
  50. ^ Gestwicki & Bertrand 2011, p. 215.
  51. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 11.
  52. ^ a b Carstens & Sanford 2011, p. 140.
  53. ^ Richardson 2006.
  54. ^ Currie 1900, p. 73.
  55. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 96; Wilson 2010.
  56. ^ Perkins 1989, p. 166.
  57. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 169.
  58. ^ a b Berton 1981.
  59. ^ Knowles 1997, p. 206.
  60. ^ a b Tate 2005.
  61. ^ a b Morgan 1994.
  62. ^ Wood 1920, pp. 65–66.
  63. ^ Bird 2012.
  64. ^ Boyko-Head 2002, p. 63.
  65. ^ Karr 1938, p. 172; Coates & Morgan 2002, p. 3.
  66. ^ Hunter 2012.
  67. ^ a b Boyko-Head 2002, p. 61.
  68. ^ Dagg 2001.
  69. ^ Collins 2006, p. 111.
  70. ^ Acton Free Press staff 1901; Colombo 1984, p. 163.
  71. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 189.
  72. ^ a b McKenzie 1977.
  73. ^ Coates & Morgan 2002, p. 197.
  74. ^ Boyko-Head 2002, pp. 76–77; Carr 2003, pp. 43–44; Jonasson 2012.
  75. ^ Carstens & Sanford 2011, p. 140; Leavey 2012, p. 213.
  76. ^ Collins 2006, p. 110.
  77. ^ Leveille 2011, p. 12.
  78. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 196.
  79. ^ Colombo 1984, p. 163.
  80. ^ Berry 2010.
  81. ^ Blanchard 2005, p. 3.
  82. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 197.
  83. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 214.
  84. ^ Leavey 2012, p. 197–198.

Works cited

Books

Berton, Pierre (1981). Flames Across the Border: The Canadian-American Tragedy, 1813–1814. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-09217-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Blanchard, Jim (2005). Winnipeg 1912. University of Manitoba Press. ISBN 978-0-88755-684-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Boyko-Head, Christine (2002). "Laura Secord Meets the Candyman: The Image of Laura Secord in Popular Culture". In Sloniowski, Jeannette; Nicks, Joan (eds.). Slippery Pastimes: Reading the Popular in Canadian Culture. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 61–80. ISBN 978-0-88920-388-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Bryce, George (1907). Laura Secord: A Study in Canadian Patriotism. Manitoba Free Press Company. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Carr, David (2003). Candymaking in Canada. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-395-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Carstens, Patrick Richard; Sanford, Timothy L. (2011). Searching for the Forgotten War – 1812 Canada. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4535-8890-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Coates, Colin MacMillan; Morgan, Cecilia Louise (2002). Heroines and History: Representations of Madeleine de Verchères and Laura Secord. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-802-04784-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Collins, Gilbert (2006). Guidebook to the Historic Sites of the War of 1812. Dundurn Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55002-626-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Colombo, John Robert (1984). Canadian Literary Landmarks. Dundurn Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0-88882-073-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Currie, Emma (1900). The Story of Laura Secord and Canadian Reminiscences. Briggs. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Dagg, Anne Innis (2001). "Currie, Emma Augusta Harvey". The Feminine Gaze: A Canadian Compendium of Non-Fiction Women Authors and Their Books, 1836–1945. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-88920-845-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Gestwicki, Carol; Bertrand, Jane (2011). Essentials of Early Childhood Education. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-17-650244-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Karr, William John (1938). "XXIX: Laura Secord: The Heroine of Beaver Dams". Explorers, Soldiers, and Statesmen: A History of Canada Through Biography. Ayer Publishing. pp. 172–175. ISBN 978-0-8369-1577-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Knowles, Norman James (1997). Inventing the Loyalists: The Ontario Loyalist Tradition and the Creation of Usable Pasts. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-7913-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Leavey, Peggy Dymond (2012). Laura Secord: Heroine of the War of 1812. Dundurn Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4597-0367-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Leveille, Gary (2011). Around Great Barrington. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-7476-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
McKenzie, Ruth (1977). Laura Secord: the legend and the lady. McClelland and Stewart. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Perkins, Mary Ellen (1989). Discover Your Heritage: A Guide to Provincial Plaques in Ontario. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-0-920474-50-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Richardson, Annette (2006). "Secord (née Ingersoll), Laura (1775–1868)". In Cook, Bernard A. (ed.). Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 529. ISBN 978-1-85109-770-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Wood, William Charles Henry (1920). Select British documents of the Canadian war of 1812, Vol. I. The Champlain Society. ISBN 0-8371-5051-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Journals and magazines

Morgan, Cecilia (1994). "'Of Slender Frame and Delicate Appearance': The Placing Of Laura Secord in the Narratives of Canadian Loyalist History" (PDF). Journal of the Canadian Historical Association. 5: 195–212. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Tate, Marsha Ann (2005). "Looking for Laura Secord on the Web: Using a Famous Figure from the War of 1812 as a Model for Evaluating Historical Web Sites". The History Teacher. 38 (2). The Society for History Education. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Newspapers

Acton Free Press staff (27 June 1901). "Monument to Memory of Laura Secord". Acton Free Press. p. 3. Retrieved 8 July 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Berry, Sylvie (13 April 2010). "Final Chapter Nears for Laura Secord". Retrieved 26 October 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |newpspaper= ignored (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Hunter, Jennifer (2 June 2012). "Laura Secord: Heroine of the War of 1812". Toronto Star. Retrieved 9 July 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Web

Bird, Kym (2012). "Sarah Anne Curzon". Historica-Dominion. Retrieved 8 July 2012. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Jonasson, Linda (30 June 2012). "Laura Secord: Housewife Turned Heroine". Maranatha News. Retrieved 9 July 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
McKenzie, Ruth (2000). "Laura Secord". University of Toronto/Université Laval. Retrieved 8 July 2012. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Wilson, W. R. (2010). "Laura Secord: Homespun Heroine". Historical Narratives of Early Canada. Retrieved 16 October 2012. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Further reading

  • Curzon, Sarah Anne (2008 [1887]). Laura Secord, the Heroine of 1812: A Drama and Other Poems. Echo Library. ISBN 978-1-4068-9015-0. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • Hemmings, David (2010). Laura Ingersoll Secord: A Heroine and her Family. Bygones Publishing.
  • Hume, Blanche (1935). Laura Secord (2 ed.). The Ryerson Press.
  • Lunn, Janet (2001). Laura Secord, A Story of Courage. Tundra Books. ISBN 978-1-77049-384-1.
  • MacDonald, Cheryl (2005). Laura Secord: The Heoric Adventures of a Canadian Legend. Altitude Publishing Canada Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55439-016-8.
  • Robinson, Helen Caister (1981). Laura: A Portrait of Laura Secord. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-0-919670-52-5.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laura Secord.
Wikisource has several original texts related to Laura Secord.

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