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Zero Dark Thirty
Theatrical release poster
Directed byKathryn Bigelow
Written byMark Boal
Produced byKathryn Bigelow
Colin Wilson
Greg Shapiro
Mark Boal
Megan Ellison[1]
StarringJessica Chastain
Jason Clarke
Joel Edgerton
CinematographyGreig Fraser
Edited byWilliam Goldenberg
Dylan Tichenor
Music byAlexandre Desplat
Production
company
Annapurna Pictures
Distributed byColumbia Pictures
Alliance Films(Canada)
Release date
  • December 19, 2012 (2012-12-19)
Running time
157 minutes[2]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$40,000,000[3]
Box office$4,406,138[4]

Zero Dark Thirty is a 2012 American action thriller directed and co-produced by Kathryn Bigelow with screenplay by Mark Boal. Billed as "the story of history's greatest manhunt for the world's most dangerous man," the film chronicles American efforts to capture or kill Osama bin Laden. It stars Jessica Chastain, Jason Clarke, Joel Edgerton, Chris Pratt, Kyle Chandler, and Mark Strong.[5] The film had its premiere in Los Angeles, California on 18 December 2012 and had its wide release on 11 January 2013.[6]

Zero Dark Thirty was released to wide critical acclaim and earned four Golden Globe nominations including Best Picture – Drama, Best Director, and Best Actress – Drama for Chastain. It has also attracted controversy and strong criticism for its allegedly pro-torture stance and for allegedly obtaining improper access to classified materials.

Plot

In 2003, Maya is a young CIA officer who has spent her entire brief career focusing solely on intelligence related to al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. Maya has just been reassigned to work with fellow officer Dan at the U.S. embassy in Pakistan. During the first months of her assignment, Maya often accompanies Dan to a black site for his ongoing interrogation of Ammar, a detainee with links to several Saudi terrorists, maybe even Laden's accomplices.

Dan subjects him to torture and humiliation, and he and Maya eventually trick Ammar into divulging that an old acquaintance using the alias Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti is working as a personal courier for bin Laden. Other detainees corroborate this, with some claiming he delivers messages between bin Laden and Abu Faraj al-Libbi. In mid-2005, after two years of searching for him, Abu Faraj is apprehended by the CIA and local police in Pakistan. Maya interrogates Abu Faraj and has him tortured, but he continues to deny ever knowing a courier with such a name. This is interpreted by Maya as Abu Faraj trying to conceal the true importance of Abu Ahmed.

Maya investigates Abu Ahmed for the next five years, determined to use him to find bin Laden. Along that span, she survives the 2008 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing as well as an attack on her life by armed men. Her friend and fellow officer Jessica is killed in the 2009 Camp Chapman attack. A detainee then claims the man from a photograph previously identified by another detainee as Abu Ahmed is of a man he personally buried in 2001, leading several CIA officers to conclude that the man who could possibly be Abu Ahmed is long time dead and searched for nothing for 9 years.

A CIA analyst researches Morrocan intelligence archives and suggests to Maya that Abu Ahmed is actually Ibrahim Sayeed. Maya agrees and contacts Dan, who is now working at CIA Headquarters. Maya theorizes that the CIA's supposed photograph of Abu Ahmed was actually of Ibrahim Sayeed's brother Habib, who was indeed killed in Afghanistan and bore a striking resemblance to Ibrahim. Dan uses CIA funds to purchase a luxury Lamborghini for a Kuwaiti in exchange for the telephone number of Sayeed's mother. Calls to the mother are then traced, and one particular caller's use of tradecraft to avoid being captured leads Maya to believe the caller is Abu Ahmed. Numerous CIA operatives eventually locate Abu Ahmed in his vehicle and track him to a large suburban compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, where they believe that it could be the current bin Laden's hideout.

The compound is put under heavy surveillance for several months, but bin Laden's presence there cannot be directly proven. Meanwhile, the President's National Security Advisor tasks the CIA with coming up with a plan on how to capture or kill bin Laden if he were indeed at the compound. They devise to use two top-secret stealth helicopters developed at Area 51 to secretly enter Pakistan's air space carrying U.S. Navy SEALs from DEVGRU so they may conduct a military raid on the compound. Before briefing President Barack Obama, CIA director Leon Panetta holds a meeting where his officials assess that only a 60% chance exists in bin Laden living at the compound. Maya confidently asserts the chances are 100%.

Left with no other choice, the raid approved by both Panetta and the President, and is carried out on May 2, 2011. The SEALs storm the building, fight minimal defenses, detain the unarmed occupants, and ultimately find bin Laden on the compound's top level and kill him. They bring his body back to a U.S. base in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, where Maya awaits. She views the body and visually confirms it as bin Laden. Maya is next seen boarding a military C-130 as its only passenger. As the loading ramp closes and the plane prepares for takeoff, Maya begins to cry.

Cast

Production

Titles

The working title for the film was For God and Country.[9] The title Zero Dark Thirty was officially confirmed at the end of the movie's teaser trailer.[10] Bigelow has explained that "it's a military term for 30 minutes after midnight, and it refers also to the darkness and secrecy that cloaked the entire decade-long mission."[11][12]

Writing

Bigelow and Boal had initially worked on and finished a screenplay centered on the December 2001 Battle of Tora Bora, where bin Laden was once believed to be hiding. The two were about to begin filming when news broke that bin Laden had been killed. They immediately shelved the film they had been working on and redirected their focus, essentially starting from scratch. "But a lot of the homework I’d done for the first script and a lot of the contacts I made, carried over,” Boal remarked during an interview with Entertainment Weekly. He added, "The years I had spent talking to military and intelligence operators involved in counterterrorism was helpful in both projects. Some of the sourcing I had developed long, long ago continued to be helpful for this version."[13]

Filming

Parts of the film were shot at PEC University of Technology in Chandigarh, India. Some parts of Chandigarh were designed to look like Lahore and Abbottabad, Pakistan, where Osama bin Laden was found and killed on May 1, 2011.[14] Local protesters expressed anti-Osama bin Laden and anti-Pakistan sentiments as they objected to Pakistan locations being portrayed on Indian land.[15][16]

Music

Alexandre Desplat was hired to compose the score of the film.[17] The score, performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, was released as a soundtrack album by Madison Gate Records on December 19, 2012.[18]

Marketing

Promotion

Electronic Arts will promote Zero Dark Thirty in its video game Medal of Honor: Warfighter by offering downloadable maps of locations depicted in the film. Additional maps for the game will be made available on December 19, to coincide with the initial limited-release of the film. Electronic Arts will donate $1 to nonprofit organizations that support veterans for each Zero Dark Thirty map pack sold.[19]

Reception

Political controversy

Allegations of partisanship

Partisan political controversy surrounded the film even before shooting began.[13] Opponents of the Obama Administration charged that Zero Dark Thirty was scheduled for an October release just before the November presidential election, so that it would support the re-election of Barack Obama by reminding the public who gave the command to initiate the raid that killed bin Laden.[20][21] Sony has denied that politics was ever a factor in release scheduling, stating that the initial release date was selected because it was the best available spot for an action-thriller on a crowded lineup. The film's screenwriter has added, "the president is not depicted in the movie. He's just not in the movie."[22]

Distributor Columbia Pictures, sensitive to critical perceptions, considered rescheduling the film release for as late as early 2013. A limited-release date was set for December 19, 2012, well after the election and rendering moot any alleged political conflict.[9][23][24][25][26] The nationwide release date was pushed back to January 11, 2013, moving it out of the crowded and competitive Christmas period and closer to the Oscars.[27] After the film's limited-release, and particularly after the controversy surrounding the depiction of torture in the film, The New York Times columnist Frank Bruni concluded that the film is "a far, far cry from the rousing piece of pro-Obama propaganda that some conservatives feared it would be".[28]

Allegations of improper access to classified information

Several Republican sources had charged the Obama Administration of improperly providing Bigelow and her team access to classified information during their research for the film. These charges, along with charges of other leaks to the media, had become a prevalent election season conservative talking point, and had also found their way onto the Republican national convention party platform, which claimed Obama "has tolerated publicizing the details of the operation to kill the leader of Al Qaeda."[24] Republican congressman Peter T. King requested that the CIA and Department of Defense investigate if classified information was inappropriately released; both departments said they would look into it.[29] Conservative watchdog group Judicial Watch publicized CIA and Department of Defense documents obtained through a Freedom of Information Act request, and alleged that "unusual access to agency information" was granted to the filmmakers. An examination of the documents showed no evidence that classified information was leaked to the filmmakers, and the CIA records did not show any involvement by the White House.[9][24] The filmmakers have denied the claims they were given access to classified details about the killing of Osama bin Laden.[30] A CIA spokesman confirmed the agency maintained their goal of "an accurate portrayal of the men and women of the CIA, their vital mission and the commitment to public service that defines them. And it is an absolute that the protection of national security equities is an integral part of our mission."[29] The CIA further reassured King that, "the protection of national security equities – including the preservation of our ability to conduct effective counterterrorism operations – is the decisive factor in determining how the CIA engages with filmmakers and the media as a whole."[31]

A 501(c)(4) group including former special operations and CIA officers led by Republicans and calling itself OPSEC was formed, and began a media campaign in August claiming "that the Obama White House released classified details of the raid for the making of a Hollywood film", a claim that has not been proven.[32] OPSEC has produced a video attacking Obama called Dishonorable Disclosures which a spokesman for the group said they intended to show in swing states.[32][33][34][35] In the video, OPSEC members made assertions that the administration leaked considerable classified intelligence about the raid for political gain and that Obama took credit for the work of others.[36] One former SEAL featured in the video demanded that Obama "stop leaking information to the enemy." CNN's National Security Analyst Peter Bergen published a critical analysis of these assertions. Bergen, author of Man Hunt: The Ten Year Search for Bin Laden From 9/11 to Abottabad, asserted that the claims made in the video were overwrought and silly.[33][34][36] Bergen stated that Obama and his national security team made every effort to keep the intelligence about bin Laden a closely held secret.[36] PolitiFact examined the OPSEC video's claims and found them mostly false, noting "the video is very misleading" when it attempts to portray Obama claiming glory and revealing sensitive operational details to Hollywood elites. The images of Obama with Hollywood people on the video were actually from a screening event held a year before bin Laden's death.[37] The New York Times reported that parts of the video were selectively edited to show Obama giving his announcement about bin Laden's death without crediting special forces and intelligence personnel in order to portray him "as a braggart taking credit" for the accomplishments.[33] Other special operations soldiers, such as the United States Army Special Forces Major Fernando Lujan and Admiral Bill McRaven (head of the United States Special Operations Command), have been critical of military and CIA operatives' involvement in a political campaign, with Lujan saying the activity is shameful and "in violation of everything we’ve been taught, and the opposite of what we should be doing, which is being quiet professionals."[32][33]

In January 2013, it was reported that the Senate Intelligence Committee will review the contacts between the CIA and the filmmakers to find out whether they had inappropriate access to classified information.[38]

Allegations of pro-torture stance

The film has been both criticized and praised for its handling of subject matter involving interrogation and torture. Glenn Greenwald has alleged the film takes a pro-torture stance, stating that it "presents torture as its CIA proponents and administrators see it: as a dirty, ugly business that is necessary to protect America",[39] while Frank Bruni similarly concluded that the film suggests "No waterboarding, no Bin Laden".[28] Jesse David Fox claims that the film "doesn't explicitly say that torture caught bin Laden, but in portraying torture as one part of the successful search, it can be read that way",[40] which mirrors the opinion of Emily Bazelon who stated that "[t]he filmmakers didn’t set out to be Bush-Cheney apologists", but that "they adopted a close-to-the-ground point of view, and perhaps they’re in denial about how far down the path to condoning torture this led them."[41] Jane Mayer of The New Yorker accused Bigelow of "milk[ing] the U.S. torture program for drama while sidestepping the political and ethical debate that it provoked." She went on to say that by "excising the moral debate that raged over the interrogation program during the Bush years, the film also seems to accept almost without question that the CIA's 'enhanced interrogation techniques' played a key role in enabling the agency to identify the courier who unwittingly led them to bin Laden. But this claim has been debunked, repeatedly, by reliable sources with access to the facts."[42] Author Greg Mitchell wrote that "the film’s depiction of torture helping to get bin Laden is muddled at best—but the overall impression by the end, for most viewers, probably will be: Yes, torture played a key (if not the key) role."[43] Filmmaker Alex Gibney called the film a "stylistic masterwork" but criticized the "irresponsible and inaccurate" depiction of torture, writing: "there is no cinematic evidence in the film that EITs led to false information - lies that were swallowed whole because of the misplaced confidence in the efficacy of torture. Most students of this subject admit that torture can lead to the truth. But what Boal/Bigelow fail to show is how often the CIA deluded itself into believing that torture was a magic bullet, with disastrous results."[44] Journalist Michael Wolff slammed the movie as a "nasty piece of pulp and propaganda" and Bigelow as a "fetishist and sadist" for distorting history with a pro-torture viewpoint. Wolff disputed the efficacy of torture and the claim that it contributed to the discovery of bin Laden.[45] In an open letter, social critic and feminist Naomi Wolf criticized Bigelow for claiming the film was "part documentary" and speculated over the reasons for Bigelow's "amoral compromising" of film-making, suggesting that the more pro-military a film, the easier it is to acquire Pentagon support for scenes involving expensive, futuristic military equipment. Wolf likened Bigelow to the acclaimed director and propagandist for the Nazi regime, Leni Riefenstahl, saying: "Like Riefenstahl, you are a great artist. But now you will be remembered forever as torture's handmaiden."[46]

After three years investigating the CIA's interrogation program, several officials including Senator Dianne Feinstein, the chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, and Senator Carl Levin, the chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, have said that claims that critical information has been obtained through waterboarding are untrue.[47][42] National security expert Peter Bergen, as one of the experts who reviewed an early cut of the film as unpaid advisers, advised that the torture scenes in the film "were overwrought", and Boal said they were "toned down" for the final cut.[48] In a conference call organized by Human Rights First, Curt Goering, the executive director of the Center for Victims of Torture stated: "I'm quite worried about the potential impact of this film on the public's perception or understanding that torture as a technique has been effective".[49] Senator John McCain, who was tortured during his time as a prisoner of war in North Vietnam, said upon watching the film it left him sick — "because it’s wrong." In a speech in the Senate, he said that "Not only did the use of enhanced interrogation techniques on Khalid Sheikh Mohammed not provide us with key leads on bin Laden's courier, Abu Ahmed, it actually produced false and misleading information."[50] McCain, Feinstein and Levin sent a critical letter to Michael Lynton, chairman of the film's distributor, Sony Pictures Entertainment, stating that "[W]ith the release of Zero Dark Thirty, the filmmakers and your production studio are perpetuating the myth that torture is effective. You have a social and moral obligation to get the facts right."[51] Michael Morell, acting director of the CIA sent a public letter to the agency's employees, writing that Zero Dark Thirty "takes significant artistic license, while portraying itself as being historically accurate" and that the film "creates the strong impression that the enhanced interrogation techniques that were part of our former detention and interrogation program were the key to finding Bin Laden. That impression is false. (...) [T]he truth is that multiple streams of intelligence led CIA analysts to conclude that Bin Ladin was hiding in Abbottabad. Some came from detainees subjected to enhanced techniques, but there were many other sources as well. And, importantly, whether enhanced interrogation techniques were the only timely and effective way to obtain information from those detainees, as the film suggests, is a matter of debate that cannot and never will be definitively resolved."[52] Huffington Post writer G. Roger Denson countered this claim when he noted that Morell's predecessor, Leon Panetta, three days after the death of Osama bin Laden, appeared eager to acknowledge the success of waterboarding as a means of extracting reliable and crucial information in the hunt for bin Laden. Denson singles out an NBC interview televised on May 5, 2011 with Panetta, then still the CIA chief, discloses to news anchor Brian Williams that "enhanced interrogation techniques were used to extract information that led to the mission's success." Panetta went on to explain that waterboarding was among the techniques used and was used successfully. Denson also cites a quote from Representative Peter King (R-N.Y.) who was the House Homeland Security Chairman when he states, "The road to bin Laden began with waterboarding."[53]

On the other hand, national security reporter Spencer Ackerman stated that the film "does not present torture as a silver bullet that led to bin Laden; it presents torture as the ignorant alternative to that silver bullet".[54] Similarly critic Glenn Kenny said that he "saw a movie that subverted a lot of expectations concerning viewer identification and empathy" and that "rather than endorsing the barbarity, the picture makes the viewer in a sense complicit with it", which is "[a] whole other can of worms".[55] Likewise, the writer Andrew Sullivan claimed that "the movie is not an apology for torture, as so many have said, and as I have worried about. It is an exposure of torture. It removes any doubt that war criminals ran this country for seven years".[56] Critic Andrew O'Hair - although admitting that the author's position on torture in the film is ambiguous - has defended the creative choices that were made, saying that the film poses "excellent questions for us to ask ourselves, arguably defining questions of the age, and I think the longer you look at them the thornier they get".[57] Furthermore, David Edelstein said that "[a]s a moral statement, Zero Dark Thirty is borderline fascistic", but "[a]s a piece of cinema, it’s phenomenally gripping – an unholy masterwork."[58] The screenwriter Mark Boal described the pro-torture accusations as "preposterous", stating that "it’s just misreading the film to say that it shows torture leading to the information about bin Laden", while director Bigelow added: "Do I wish [torture] was not part of that history? Yes. But it was."[59] In her acceptance speech at the New York Film Critics Circle Bigelow stated the following: "I thankfully want to say that I'm standing in a room of people who understand that depiction is not endorsement, and if it was, no artist could ever portray inhumane practices; no author could ever write about them; and no film-maker could ever delve into the knotty subjects of our time."[60]

Critical response

As of December 23, 2012, the film has been met with wide acclaim from film critics, currently holding a 94% "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 115 reviews and an average rating of 8.6/10,[61] as well as a score of 95 on Metacritic based on 28 reviews.[62]

Richard Corliss' review in Time magazine states "Zero Dark Thirty is a movie, and a damned fine one," calling it "a police procedural on the grand scale" and saying that it "blows Argo out of the water."[63]

Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said of the film, "it could well be the most impressive film Bigelow has made, as well as possibly her most personal." Peter Debruge of Variety was respectful but not quite as effusive: "The ultra-professional result may be easier to respect than enjoy, but there's no denying its power." Critic Katey Rich of The Guardian said of the film: "Telling a nearly three-hour story with an ending everyone knows, Bigelow and Boal have managed to craft one of the most intense and intellectually challenging films of the year."[64] Calling Zero Dark Thirty "a milestone in post-Sept. 11 cinema," critic A. O. Scott of The New York Times listed the film at number six of the top 10 movies of 2012.[65]

Reviewing the film, Times critic Manohla Dargis said Zero Dark Thirty "shows the dark side of that war. It shows the unspeakable and lets us decide if the death of Bin Laden was worth the price we paid." Continued Dargis: "There is much else to say about the movie, which ends with the harrowing siege of Bin Laden’s hideaway by the Navy SEALs (played by, among others, Joel Edgerton and Chris Pratt), much of it shot to approximate the queasy, weirdly unreal green of night-vision goggles. Ms. Bigelow’s direction here is unexpectedly stunning, at once bold and intimate: she has a genius for infusing even large-scale action set pieces with the human element. One of the most significant images is of a pool of blood on a floor. It’s pitiful, really, and as the movie heads toward its emphatically nontriumphant finish, it is impossible not to realize with anguish that all that came before — the pain, the suffering and the compromised ideals — has led to this." Dargis designated the film a New York Times critics' pick.[66]

Writing in The New Yorker, film critic David Denby lauded the filmmakers for their approach. "The virtue of Zero Dark Thirty," wrote Denby, "is that it pays close attention to the way life does work; it combines ruthlessness and humanity in a manner that is paradoxical and disconcerting yet satisfying as art." But Denby faulted the filmmakers for getting lodged on the divide between fact and fiction. "Yet, in attempting to show, in a mainstream movie, the reprehensibility of torture, and what was done in our name, the filmmakers seem to have conflated events, and in this they have generated a sore controversy: the chairs of two Senate committees have said that the information used to find bin Laden was not uncovered through waterboarding. Do such scenes hurt the movie? Not as art; they are expertly done, without flinching from the horror of the acts and without exploitation. But they damage the movie as an alleged authentic account. Bigelow and Boal — the team behind The Hurt Locker — want to claim the authority of fact and the freedom of fiction at the same time, and the contradiction mars an ambitious project."[67]

The Washington Post's critic Ann Hornaday, who named Zero Dark Thirty as the year's best film, noted in a subsequent piece the divergent takes on the movie: "As Boal and Bigelow gather critics’ plaudits and awards (Zero Dark Thirty earned four Golden Globe nominations Thursday, including best film), the movie itself has entered a fascinating parallel conversation – part food fight for cable-news channels desperate for post-election fodder, part valuable (if belated) civic debate."[68]

Writing in the Los Angeles Times, critic Kenneth Turan called the controversy over the film's treatment of torture "a tempest in a teapot," and singled out actor Chastain for her performance. "Her single-minded ferocity and stubbornness not only prove essential in the hunt, but also make up the emotional through line that engages us in the story of Zero Dark Thirty."[69]

Writing in The Wall Street Journal, longtime film critic Joe Morgenstern hailed the craft of the filmmakers and rebutted charges they were condoning torture. "This is the work of a commanding filmmaker who is willing, as well as able, to confront a full spectrum of moral ambiguity. It is also, even before its release, the subject of an emerging controversy in which the film's sternest critics see it as factually flawed and an apology for torture." Continued Morgenstern: "Others will debate the facts, but I can tell you that Zero Dark Thirty does not apologize for torture, any more than it denounces it. What it does in the course of telling a seminal story of our time is what contemporary films so rarely do, serve as brilliant provocation."[70]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars out of four. However, he was less positive in his review, saying "The film's opening scenes are not great filmmaking. They're heavy on jargon and impenetrable calculation, murky and heavy on theory." He went on to say, "My guess is that much of the fascination with this film is inspired by the unveiling of facts, unclearly seen. There isn't a whole lot of plot — basically, just that Maya thinks she is right, and she is."[71]

The German website filmfutter.com awarded the film a perfect score of five stars out of five.[72]

Box office

As of January 7, 2013, Zero Dark Thirty has grossed $4,406,138 domestically with a release in 60 theaters. The limited release of Zero Dark Thirty grossed $2,535,000 in the United States and Canada in only 5 theaters.[4] A more widespread release will follow on January 11.

Accolades

Main article: List of accolades received by Zero Dark Thirty

Zero Dark Thirty has been nominated for four Golden Globes at the upcoming 70th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Director.

The Washington DC Area Film Critics award for Best Director was given to Kathryn Bigelow, the second time the honor has gone to a woman (the first also being Bigelow for The Hurt Locker). The film swept critics groups awards for Best Director and Best Picture including Washington DC, New York, Chicago and Boston film critics associations.

Prequel

Mark Boal has stated his interest in making a prequel to Zero Dark Thirty one day, based upon a true story as well and being a more action-packed film as was originally intended with Zero Dark Thirty.[73][74]

References

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  12. ^ Zero Dark Thirty Teaser Trailer Lands
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  45. ^ Wolff, Michael. "The truth about Zero Dark Thirty: this torture fantasy degrades us all". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  46. ^ Wolf, Naomi (2013-01-04). "A letter to Kathryn Bigelow on Zero Dark Thirty's apology for torture". The Guardian. Retrieved 05 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
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  51. ^ Daunt, Tina (December 19, 2012). "Senators Call 'Zero Dark Thirty' 'Grossly Inaccurate' in Letter to Sony Pictures". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
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  56. ^ Sullivan, Andrew (2012-12-14). "Kathryn Bigelow: Not A Torture Apologist". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
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  60. ^ Child, Ben (2013-01-08). "Kathryn Bigelow and Mark Boal respond to Zero Dark Thirty torture row". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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  65. ^ Scott, A. O. (December 14, 2012). "25 Favorites from a Year When 10 Aren't Enough". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  66. ^ Dargis, Manohla (December 17, 2012). "By Any Means Necessary: Jessica Chastain in 'Zero Dark Thirty'". The New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  67. ^ Denby, David (December 24, 2012). "'Dead Reckoning'". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 17, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  68. ^ Hornaday, Ann (December 13, 2012'). "'Zero Dark Thirty' and the New Reality of Reported Filmmaking". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 14, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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  70. ^ Morgenstern, Joe (December 18, 2012'). "In 'Zero Dark Thirty,' Zealotry in Pursuit of Zealots". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 19, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  71. ^ Ebert, Roger (January 2, 2013). "Zero Dark Thirty". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
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  74. ^ Armitage, Hugh (2012-11-26). "'Zero Dark Thirty' prequel is a possibility". Digital Spy. Retrieved 14 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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