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Time 100

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File:Time 100.jpg
Time 100 cover for 2008

Time 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, as assembled by the American magazine Time. First published in 1999 as a result of a debate among American academics, politicians and journalists the list is now an annual event. Although appearing on the list is frequently mistaken as an honor Time makes it very clear that people are recognized for changing the world, for better or for worse.

History and format

The list was started with a debate at a symposium in Washington, D.C., on February 1, 1998, with panel participants CBS news anchor Dan Rather, historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, former New York governor Mario Cuomo, then–political science professor Condoleezza Rice, neoconservative publisher Irving Kristol and Time managing editor Walter Isaacson.

The list was first published in 1999, when Time magazine named the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Based on the popularity of the installment, in 2004 Time magazine decided to make it an annual issue, listing the 100 people most influencing the world. Those recognized fall in one of five categories:

  • Leaders & Revolutionaries
  • Builders & Titans
  • Artists & Entertainers
  • Scientists & Thinkers
  • Heroes & Icons.

Within each category, the 20 most influential people (sometimes pairs or small groups) are selected, for a grand total of 100 each year.

2010

In its online presentation, Time introduced the list as follows: "In our annual TIME 100 issue we name the people who most affect our world".[1] The overall list was organized with 4 main sublists: Leaders, featuring Sarah Palin and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva; Heroes, featuring Chief Master Sergeant Tony Travis and Bill Clinton; Artists, featuring Conan O'Brien and Lady Gaga; and Thinkers, featuring Steve Jobs and Zaha Hadid.[1] The list included 10 Indians.[2] Oprah Winfrey continued her streak of having been included on every Time 100 list and was one of thirty-one women on the list. The list included many expected names and some surprises such as Scott Brown, who The Huffington Post described as a premature selection at that point in his career.[3] Others who were considered surprising selections included Elton John, Ashton Kutcher and Taylor Swift, according to the Daily Mail.[4] The announcement of the list was celebrated by a black tie gala at the Time Warner Center in New York City on May 4, 2010.[5] The list was published the following day.[4] Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists.[6]

2011

The original online sources refer to the list with the following quote: "Meet the most influential people in the world. They are artists and activists, reformers and researchers, heads of state and captains of industry. Their ideas spark dialogue and dissent and sometimes even revolution. Welcome to this year's TIME 100."[7][8] The announcement was celebrated with a black tie event in New York City on April 26, 2011.[9] The honorees were joined by A-list celebrities at Frederick P. Rose Hall, Jazz at Lincoln Center for the event.[10] Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists.[11]

The list included familiar global newsmakers such as United States President Barack Obama and Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel as well as what the media describes as newcomers to the global press.[12] The list included numerous figures representing the year of upheaval in the Middle East ranging from rebels, to political leaders to news correspondents. Although the events of what has been dubbed the Arab Spring, were prominent, media figures unrelated to those events also figured in the list as well.[13] Additionally, Prince William of Wales and Catherine Middleton, were part of the list during the week before their internationally celebrated wedding.[14] The list also included Katsunobu Sakurai, mayor of Minamisōma, Fukushima, which was the city most affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[12]

Multiple appearances

Although each category is given equal weight during any given year, people from some categories are more likely to make repeat appearances on the list from year to year. Repeat appearances on the Time 100 are rare. Only the following individuals have appeared more than twice.

Note: The order of the following list is based on the number of times each person has appeared on the Time 100. Those who are tied are listed alphabetically. Those listed in bold are the select few whose repeat appearances include Time's ranking of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.the most

Listed nine times

  • Oprah Winfrey 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, & the 20th century.
    Oprah Winfrey
    2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, & the 20th century.

Listed seven times

Listed five times

  • Steve Jobs 2010, 2008, 2007, 2005 & 2004 (Finalist in 2009)
    Steve Jobs
    2010, 2008, 2007, 2005 & 2004
    (Finalist in 2009)
  • Angela Merkel 2012, 2011, 2009, 2007 & 2006 (Finalist in 2010, 2008)
    Angela Merkel
    2012, 2011, 2009, 2007 & 2006
    (Finalist in 2010, 2008)

Listed four times

Listed three times

Selection criteria

In 2004 Time's editors "identified three rather distinct qualities", when choosing the Time 100 explained Time's editor-at-large Michael Elliott:

First, there were those who came to their status by means of a very public possession of power; President George W. Bush is the pre-eminent example. Others, though they are rarely heard from in public, nonetheless have a real influence on the great events of our time. Think of Ali Husaini Sistani, the Grand Ayatullah of Iraq's Shi'ites. Still others affect our lives through their moral example. Consider Nelson Mandela's forgiveness of his captors and his willingness to walk away from the South African presidency after a single term.[15]

In the 2007 Time 100 list managing editor Richard Strengel explained that the Time 100 was not a list of the hottest, most popular or most powerful people, but rather the most influential, stating:

Influence is hard to measure, and what we look for is people whose ideas, whose example, whose talent, whose discoveries transform the world we live in. Influence is less about the hard power of force than the soft power of ideas and example. Yes there are Presidents and dictators who can change the world through fiat, but we're more interested in innovators like Monty Jones, the Sierra Leone scientist who has developed a strain of rice that can save African agriculture. Or heroes like the great chessmaster Garry Kasparov, who is leading the lonely fight for greater democracy in Russia. Or Academy Award winning actor George Clooney who has leveraged his celebrity to bring attention to the tragedy in Darfur.

Controversies

The fact that the then British Prime Minister Tony Blair was excluded from the 2004 list caused mild controversy. Time magazine editor-at-large Michael Elliott defended the decision to consistently exclude Blair:

Gerhard Schröder and Jacques Chirac are not there either. This is a worldwide list. There are no Western European political leaders on it because they are not that powerful or influential at this time.[16]

Although George W. Bush has appeared on the list several times, controversy emerged when he was dropped from the list in 2007 in part because of the Democratic victory in the 2006 congressional election.[17] Former Senator Rick Santorum (R-PA) of Fox News said:

The fact of the matter is, the president of the United States, I don't care who's in that office, is the most powerful man on the face of the Earth and has more influence over various aspects of lives, not just in this country, but around the world. And for Time magazine to dismiss that just shows you how biased and, I would argue, hateful they are.[18]

"Any U.S. president has a certain built-in influence," explained Adi Ignatius, deputy managing editor at Time, who oversaw the list. "Bush had actually squandered some of that built-in influence. His position on Iraq has cost him support in his own party...To a certain point, he sort of reached a lame-duck status,"[19]

The list has generated controversy over who was included in other years as well. In 2005 conservative commentator Ann Coulter was listed causing Salon.com to observe:

When Time magazine named Ann Coulter among its 100 "most influential people" last week, alongside such heavyweights as Ariel Sharon, Bill Clinton, Nelson Mandela, Kim Jong Il and the Dalai Lama, the choice produced guffaws online. Plugging the issue on Fox News last week, Time executive editor Priscilla Painton insisted it was Coulter's use of "humor" that made her so influential, stopping just short of suggesting that Coulter is the conservative Jon Stewart. But even Fox's Bill O'Reilly wasn't buying it. He pressed Painton: "Do you think people, Americans, listen to Ann Coulter? Do you think she has influence in public opinion?"[20]

While Time magazine defended Coulter on the grounds that she is a best-selling author whose controversial commentary has impacted the discourse of the world's most powerful nation, she was not considered influential enough to make a repeat appearance on the list.

Hacking

In 2009, the winner of the annual Time 100 online poll was moot, the founder of the 4chan website, who received 16,794,368 votes. Time magazine claimed that their technical team "did detect and extinguish several attempts to hack the vote".[21] However, it was shown weeks before the poll ended that the results had been heavily influenced by hackers.[22] The first letters of the top 21 names spell out "marblecake also the game". Marblecake is the name of the IRC channel (which would appear on IRC as #marblecake) used for communication by some of the participants in rigging the poll.[22] "Marblecake" refers to a message being hidden with information, such as "marblecake also the game" being hidden in the Time 100.

A similar scheme was also performed in 2012 when voting was rigged by members of 4chan's /b/ board to spell out, when sorted by descending positive votes, "KJU GAS CHAMBERS"[23] with the first letter of the nominees' names, alluding to allegations that the North Korean government had been operating gas chambers near the Chinese/Russian border.[24] Similarly, when sorted by descending negative votes, the first letters of the names spell out [sic] "MM has CP buttsex",[25] with MM referring to Mohamed Morsi.

Academic research

The Time 100 has been cited in an academic analysis by Craig Garthwaite and Tim Moore, economists at the University of Maryland, College Park. In light of Oprah Winfrey holding the record for most appearances on the Time 100, the economists decided to measure if Winfrey was influential enough to decide a U.S. presidential election by examining the impact of her endorsement of Barack Obama for president. The economists wrote the following:

Oprah Winfrey is a celebrity of nearly unparalleled influence. She has been named to Time magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people six times—more than any other individual, including the Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, Bill Gates, George Clooney and Rupert Murdoch. She was named one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th Century, an honor shared with Albert Einstein, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. She was only one of four people who were

included on these lists in both the 20th and 21st Century. The others included Mandela, Gates, and Pope John Paul II...

The scope of Winfrey’s influence creates a unique opportunity to examine the effect of endorsements on political outcomes.

The economists found a statistically significant correlation between the number of Winfrey fans in a geographic region (as estimated by the sales of her magazine and book club selections) and the number of votes Obama received in that region during the race for the 2008 Democratic nomination for president. They found that the correlation even held up when they controlled for all kinds of confounding variables like race, gender, income, education, and sales of other magazines. They further found that the correlation only emerged after Winfrey had endorsed Obama, suggesting that it was the influence of her endorsement that caused the correlation. When they statistically removed the correlation to see how Obama would have performed without Winfrey's endorsement, they found that over one million votes vanished from Obama’s total in the Democratic primary and Clinton receives far more votes than Obama does.[26]

References

  1. ^ a b "The World's Most Influential People". Time. 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-25. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Ten Indians on The 2010 TIME 100". Economic Times. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  3. ^ Linkins, Jason (2010-04-29). "The Time 100 In 2010". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  4. ^ a b Johnson, Chris (2010-05-05). "Meet Elton John, Ashton Kutcher and Taylor Swift... some of the world's most influential people according to Time magazine". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  5. ^ "2010 TIME 100 Gala". Access Hollywood. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  6. ^ "The 2010 TIME 100 Poll". Time. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "The 2011 TIME 100". Time. 2011-04-21. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "The 2011 TIME 100". Time. 2011-04-21. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-04-27). "Justin Bieber, Amy Poehler Breakout Stars At Time 100 Gala: 'Parks and Recreation' co-star Aziz Ansari calls Poehler 'tremendously talented and really a leader in her field.'". MTV. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  10. ^ "A-Listers Get Fancy in NYC for Time's 100 Most Influential People Gala". OK!. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "The 2011 TIME 100 Poll". Time. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  12. ^ a b "TIME 100 Most Influential People: See Which World Figures Made The 2011 List". Huffington Post. 2011-04-22. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  13. ^ Pompeo, Joe (2007-04-21). "Time 100 list honors influencers in the year of Arab Spring". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  14. ^ Blas, Lorena (2011-04-21). "William, Kate among 'Time' 100 List". USA Today. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  15. ^ "TIME Names The World's Most Influential People". Timewarner.com. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  16. ^ Exclusive: Time 100 list; Revealed: the world's 100 most influential | Independent on Sunday, The | Find Articles at BNET.com[dead link]
  17. ^ "Osama in Time magazine power list". Ibnlive.com. 2010-02-03. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  18. ^ "President Bush Not 'Influential' Enough for Time - Sean Hannity | Alan Colmes | Hannity & Colmes". FOXNews.com. 2007-05-04. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  19. ^ "Obama among Time's list of 100 most influential". The Honolulu Advertiser. 2007-05-03. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  20. ^ Boehlert, Eric (2005-04-19). "Time hearts Ann Coulter - Salon.com". Dir.salon.com. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  21. ^ The World's Most Influential Person Is.... TIME. April 27, 2009.
  22. ^ a b Inside the Precision Hack. "Music Machinery". April 15, 2009.
  23. ^ http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2128881_2129111,00.html
  24. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/feb/01/northkorea
  25. ^ http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2128881_2129111,00.html
  26. ^ The Role of Celebrity Endorsements in Politics: Oprah, Obama, and the 2008 Democratic Primary.
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