Qahtanite
The terms Qahtanite and Qahtani (Arabic: قحطان; transliterated: Qahtan or Qaḥṭān or Kahtan) refer to Semitic peoples either originating in, or claiming genealogical descent from the southern extent of the Arabian Peninsula, especially from Yemen.[1][2]
The rival group to the Qahtan are variously known as Adnan, Ma'add or Nizar.[2]
The Qahtani people are divided into the two sub-groups of Himyar and Kahlan, with the Himyar branch as Himyarites and the Kahlan branch as Kahlanis.[2]
Qahtani origins
Arab tradition maintains that a semi-legendary ancestral figure named Qahtan[1][2] and his 24 sons are the progenitors of the southern inhabitants of the Arabian peninsula known as Qahtani.
Early Islamic historians identified Qahtan with the Yoqtan (Joktan) son of Eber of the Hebrew Bible (Gen. 10:25-29).[citation needed]
Among the sons of Qahtan are noteworthy figures like A'zaal (believed by Arabs to have been the original name of Sana'a, although its current name has been attested since the Iron Age) and Hadhramaut. Another son is Ya'rub, and his son Yashjub is the father of 'Abd Shams, who is also called Saba. All Yemeni tribes trace their ancestry back to this "Saba", either through Himyar or Kahlan, his two sons.
The Qahtani people are divided into the two sub-groups of Himyar and Kahlan, who represent the settled Arabs of the south and their nomadic kinsmen (nomads).[2] The Kahlan division of Qahtan consists of 4 subgroups: the Ta' or Tayy, the Azd group which invaded Oman, the 'Amila-Judham group of Palestine, and the Hamdan-Madhhij group who mostly remain in Yemen.[2]
The Kahlan branch includes the following tribes:Azd ( Aus and Khazraj, Bariq, Ghassan, Khuza'a and Daws), Hamdan, Khath'am, Bajflah, Madhhij, Murad, Zubaid and Nakh', Ash'ar, Lakhm and Kindah.[3]
KAHTAN.
|
.--------------------+-------------------.
| |
[[Yarab]]. [[Hazaramaut]].
| *
Yoshjab. *
| Sadif.
Saba.
|
.-----------------------------.
| |
[[Himyar]]. [[Kahlan]].
* |
* .-----------------+----------.
Kozaa. | |
| Rabia. Zeid.
Al-Hafi. * |
| * .-----------------------.
| [[Hamdaan]]. | |
| Abad. *
.-----+-----+----------. * *
| | | * Ghous.
Aslom. Amran. Amr. | |
* * | .------+--+-----+------. |
* * .-----+-----. | | | | |
Zeid. | | | | Murrah. Muzhij. Tay. Ash-ar. |
| .-------+. Bahra. * Bali. | | | |
| | | * .---+---. | .--+-----. |
| Jarm. Taghlib. Mahra. | | | | | |
| | Adi. Khaulan. | Ghous. Kharija. |
| Vabra. | | | |
| | .--------------. | Jadila. |
| .---------. | | | | |
| | | Lakhm. Ofeir. Juzam. | |
| Kalb. Khoshain. | | .------+------. |
| | Dar. Kinda. | | | |
| Taym Allat. | Ans. Illah. | |
| Sukun. | | | |
.---+-------+-----. Morad. | Saad-ul-Ashira |
| | | | | |
Joheina. Saad. Nohd. .------------------. Jufi. |
| | | |
Ozra. Harb. Amr. |
| | |
.----------. Nakha. |
| | |
Raha. Sada. .-----------------------.
|
.----------+----------.
| |
[[Azd]]. Anmar.
| |
.---------------+---. .------+-+-------.
| | | | |
Mazin. Shahnvah. Khas-am. Ghous. Ghafiq.
| | | |
.----------+----------. .-------+-------. Bajila. Ahmas.
| | | | | |
Saalba. Harisa. | Samala. [[Banu Daws|Doos]]. Haddan.
| | Jafna.
.--+----. | ([[Ghassanids|TheGhassinides]]).
| | |
[[Banu Aus|Aws]]. [[Banu Khuza'a|Khazraj]]. |
|
.-----+---+----------.
| | |
Adi. Afsa. Lohay.
| | |
[[Bariq]]. Aslam. [[Banu Khuza'a|Khuza'a]].
| |
Salaman. Mustalik.
Early linguistic connection
The first groups of Semites that moved northward already developed the early Semitic names derived from triliteral and sometimes a quadriliteral verb root that first appeared in early (now extinct) East Semitic languages, especially Akkadian, Assyrian, and Old Babylonian. A closer examination reveals connections with the Central Semitic language family including: Aramiac, Phoenician, Hebrew, and Nabatean, which is closely related to the Southern Semitic languages Minaean, Sabaean, Qatabanian, Awsanian, Hadhramaut, and Himyarite.
Ancient Semitic villages
Biblical and historiographical place names that correspond with modern place names in Yemen and Asir include:
- Adeem, Yadoom, Damt (from the verb D/a/m meaning "to last")
- Aram, Arm, Yareem, Maryama (from the verb A/r/m meaning "to stand above")
- Yafe'e, Mayfa'a, Ayfo'o (from the verb Y/f/a "to grow")
- Aden "settled", Yahosn "lost"
- Thobhan, Mathbah "slaughtered"
- Yomin "south", Yamant "blessed"
- Yahir "to destroy"
- Yaghshom, Ghashm "to rain"
- Yaslih "to fix"
- Marbad, Arbad (from the verb R/b/d meaning "to spread")
Pre-Islamic Qahtani migration out of Arabia
Early Semites who developed civilizations throughout the Ancient Near East gradually relinquished their geopolitical superiority to surrounding cultures and neighboring imperial powers, usually due to either internal turmoil or outside conflict. This climaxed with the arrival of the Chaldeans, and subsequently the rivaling Medes and Persians, during the 7th and 6th centuries BCE respectively. Though the Semites lost geopolitical influence, the Aramaic language emerged as the lingua franca of much of the Near East. However, Aramaic usage declined after the defeat of the Persians and the arrival of the Hellenic armies around 330 BCE.
The Ghassanids
The Ghassanids (ca. 250 CE) were the last major non-Islamic Semitic migration northward out of Yemen. They revived the Semitic presence in the then Roman-controlled Syria. They initially settled in the Hauran region, eventually spreading to modern Lebanon, Israel & the Palestinian Territories and Jordan, briefly securing governorship of Syria away from the Nabataeans.
After Islam
Between the 7th and the 14th centuries, the Arabs had forged an empire that extended their rule from Spain and southern France in the west, to western China in the east. During this period of expansionism, the Arabs, including Qahtanite tribes, overspread these lands, intermingling with local native populations while yet maintaining their cultural identity. It is not unlikely to find Arabs of Qahtanite descent as far away as Morocco or Iran, and many can trace their heritage with profound accuracy. Among the most famous examples of Qahtanite Arabs is the social scholar Ibn Khaldun who was born in Tunisia to a family that immigrated from Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus).
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Qahtan, Britannica Online Encyclopedia, 2009, webpage: .
- ^ a b c d e f De Lacy O'Leary (2001). p. 18 http://books.google.com/books?id=y3M7lHusi4UC&pg=PA18.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) notes "Qahtan are divided into the two sub-groups of Himyar and Kahlan". - ^ Jirjī Zaydān, David Samuel Margoliouth, Umayyads and ʻAbbásids: Being the Fourth Part of Jurjí Zaydán, (about Islamic Empire), 1907, p.45.
References
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2009) |
- John Simpson, Treasures from Ancient Yemen
- Qahtan in the Arab History