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Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa

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South Africa has a liberal constitution that protects all basic political freedoms. However there have been many incidents of political repression, dating back to at least 2002,[1] as well as threats of future repression in violation of this constitution leading some analysts, civil society organisations and popular movements to conclude that there is a new climate of political repression[2][3][4] or a decline in political tolerance.[5] Bishop Rubin Phillip has said that "a dark night is settling over our country as the light of our democratic dawn dims".[6] Some have linked the increase in repression to the influence of the 'security cluster' under the Jacob Zuma presidency.[7][8] It has been argued that "Zuma has enhanced the coercive capacity of the state"[9] and that he has focused on "building a state based on fear".[10] It has also been argued that repression has affected poor people's organisations most seriously but that repression directed against poor people has been systemically under reported in the media.[11]

Serious concern has been expressed about police brutality in South Africa.[12] According to Greg Marinovich "The police are acting with impunity. Their political masters are acting with impunity. In the South Africa of 2012, if you are poor and without political clout, you are on your own."[13] Amnesty International has expressed serious concerns about brutality, including torture and extrajudicial killings, at the hands of the police in South Africa.[14][15] Ronnie Kasrils has argued that there has been a "descent into police state depravity" under Jacob Zuma.[16]

Threats to Media Freedom

Under Jacob Zuma the ANC has expressed open opposition to media freedom.[17] Serious concern has been expressed about the proposed Media Appeals Tribunal and Protection of Information Bill which, if passed, would significantly reduce press freedom.[18][19][20][21][22][9][23]

There have been a number of reports of serious intimidation of journalists.[24] In 2007 the Freedom of Expression Institute and the Mercury newspaper reported a death threat against a journalist in Durban by controversial local businessman Ricky Govender who claims close links with Jacob Zuma.[25] In Durban in 2009 the editor of the The Mercury, Philani Makhanya, laid a charge of intimidation against S'bu Mpisani, a politically connected contractor for the housing department in that city who had allegedly threatened the newspaper for investigations into his activities.[26] In Port Elizabeth the chairperson of the ruling African National Congress, Nceba Faku, has called for party supporters to burn down the offices of the local newspaper the Daily Dispatch in 2011.[27] In 2012 Piet Rampedi and Adriaan Bassoon, journalists at the City Press, were subject to various threats and forms of intimidation while covering a story on corruption by Julius Malema.[28] Also in 2012 ANC supporters publicly burnt copies of the City Press newspaper in Durban.[29]

Threats to Artistic Freedom

Poet Mbongeni Khumalo has claimed "that his no-holds barred lyricism attracted the attention of state security".[30]

In 2012 leading figures in the ruling party called for a painting, The Spear, to be destroyed and publicly endorsed the defacement of the painting.

Unlawful State Bans on Protests

There have been a number of independently documented cases where the constitutionally protected right to protest has not been honoured by the state.[9][31][32][33][34] One particularly well documented instance occurred in Durban in 2006[35] and another in Cape Town in 2012.[36][37] It has also been claimed that the right to protest has been summarily denied to shack dwellers on the East Rand.[38] It has been argued that both Democratic Alliance and African National Congress controlled municipalities engage in unlawful bans on the right to protest.[39] It has also been suggested that recent judicial interventions amount to a de facto curtailment of the right to protest.[40] It has been argued that there was an increase in the unlawful banning of protests after the 2012 Marikana massacre[41] and that this has taken the form of a de facto "state of emergency".[42]

Police Repression

Militarisation of the Police

The police, which were demilitarised after apartheid have been remilitarised[43][44] and some politicians have encouraged the police to 'shoot to kill'.[45] In the view of some analysts this has contributed to escalating repression.[44][46] Concern has also been expressed at use of tactical response teams to contain popular protest[47] and at the idea that the army should support the police in containing popular protest.[48]

Police Harassment of Journalists

In 2010 journalists Mzilikazi waAfrika was arrested at the offices of the Sunday Times. Charges against him were later dropped.[49] waAfrika's phone was also unlawfully tapped by the police.[50] In July 2012 Nic Dawes, Sam Sole and Stefaans Brummer, journalists at the Mail & Guardian, were questioned by the police following the publication of a story alleging corruption by senior ANC leader Mac Maharaj.[51]

Police Harassment of Activists

There have been numerous allegations from activists in grassroots social movements about arrests on trumped up charges[1] and assaults at the hands of the police.[52] For instance it was reported that Ashraf Cassiem from the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign was assaulted by the police in 2000 while resisting an eviction [53] and that S'bu Zikode and Philani Zungu from Abahlali baseMjondolo were arrested and assaulted while on the way to a radio interview in 2006.[54] In September 2010 four residents of Hangberg, in Hout Bay, near Cape Town were shot in the face at close range by police with rubber bullets leading to the loss of their eyes.[55] In February 2011 two protesters were killed by the police and a number subject to torture in Ermelo.[47] In January 2012 it was reported that Ayanda Kota was assaulted in the Grahamstown police station.[56][57] In August and September 2012 strikers and community activists in Marikana were subject to sustained police harassment, including a large number of fatalities.[58] In October 2012 activists in Makause, on the East Rand, reported death threats from the police.[59] In December 2012 it was reported that in Wesselton, Mpumalanga, police were engaged in sustained collective harassment, some of it violent, of a local community.[60]

Police Torture of Activists

There has been general concern about police torture in South Africa,[21][22][61] which has been described as "occurring en masse" and "spiralling out of control".[62] In 1996 Kevin Kunene, founding chairman of the KwaMbonambi Environmental Group, was tortured by the police.[63] Organisations such as the Landless People's Movement[64] have documented cases in which activists and protesters have been tortured.[65][66] There were media reports of police torture of activists in Wessleton, Ermelo, in 2011[47][67][68] and in Marikana in 2012.[69][70][71]

People Killed by the Police During Protests

The worst instance of lethal police violence in response to protest since the end of the apartheid era in South Africa is the shootings of 34 striking miners at Marikanan near Rustenburg, which have come to be known as 'The Marikana Massacre', during the Marikana miner strike on 16 August 2012.[4][72][73][74]

The ICD has reported a rise in police violence against protesters since 2010[75] and a number of unarmed protesters have been killed by the South African Police Service since 2000.[76] Four people were killed by the police during protests between 2000 and 2004, two in 2006, one in 2008, two in 2009, three in 2010 and eleven in 2011.[77] The media have reported at least 27 police killings of protesters and bystanders (not including the 34 people killed in the Marikana Massacre) and a number of killings by private security guards since 2000.

People Killed by Police During Protests

  • Michael Makhabane Durban, 2000[78]
  • Dennis Mathibithi (17) and Nhlanhla Masuku (15), Kathlehong, 2004[79]
  • Tebogo Mkhonza (17), Harrismith, 2004[80]
  • Monica Ngcobo, (19) Durban, 2005[81]
  • Unnamed Man, Kenville, Durban, 2006[82]
  • Jan Matshobe, (27) Sebokeng, Johannesburg, 2008[83]
  • Mthokozisi Nkwanyana, (24) Durban, 2008 [84]
  • Unnamed girl, KwaZakhele, KwaZulu-Natal, 2009[85]
  • Phuphu Mthwethwa (29), Piet Retief, 2009[86]
  • Priscilla Sukai (46) eTwatwa, Daveyton, 2010[87]
  • Unnamed man, Lion Park, Johannesburg, 2010[88]
  • Anna Nokele (19), Welkom, 2010[89]
  • Two unnamed children, Boipelo, Gauteng, 2011[90][91]
  • Solomon Madonsela[92] and Bongani Mathebula[93] Ermelo, 2011[75]
  • Joseph Msiza (43) (also known as Petros Msiza), Tshwane, 2011[94][95][96]
  • Andries Tatane (33), Ficksburg, 2011[80]
  • Dimakatso Kgaswane and another unnamed person, Tlokweng, Swartruggens, 2011[97]
  • One unnamed DA supporter, 14 May 2012[98][99]
  • Three unnamed people in KwaDukuza, KwaZulu-Natal, 2011[100]
  • Mxolisi Buthelezi, (14), Durban, 2012 (an onlooker, not a protester)[101]
  • Paulina Masuhlo, Marikana, 2012[41]
  • Michael Daniels, 28, Wolsely, Western Cape, 2012 [102][103]
  • Service Nkadimeng, 33, Primrose, Germiston, Gauteng, on 18 November 2012.[104]
  • Letsekang Tokhwane, 25, De Doorns, 14 January 2013[105] (Some media reports indicate that a third, unammned protestor was also killed in the Western Cape Farm Workers' Strike[106])
  • Six unnamed people, Sasolburg, 23 January 2013[107] (Note: One report indicates that one, also unnamed man, was reported to have been shot dead by a passing motorist)[108]
  • Xolani Mtshikwana, 31, Soweto, 21 April 2013[109]

People Killed by Private Security Guards During Protests

  • Marcel King (19), Phoenix, Durban, 24 June 2004[110]
  • Christopher Jele (21), Piet Retief, 2009[111]
  • Ntombiyenkosi Mabika (24), Shaka's Kraal, June 2011[112]
  • Bongile Ndleni (40), Ceres, 18 November 2012[113]
  • Alfred Mzikayifani Mdiyako and Sanele Mthethwa, at the Magdalena and Aviemore mines in Dannhauser near Dundee, in 31 October 2012[114]

Activists Killed by Vigilantes

Party Political Violence Against Activists

Organisations such as the Landless People's Movement,[116] Abahlali baseMjondolo[117][118][119] and the Unemployed People's Movement[120][121] have been subject to armed political violence by groups claiming to represent the ruling ANC. The Makause Community Development Forum have also claimed to have been subject to state sanctioned violence by an ANC aligned 'mob'.[59] There have also been cases where ANC supporters have disrupted protests organised by independent groups. One example of this was the attempt to disrupt a protest by the Moretele Concerned Communities Association in May 2012.[122] It has been argued that the violence associated with the Marikana miners' strike in August 2012 began after officials of the National Union of Mineworkers murdered two strikers.[123]

Death Threats Against Activists

Grassroots activists have been reporting fears that they may be killed since at least 2002.[124] There have been reports of death threats against activists in Ermelo (2011),[125] in Grahamstown (2011),[126] in eTwatwa on the East Rand (2010),[127] and in Durban (2006, 2009, 2012).[118][119][128][129][130][131]

Unsolved Murders of Activists Claimed to be Political Assassinations

  • Sinethemba Myeni, 12 April 2006, Umlazi, Durban, independent activist (former SACP)[132]
  • Mazwi 'Komi' Zulu, 3 May 2006, Umlazi, Durban, independent activist (former SACP)[132]
  • Bomber 'Radioman' Ntshangase, 4 May 2012, Mpumlanga, SACP leader, Mpumalanga[133]
  • Thembinkosi Qumbelo, Local activist and ANC leader, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 2013 [134]
  • Nkululeko Gwala, Abahlali baseMjondolo activist, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 2013[135]

Political Violence & Intimidation by MK Veterans

In July 2012 Alpheus Moseri (68) collapsed and died following an assault by MK Veterans at a lecture given by Jacob Zuma.[136][137] In October 2012 COSATU President Sidumo Dlamini called for MK veterans to use "their guerrilla military skills to work with us on the ground to defend this movement and our revolution as a whole" [138] In November 2012 it was reported that MK veterans had made threats against Deputy President Kgalema Motlanthe.[139] In November 2012 it was reported that armed men claiming to be MK veterans stormed into an ANC branch meeting on the East Rand and threatened to shoot members of the branch of they did not nominate Zuma for re-election.[140]

According to Barney Pityana "we are beginning to see the emergence of party (or presidential) militia in the guise of the Umkhonto weSizwe Veterans, who are the new Gestapo with a fascist agenda."[141]

Ruling Party Attitudes to Independent Organisations

According to Zwelinzima Vavi, COSATU Secretary General, "The [ruling] party unfortunately has adopted in our view an unnecessarily hostile posture to some progressive civil organisations and coalitions, painted a number of organisations with the same brush and has tended to take the view that they are the product of external agendas."[142]

See also

Further reading

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b Housing battles in post-Apartheid South Africa: The Case of Mandela Park, Khayelitsha, by Martin Legassick, South African Labour Bulletin, 2003
  2. ^ The Return of State Repression, Professor J. Duncan, South African Civil Society Information Services, 31 May 2010
  3. ^ Increasing police repression highlighted by recent cases, Freedom of Expression Institute, 2006
  4. ^ a b Activists decry talk of 'third force' at Marikana, by Niren Tolsi, Mail & Guardian, 2012
  5. ^ Political tolerance on the wane in South Africa, Imraan Buccus, SA Reconciliation Barometer, 2011
  6. ^ Biko: A bright guiding light in dark times, Bishop Rubin Phillip, 19 September 2012
  7. ^ Jane Duncan on the ever-increasing power of SA's security cabal, Mandy de Waal, The Daily Maverick, 16 June 2011
  8. ^ Zuma: Why we're not laughing any more, Hennie van Vuuren, Mail & Guardian, 17 August 2012
  9. ^ a b c The 'Gatvol' Factor, Jane Duncan, SACSIS, January 2011
  10. ^ Electing for lesser evil will not get us very far, Palessa Morudu, Business Day, 11 September 20112
  11. ^ Media underplaying police, state brutality, Jane Duncan, Sunday Independent, 26 August 2012
  12. ^ No end in sight for police brutality in South Africa, Justice Malala, The Guardian, 21 February 2013
  13. ^ Marikana: A cover-up for all to see, Greg Marinovich, Daily Maverick, 6 November 2012
  14. ^ Police brutality comes as a surprise? Really?, Pierre de Vos, Daily Maverick, 1 march 2012
  15. ^ Amnesty International South Africa Report, 2012
  16. ^ Mr President, arrest this descent into police state depravity, Ronnie Kasrils, Mail & Guardian, 6 March 2013
  17. ^ Jacob Zuma and the second transition: The print media, Mandy de Waal, The Daily Maverick, 18 June 2012
  18. ^ FXI makes submissions to Parliament on the Protection of Information Bill
  19. ^ The Real Fear Factor: Secrecy as the Mask of Power, Dr. Dale T. McKinley, South African Civil Society Information Services, 11 April 2011
  20. ^ Revise Protection of Information Bill , ‘’Human Rights Watch’’, November 2010
  21. ^ a b Amnesty red flag police brutality, Craig Dodds, 13 May 2011
  22. ^ a b Amnesty International South Africa Report 2011
  23. ^ The Secrecy Bill: Speak Now or Forever be Gagged, by Dale T. McKinley, SACSIS, 8 June 2011
  24. ^ ANC ratchets up its anti-media campaign in provinces, Mandy de Waal, The Daily Maverick, 6 July 2011
  25. ^ Police repression in Protea South an indicator of a national trend, Freedom of Expression Institute, 5 September 2007
  26. ^ The rise and fall of Shauwn and S’bu Mpisane, Durban’s Teflon Couple, Nikki Moore, The Daily Maverick, 11 February 2011
  27. ^ Faku: Burn down the press, LUYOLO MKENTANE, The Daily Dispatch, 20 May 2011
  28. ^ The price of investigating Julius Malema, Greg Nicholson, The Daily Maverick, 23 July 2012
  29. ^ ‘Spear’ fury shatters Haffajee, Shain Germaner, IOL, 28 May 2012
  30. ^ Poetry must reflect South Africa today, GOODENOUGH MASHEGO, The Sowetan, 18 January 2013
  31. ^ Amandla! Protest in the New South Africa, Simon Delaney, Freedom of Expression Institute, May 2007
  32. ^ Dissent Under Thabo Mbeki, Jane Duncan, May 2011], Jane Duncan, May 2011
  33. ^ The Struggle for Street Politics, Jane Duncan, February, 2012
  34. ^ The Criminal Injustice System, by Jane Duncan, SACSIS, 18 Feb 2013
  35. ^ FXI welcomes court ruling on Shack Dwellers' Movement's right to hold demonstration, Freedom of Expression Institute, 2006
  36. ^ Siessa Patricia!, by Pierre de Vos, Constitutionally Speaking, 30 January 2012
  37. ^ Police Brutally Suppress Protesters in Cape Town, by Christopher McMichael, Think Africa Press, February 2012
  38. ^ Police to people of Makause: 'March and there'll be another Marikana', mandy de Waal, The Daily Maverick, 5 October 2012
  39. ^ Rondebosch protest: Charges withdrawn, Ben Fogel, Mail & Guardian, 31 January 2012
  40. ^ Penalizing Protest Action, Anna Majavu, SACSIS, 19 June 2012
  41. ^ a b SA's banned gatherings: Goodbye Constitution, we hardly knew you, by Mandy de Waal, The Daily Maverick, 28 September 2012
  42. ^ Marikana, the Farlam Commission, and the Undeclared State of Emergency, by Jane Duncan, SACSIS, 8 October 2012
  43. ^ Green Zone Nation: The South African government’s new growth path, Christopher McMichael, Open Democracy, 19 March 2012
  44. ^ a b The South African Police Service and the Public Order War, by Chris McMichael, Think Africa Press, 3 September 2012
  45. ^ Marikana: Avoidable, unconstitutional… and entirely predictable, by Pierre de Vos, The Daily Maverick, 23 August 2012
  46. ^ With Enough Bullets, Christopher McMichael, March, 2012
  47. ^ a b c A template for Marikana was made in Ermelo a year ago, by David Bruce, Business Day, 5 November 2012
  48. ^ The re-militarisation of South Africa’s borders, Christopher McMichael, Open Democracy, July 2012
  49. ^ Clampdown feared as journalist arrested, Dominic Mahlangu, The Times, 4 August 2010
  50. ^ Another View: Time to oversee the officials who spy on us, Jane Duncan, The Times, 30 October 2011
  51. ^ M&G journalists warned of criminal charges, Phillip de Wet, Mail & Guardian, 26 July 2012
  52. ^ Ayanda Kota lays assault charge against police - UPM, 18 January 2012
  53. ^ Ashraf Cassiem: South African Resistance Against Evictions, Marlon Crump, Poor Magazine, 2009
  54. ^ 'I was punched, beaten', Niren Tolsi, Mail & Guardian, 16 September 2006,
  55. ^ Penalizing Protest Action, Anna Majavu, SACSIS, 19 June 2012
  56. ^ Outcry over ‘savage assault’, ADRIENNE CARLISLE and DAVID MACGREGOR, The Daily Dispatch, 14 January 2012
  57. ^ Grahamstown activist arrested for book theft FARANAAZ PARKER, Mail & Guardian, 13 Jan 2012
  58. ^ The Smashing of a Strike, Gillian Schutte, SACSIS, 21 September 2012
  59. ^ a b Police to people of Makause: 'March and there'll be another Marikana', Mandy de Waal, The Daily Maverick, 5 October 2012
  60. ^ Tactical Response Team's brutal reign in Wesselton, Mpumalanga, Mandy de Waal, The Daily Maverick, 10 December 2012
  61. ^ http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-08-28-marikana-police-torture-takes-central-stage, Mandy de Waal, The Daily Maverick, 28 August 2012
  62. ^ 'Predator police' in reign of terror, GRAEME HOSKEN, The Times', 30 April 2012
  63. ^ Police still torturing suspects - claim, Ann Eveleth, Mail & Guardian, 22 March 1996
  64. ^ The Landless People's Movement and the Failure of Post-Apartheid Land Reform, Stephen Greenberg, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005
  65. ^ Torture and misuse of lethal force by security forces must end, Amnesty International, 1999
  66. ^ Briefing for the Committee against Torture, Amnesty International, 2006
  67. ^ Community leader lives in fear of his life Lungile Dube, Mail & Guardian, Apr 01 2011
  68. ^ Violence on tape confirms police tactics, KWANELE SOSIBO, Mail & Guardian, 25 Mar 2011
  69. ^ Torture, SA's never-ending curse, Khadija Patel and Mande de Waal, The Daily Maverick, 17 October 2012
  70. ^ Marikana: After wave of arrests, miners to return to strike, Greg Marinovich, The Daily Maverick, 18 October 2012
  71. ^ Marikana: Police torturing their way to intimidation, Greg Marinovich, The Daily Maverick, 2 November 2012
  72. ^ "South African police open fire as striking miners charge, killing and wounding workers". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  73. ^ The Night Before Lonmin's Explanation, by Richard Stupart, African Scene, 16 August 2012
  74. ^ ‘Massacre’ outrage as workers die in bloodbath at Marikana, BY MONDE MAOTO AND NATASHA MARRIAN, 'BUSINESS DAY, 17 AUGUST 2012
  75. ^ a b ICD: Rise in police abuse at service delivery protests
  76. ^ State Violence, Richard Pithouse, SACSIS, 2011
  77. ^ The Road to Marikana: Abuses of Force During Public Order Policing Operations, David Bruce, SACSIS, 12 October 2012
  78. ^ Two student protesters killed by police in Durban, South Africa
  79. ^ Police shoot dead two high school pupils resisting eviction, Report by Anti-Privatisation Forum Kathorus Concerned Residents (KCR), 19 February 2004
  80. ^ a b Tatane’s death opens old wounds for family, City Press, Lucas Ledwaba, 2004
  81. ^ On the Murder of Andries Tatane, Richard Pithouse, All Africa, April 2011
  82. ^ Business as Usual: Housing Rights in Durban, South Africa, Centre on Housing Rights & Evictions, Geneva, 2008
  83. ^ Activist killed by South African police at demonstration against water privatisation, IndyMedia Ireland, 2008
  84. ^ Unisa student's body released from mortuary, Gugu Mbonambi, Daily News, 2008
  85. ^ We Are All the Public, The Witness', 20 July 2009
  86. ^ Service Delivery Protests: Findings from Quick Response Research on Four 'Hot spots', by Luke Sinwell, Joshua Kirshner, Kgopotso Khumalo, Owen Manda, Peter Pfaffe, Comfort Phokela & Carin Runciman with Peter Alexander, Claire Ceruti, Marcelle Dawson, Mosa Phadi; Centre for Sociological Research, University of Johannesburg, 2009
  87. ^ Two deaths, dozens of injuries and counting..., Jared Sacks, Abahlali.org, July 2010
  88. ^ Man shot during protest dies, SAPA, IOL, Oct 2010
  89. ^ Police brutality, Leadership Magazine, 25 April 2011
  90. ^ South Africa Police open fire on protesters following 3rd day of aggressive action, USAfricaOnline, 16 Feb 2011
  91. ^ SA police fire rubber bullets, Herald, 16 Feb 2011
  92. ^ Ermelo Residents See No Reason To Vote, Dianne Hawker, IOL, 20 February 2011
  93. ^ 100 victims of police brutality take action, Sizwe Sam Yende, City Press, 8 May 2011
  94. ^ ‘We want jobs now’, IOL, 4 March 2011
  95. ^ 1,200 strikers face axe, IOL, 5 March 2011
  96. ^ South African union activist killed: Demand justice now, Public Services International, 2011
  97. ^ Protesters shot dead, The Sowetan, 1 JUN 2011 | ALFRED MOSELAKGOMO
  98. ^ Tear gas fired at DA march, Sapa, The Times, 15 may 2012
  99. ^ DA: The future is blue, Mail & Guardian, 15 May 2013
  100. ^ R7bn cop brutality price tag, By Graeme Hosken, IOL, 9 June 2011
  101. ^ Youngster shot dead in crossfire, by Slindile Maluleka and Silusaphu Nyanda, Daily News, 4 July 2012
  102. ^ Police action leaves farmworker dead in Wolseley, SAPA, The Times, 14 November 2012
  103. ^ Western Cape protests: calmer day, thicker plot, Rebecca Davis, 16 November 2012
  104. ^ Makause: Innocent man dies and, with him, the rule of law, Mandy de Wall, 22 November 2012
  105. ^ De Doorns: Strike continues, in spite of Cosatu, Rebecca Davis, Daily Maverick, 17 January
  106. ^ Farmworkers' strike may be over - but everyone's a loser, Rebecca Davis, 23 January 2012
  107. ^ Families want answers GRAEME HOSKEN | 24 January, 2013
  108. ^ Blood, smoke and tears: Zamdela's burning, G MARINOVICH & T LEKGOWA, The Daily Maverick, 23 January 2013
  109. ^ Rubber bullets in Soweto: Another wretched, senseless death, Greg Nicolson, The Daily Maverick, 26 April 2013
  110. ^ Marcel King is Dead: A Review, Pambazuka Press
  111. ^ [www.uj.ac.za/EN/Faculties/humanities/researchcentres/csr/research/Documents/Quick%20response%20research%20into%20Service%20Delivery%20Protest%20Hotspots.pdf]
  112. ^ Fatal turn in taxi fare protest, Lungi Langa and Nompumelelo Magwaza, IOL, 8 June 2011
  113. ^ Western Cape protests: Bloody hands in private security firms? , Rebecca Davis, The Daily Maverick, 19 June 2012
  114. ^ Unregulated, and taking root: SA's private security peril, Mandy de Waal, The Daily Maverick, 19 June 2012
  115. ^ To Be Betrayed By Your Brother, Rosaleen Ortiz, City University of New York, 2010
  116. ^ Independent Report into Political Violence Against Landless People's Movement, Jared Sacks, International Alliance of Inhabitants, 2010
  117. ^ Report: Experiences of Abahlali baseMjondolo in Durban, South Africa, by Malavika Vartak, Development Planning Unit of University College London
  118. ^ a b The Work of violence:a timeline of armed attacks at Kennedy Road, Kerry Chance School of Development Studies Research Report, 83, July 2010
  119. ^ a b Failure to conduct impartial investigation into Kennedy Road violence is leading to further human rights abuses, Amnesty International, December 2009
  120. ^ Umlazi uprising faces bullets, arrests, FATIMA ASMAL-MOTALA, 29 June 2012
  121. ^ Update from Ward 88 in Umlazi, Durban, Unemployed People's Movement, 27 June 2012
  122. ^ Right2Know Condemns Disruption of Community, Right2Know Campaign, June 2012
  123. ^ Marikana prequel: NUM and the murders that started it all, Jared Sacks, Daily Maverick, 12 October 2012
  124. ^ Building unity in diversity: Social movement activism in the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign, Sophie Oldfield & Kristian Stokke, 2004, p.13
  125. ^ Community leader lives in fear of his life Lungile Dube, Mail & Guardian, 1 Apr 2011
  126. ^ Ayanda Kota: Unapologetic ANC apostate, Mandy de Waal, The Daily Maverick 2012
  127. ^ Independent Report into Political Violence Against the Landless People's Movement, Jared Sacks, International Alliance of Inhabitants
  128. ^ Ruling in Abahlali case lays solid foundation to build on, Marie Huchzermeyer, 4 Nov 2009
  129. ^ We Are All S'bu Zikode, Amandla Magazine, 2012
  130. ^ Umlazi Political Violence Crisis, Abahali baseMjondolo, 2006
  131. ^ Motala Heights: Crisis Deepens as Violent Intimidation Against the Strong Poor Continues, Abahlali baseMjondolo, 2008
  132. ^ a b Umlazi Political Violence, Press Statement, 2006
  133. ^ Is the SACP still relevant?, Jeremy Cronin, The Times, 31 July 2012
  134. ^ Cato Crest community leader gunned down, By NKULULEKO NENE, Daily News, 18 March 2013
  135. ^ KZN protest leader shot 12 times, Nkululeko Nene, Daily News, 27 June 2013
  136. ^ Brutal 'ANC vets' in the firing line, Michelle Pieterson, Mail & Guardian, 13 July 2012
  137. ^ ANC: A party under violent, criminal siege, Paul Trewhela, Mail & Guardian, 4 August 2012,
  138. ^ Zuma and the "enemy within", Paul Trewhela, 17 October 2012
  139. ^ Youth call on Motlanthe to lead, by By MICHELLE PIETERSEN, Sunday Independent, 4 November 2012
  140. ^ ‘Nominate Zuma… or we’ll shoot’, Solly Maphumulo, The Star, 14 November 2012
  141. ^ Dear Mr Zuma, it’s time for you to go, Barney Pityana, Sunday Independent, 24 february 2013
  142. ^ Cosatu report hammers 'self-serving' ANC, MATUMA LETSOALO, Mail & Guardian, 9 August 2010
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