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Casimir Pulaski
A painting of Casimir Pulaski, by Jan Styka.
Native name
Kazimierz Pułaski
Born(1745-03-06)March 6, 1745a
Warsaw, Poland
DiedOctober 11, 1779(1779-10-11) (aged 34)
Georgia, United States of America
AllegiancePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
United States of America
Service / branchArmy of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Continental Army
Years of service1762–1779
RankU.S. Brigadier General
UnitPulaski's Legion
Battles / warsWar of the Bar Confederation, American Revolutionary War (Siege of Savannah)
Signature

Kazimierz Michał Wacław Wiktor Pułaski of Ślepowron coat of arms (Polish pronunciation: [kaʑiˈmʲɛʂ puˈwaski] ⓘ; English: Casimir Pulaski; March 6, 1745[1] – October 11, 1779) was a Polish nobleman, soldier and military commander who has been called "the father of the American cavalry". Born in Warsaw and following in his father's footsteps he became interested in politics at an early age and soon became involved in the military and the revolutionary affairs in Poland at that time. He never married, and had no descendants. Despite his fame, there have been uncertainties and controversies surrounding both his place and date of birth and burial until recently.

Pulaski was one of the leading military commanders for the Bar Confederation and fought against Russian domination of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. When this uprising failed, he was driven into exile. Following a recommendation by Benjamin Franklin, Pulaski emigrated to North America to help in the cause of the American Revolutionary War. He distinguished himself throughout the revolution, most notably when he saved the life of George Washington. Pulaski became a general in the Continental Army, and created the Pulaski Cavalry Legion and reformed the American cavalry as a whole. At the Battle of Savannah, while leading a daring charge against British forces, he was wounded, and died shortly thereafter.

He has been remembered as a hero who fought for independence and freedom both in Poland and in the United States. Numerous places and events are named in his honor, and he is commemorated by many works of art. Pulaski is one of only seven people to be awarded honorary United States citizenship.

Personal life

Ślepowron coat-of-arms

Pulaski was born on March 6, 1745, in the manor house of Pułaski family in Warsaw, Poland.[1][2]a Casimir was the eldest son of his father, Józef Pułaski, an advocatus at the Crown Tribunal, the Starost of Warka, and one of the town's most notable inhabitants. His mother was Marianna Zielińska, and he was a brother of Franciszek Ksawery Pułaski and Antoni Pułaski. His family bore the Ślepowron coat of arms.[3] The Pułaski family was Roman Catholic[4] and early in his youth, Casimir Pulaski attended an elite college run by Theatines, a male religious order of the Catholic Church in Warsaw, but did not finish his education.[3]

There is some circumstantial evidence that Pulaski was a Freemason. When Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette laid the cornerstone of the monument erected in Pulaski's honor in Savannah in 1824, a full Masonic ceremony took place with Richard T. Turner, High Priest of the Georgia chapter, conducting the ceremony. Other sources claim Pulaski was a member of the Masonic Army Lodge in Maryland. A Masonic Lodge in Chicago is named Casimir Pulaski Lodge, No.1167 and a brochure issued by them claims he obtained the degree of Master Mason on June 19, 1779, and was buried with full Masonic honors. To date no surviving documents of Pulaski's actual membership have been found.[5]

Military career

Pulaski at Częstochowa
an 1875 painting by Józef Chełmoński

In 1762, Pulaski started his military career as a page of Carl Christian Joseph of Saxony, Duke of Courland and vassal of the Polish king. He spent six months in Mitau, at the ducal court, during which time the court was interned in the palaces by the Russian forces occupying the area. He then returned to Warsaw, and his father gave him the village of Zezulińce in Podole; from that time Pulaski used the title of Starost of Zezulińce.[3]

Bar Confederation

With his family, he took part in the 1764 election of the new Polish monarch, Stanisław II August. In December 1767, Pulaski, together with his father, became involved with the Bar Confederation. The confederation sought to curtail Russian hegemony over the Commonwealth, and saw King Stanisław as a Russian puppet. The confederation was actively opposed by the Russian forces stationed in Poland. Pulaski recruited a unit and on February 29, 1768, signed the act of the confederation, thus declaring himself as an official supporter of the movement. On March 6, he received the rank of a pułkownik and commanded a choragiew of cavalry. In March and April he agitated among the Polish military, successfully convincing some forces to join the Confederates. He fought his first battle on April 20 near Pohorełe; it was a victory, as was another on April 23 near Starokostiantyniv. An engagement at Kaczanówka on April 28 resulted in a defeat. In early May he garrisoned Chmielnik, but was forced to retreat when allied forces attempting to reinforce him were defeated.[3] He retreated to the monastery in Berdyczów, which he defended during a siege by royalist forces for over two weeks until June 16. Eventually he was forced to surrender and was taken captive by the Russians. On June 28, he was set free in exchange for a pledge that he would not again take up arms with the Confederates, and that he would lobby the Confederates to end hostilities. However, he did not consider such a pledge binding, and upon reaching a camp of the Confederates he made a public declaration to that effect at the end of July. Because of this he lost much authority among the Confederates, and his own father considered whether or not he should be court-martialed; he was reinstated to active duty only in early September.[6]

In 1769, Pulaski's unit was again besieged by numerically superior forces, this time in the old fortress of Okopy Świętej Trójcy, which served as his base of operations since December of the preceding year. However, after a staunch defense, he was able to break the Russian siege. On April 7, he was made the regimentarz of the Kraków Voivodeship.[6] In May and June he operated near Przemyśl, but failed to take the town. Criticized by some of his fellow Confederates, he departed to Lithuania with his allies and a force of about 600 men on June 3.[6] There, Pulaski attempted to incite a larger revolt against Russia; despite no decisive military successes, he was able to gather an army of 4,000 and deliver it back to a Confederate staging point. This excursion gained him widespread fame, and received international notice. He gained a reputation as the most effective military leader in the Bar Confederation. Next, he moved with his unit towards Zamość and after some skirmishes was defeated at the Battle of Włodawa on September 15. For the rest of the year, he focused on rebuilding his unit in the region of Podkarpacie.[7]

Map of the Bar Confederation conflict
Pulaski at Częstochowa's walls in 1770 - Juliusz Kossak.

In February 1770, he moved near Nowy Targ, and in March, he took part in the quelling of the mutiny of Józef Bierzyński. Next, he operated in the southern Lesser Poland region, based in Izby, and on May 13 his force was defeated at the Battle of Dęborzyn. Around June 9–10 in Prešov, in a conference with other Confederate leaders, he met Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, who complimented him on his actions. On July 3–4, Pulaski's camp was captured by Johann von Drewitz, and he was forced to retreat into Austrian territory. Early in August he met with the French emissary, Charles François Dumouriez. He disregarded an order to take Lanckoronna; instead, together with Michał Walewski, on the night of August 31, he raided Kraków.[7][8] He then departed towards Częstochowa. On September 10, along with Walewski, he used subterfuge to take control of the Jasna Góra monastery. On September 18 he met Franciszka z Krasińskich, an aristocrat from the Krasiński family, wife of Charles of Saxony, Duke of Courland; he impressed her and she would become one of his protectors. Around September 22–24 Walewski was given the position of the commandant of Jasna Góra, which slighted Pulaski. Nonetheless he continued as the de facto commander of Confederate troops stationed in and around Jasna Góra. Between September 10, 1770, and January 14, 1771, Pulaski, Walewski and Józef Zaremba commanded the Polish forces in the siege of Jasna Góra monastery, which they successfully defended against Drewitz in a series of engagements, the largest one on November 11, followed by a siege from December 31 to January 14. The defense of Jasna Góra once again enhanced his reputation, both among the Confederates and abroad.[8] A popular Confederate song taunting Drewitz included lyrics about Pulaski and Jasna Góra.[9] Pulaski intended to pursue Drewitz, but a growing discord between him and Zaremba prevented this from becoming a real option.[8]

In February 1771, Pulaski operated around Lublin; on February 25 he was victorious at Tarłów and on the night from February 28 to March 1, his forces besieged Kraśnik. In March that year he became one of the members of the Confederates' War Council. Around that time, Dumouriez, who became a military adviser to the Confederates, described him as "spontaneous, more proud than ambitious, friend of the prince of Courland, enemy of the Potocki family, brave and honest" as well as popular among other commanders. This was due to his refusal to follow orders and adhere to discipline. Jędrzej Kitowicz who met him as well around that time described him as short, thin, pacing and speaking quickly, uninterested in women or drinking, enjoying fighting against the Russians above everything else, daring to the extent he forgot about his safety in battles, which would be a common reason for his failures on the battlefield.[8]

In May 1771, Pulaski advanced on Zamość, refusing to coordinate an operation with Dumouriez against Alexander Suvorov; without Pulaski's support, the Confederates were defeated at the Battle of Lanckorona. Pulaski's forces were victorious at the Battle of Majdany, and briefly besieged Zamość, but it was relieved by Suvorov. He retreated, suffering major losses, towards Częstochowa. On July 27, pressured by Franciszka z Krasińskich, he declared he would from then on loyally follow orders from the Confederacy that he had previously habitually disregarded. In October his responsibilities in the War Council were increased, and the same month he became involved with the plan to kidnap King Poniatowski.[10] Pulaski was initially opposed to this plan but later supported it on the condition that the king would not be harmed.[11] The attempt failed, which weakened the international reputation of the Confederates, and when Pulaski's involvement with the attempted kidnapping became known, he was expelled by the Austrians from their territories.[10][12] He spent the following winter and spring in Częstochowa, during which time several of his followers were defeated, captured or killed.[10]

On May 31, 1772, Pulaski, increasingly distanced from other leaders of the Confederation, left the Jasna Góra monastery and went to Silesia in Prussia.[10] In the meantime, the Bar Confederation was defeated, with most fighting ending around the summer.[12] Overall, Pulaski was seen as one of the most famous and accomplished Confederate leaders. "[7][8] At the same time, he often acted independently, disobeying orders from Confederate command, and among his detractors (which included Dumouriez) had a reputation of a "loose cannon".[8][10]

Leaving Prussia, Pulaski sought refuge in France, where he attempted, without success, to join the French Army. In 1773, his opponents in Poland moved to accuse him of attempted regicide, and proceedings began at the Sejm Court on June 7.[10][13] Poniatowski himself warned Pulaski to stay away from Poland, or risk death.[10] The court verdict in July declared him, in absentia, stripped of "all dignity and honors", his possessions confiscated, and sentenced him to death. He attempted to recreate a Confederate force in the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War, but before he could make any progress, the Turks were defeated, and he barely escaped by sea to Marseilles, France. He found himself in debt and unable to find an army that would enlist him. He spent the year of 1775 in France, imprisoned at times for debts, until his allies gathered enough funds to arrange for his release. Around that time, thanks to the efforts of his friend Claude-Carloman de Rulhière, he was recruited by the Marquis de Lafayette and Benjamin Franklin (whom he met in spring 1777) for service in the American Revolutionary War.[13][14]

In the United States

Pulaski in Juliusz Kossak painting 1883

Northern front

Franklin was impressed by Pulaski, and wrote of him: "Count Pulaski of Poland, an officer famous throughout Europe for his bravery and conduct in defence of the liberties of his country against the three great invading powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia... may be highly useful to our service."[15] He subsequently recommended that General George Washington accept Pulaski as a volunteer in the Continental Army cavalry and said that Pulaski "was renowned throughout Europe for the courage and bravery he displayed in defense of his country's freedom. "[16] Pulaski departed France from Nantes in June, and arrived in America, in Marblehead, Massachusetts, near Boston, on July 23, 1777.[17] After his arrival, Pulaski wrote to Washington, "I came here, where freedom is being defended, to serve it, and to live or die for it."[16]

On August 20, he met Washington in his headquarters in Neshaminy Falls, outside Philadelphia.[17] He showed off riding stunts, and argued for the superiority of cavalry over infantry.[18] "Because Washington was unable to grant him an officer rank, Pulaski spent the next few months traveling between Washington and the US Congress in Philadelphia, waiting for his appointment.[17] His first military engagement against the British occurred still before he received it, on September 11, 1777, at the Battle of Brandywine.[17] When the Continental Army troops began to yield, he reconnoitered with Washington's bodyguard of about 30 men, and reported that the enemy were endeavoring to cut off the line of retreat.[18] Washington ordered him to collect as many of the scattered troops as came his way, and employ them according to his discretion to secure the retreat of the army.[19] His subsequent charge averted a disastrous defeat of the Continental Army cavalry.[17][18][20] This engagement earned him fame in America.[21] As a result, on September 15, 1777, Washington, on the orders of Congress, gave Pulaski a commission as a brigadier general in the Continental Army cavalry.[16] At that point, the cavalry was only a few hundred men strong organized into four regiments. These men were scattered among numerous infantry formations, and used primarily for scouting duties. Pulaski immediately begun work on reforming the cavalry, and wrote the first regulations for the formation.[17]

On September 16, while on patrol west of Philadelphia, Pulaski spotted significant British forces moving toward the Continental position. Upon being told this by Pulaski, Washington prepared for a battle, but the encounter was interrupted by a major storm before either side was organized.[22][23] On October 4, Pulaski took part in the Battle of Germantown. He spent the winter of 1777/78 with most of the army at Valley Forge. Pulaski argued that the military operations should continue through the winter, but this idea was rejected by the general staff. In turn, he focused on reorganizing the cavalry force, mostly stationed in Trenton.[17] While at Trenton he was called upon for assistance by General Anthony Wayne, who Washington had dispatched on a foraging expedition into southern New Jersey. Wayne was in danger of encountering a much larger British force sent to oppose his movements. Pulaski and 50 cavalry rode south to Burlington, where they skirmished with British sentries on February 28. After this minor encounter the British commander, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Stirling, was apparently convinced that he was facing a much larger force than expected, and prepared to withdraw his troops across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania at Cooper's Ferry (present-day Gloucester City). Pulaski and Wayne joined forces to attack Stirling's position on February 29 while he awaited suitable weather conditions to cross.[24] In the resulting skirmish (which only involved a few hundred men out of the larger forces on either side), Pulaski's horse was shot out from under him and a few of his cavalry were wounded.[25]

Anthony Wayne
commended Pulaski for his heroic actions in New Jersey

American officers serving under Pulaski had difficulty taking orders from a foreigner who could scarcely speak English and whose ideas of discipline and tactics differed widely from those to which they were accustomed. This resulted in friction between the Americans and Pulaski and his fellow Polish officers.[19][26] There was also discontent in the unit over delays in pay,[17] and Pulaski's imperious personality was a regular source of friction with his peers, superiors, and subordinates.[27] Pulaski was also unhappy that his suggestion to create a lancer unit was denied.[17] Despite a commendation from Wayne, these circumstances prompted Pulaski to resign his general command in March 1778, and return to Valley Forge.[17][19]

Pulaski went to Yorktown, where he met with General Horatio Gates and suggested the creation of a new unit. At Gates' recommendation, Congress confirmed his previous appointment to the rank of a brigadier general, with a special title of "Commander of the Horse", and authorized the formation of a corps of 68 lancers and 200 light infantry.[17][18] This corps, which became known as the Pulaski Cavalry Legion, was recruited mainly in Baltimore, where it was headquartered.[17] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow would later commemorate in verse the consecration of the Legion's banner.[28] By August 1778, it numbered about 330 men, both Americans and foreigners. General Charles Lee commented on the high standards of the Legion's training.[17] The "father of the American cavalry" demanded much of his men and trained them in tested cavalry tactics. He used his own personal finances when money from Congress was scarce, in order to assure his forces of the finest equipment and personal safety.[29][30] However, later that year a controversy arose related to the Legion's finances, and its requisitions from the local populace.[17] His troubles with the auditors continued till his death; Pulaski complained that he received inadequate funds, was obstructed by locals and officials, and that he was forced to spend his own money. He was not cleared of these charges until after his death.[31]

In the autumn Pulaski was ordered to Little Egg Harbor, where in the engagement on October 15, known as The Affair at Little Egg Harbor, the legion suffered heavy losses.[17][32] During the following winter Pulaski was stationed at Minisink, at that time in New Jersey.[31] Ordered to take part in a punitive Sullivan Expedition against the Iroquois, he was dissatisfied with this command, and intended to leave the service and return to Europe, but instead asked to be reassigned to the Southern front.[17][31] On February 2, 1779 Washington instead ordered him to South Carolina.[31]

Southern front

Pulaski arrived in Charleston on May 8, 1779, finding the city in crisis.[33] General Benjamin Lincoln, commander of the southern army, had led most of the army toward Augusta, Georgia, in a bid to recapture Savannah, which had been captured by the British in late 1778.[34] The British commander, Brigadier General Augustine Prevost, responded to Lincoln's move by launching a raiding expedition from Savannah across the Savannah River.[35] The South Carolina militia fell back before the British advance, and Prevost's force followed them all the way to Charleston. Pulaski arrived just as military leaders were establishing the city's defenses.[36] When the British advanced on May 11, Pulaski's Legion engaged forward elements of the British force, and was badly mauled in the encounter. The Legion infantry, numbering only about 60 men before the skirmish, was virtually wiped out, and Pulaski was forced to retreat to the safety of the city's guns.[37] Although some historians credit this action with Prevost's decision to withdraw back toward Savannah the next day (despite ongoing negotiations of a possible surrender of Charleston), that decision is more likely based on news Prevost received that Lincoln's larger force was returning to Charleston to face him, and that Prevost's troops had gone further than he had originally intended. One early historian criticized Pulaski's actions during that engagement as "ill-judged, ill-conducted, disgraceful and disastrous".[38] The episode was of minor strategic consequence and did little to enhance the reputation of Pulaski's unit.[39]

Although Pulaski frequently suffered from malaria while stationed in Charleston, he remained in active service. At the beginning of September Lincoln prepared to launch an attempt to retake Savannah with French assistance. Pulaski was ordered to Augusta, where he was to join forces with General Lachlan McIntosh.[19] Their combined forces were to serve as the forward elements of Lincoln's army.[40] Pulaski captured a British outpost near Ogeechee River.[41] His units then acted as an advance guard for the allied French units under Admiral Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing.[31] He rendered great services during the siege of Savannah, and in the assault of October 9 commanded the whole cavalry, both French and American.[19] During a cavalry charge, while attempting to rally fleeing French forces, Pulaski was mortally wounded by grapeshot.[31][42] The grapeshot is still on display today at the Georgia Historical Society in Savannah.[43]

Death and burial

After Pulaski was wounded, he was carried from the field of battle and taken aboard the privateer merchant brigantine Wasp,[44][45] where he died two days later, having never regained consciousness.[16][31] His death, perceived by American Patriot supporters as heroic, further boosted his reputation in America.[42]

The historical accounts for Pulaski's time and place of burial vary considerably. According to several contemporary accounts there were witnesses, including Pulaski's aide-de-camp, that Pulaski received a symbolic burial in Charleston on October 21,[31] sometime after he was buried at sea.[46] Other witnesses however, including Captain Samuel Bulfinch of the Wasp, claimed that the wounded Pulaski was actually later removed from the ship and taken to Greenwich plantation near Savannah, where he died and was buried.[47]

In March 1825, during his grand tour of the United States, Lafayette personally laid the cornerstone for the Casimir Pulaski Monument in Savannah, Georgia.[16][48] Remains at Monterey Square alleged to be Pulaski's were exhumed in 1996 and examined in a forensic study. The eight-year examination, including DNA analysis, ended inconclusively, although the skeleton is consistent with Pulaski's age and occupation.[49] The remains were reinterred with military honors in 2005.[50]

Tributes and commemoration

Statue of Pulaski at the Kazimierz Pułaski Museum in Warka, Poland.
General Casimir Pulaski
United States postage stamp.
Issue of 1931, 2c
Main article: Commemoration of Casimir Pulaski

The United States has long commemorated Pulaski's contributions to the American Revolutionary War, and already on October 29, 1779, the United States Congress passed a resolution that a monument should be dedicated to him, but the first monument to him was not built until 1854. A bust of Pulaski was added to a collection of other busts of American heroes at United States Capitol in 1867. On May 11, 1910, US President William Taft revealed a Congress-sponsored General Casimir Pulaski statue.[31] In 1929, Congress passed another resolution, this one recognizing October 11 of each year as "General Pulaski Memorial Day", with a large parade held annually on Fifth Avenue in New York City.[16][31] Separately, a Casimir Pulaski Day is celebrated in Illinois and some other places on the first Monday of each March.[14] After a previous attempt failed,[51] Congress passed a joint resolution conferring honorary U.S. citizenship on Pulaski in 2009, sending it to President Barack Obama for approval.[16] He duly signed it on November 6, 2009, making Pulaski the seventh person so honored.[52]

In Poland, in 1793 Pulaski's relative, Antoni Pułaski, obtained a cancellation of his brother's sentence from 1773. He has been mentioned in the literary works of numerous Polish authors, including Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki and Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. Adolf Nowaczyński wrote a drama "Pułaski w Ameryce" (Pulaski in America) in 1917.[31] A museum dedicated to Pulaski, the Kazimierz Pułaski Museum, opened in Warka in 1967.[53]

Throughout America and Poland, various anniversaries related to Pulaski's birth and death have been celebrated on many occasions, and numerous objects of arts such as paintings and statues exist of Pulaski.[31][54] In 1879, to commemorate a 100th anniversary of his death, Henri Schoeller composed "A Pulaski March". Twenty years earlier, Eduard Sobolewski composed his opera, "Mohega", about the last days of Pulaski's life. Commemorative medals and stamps of Pulaski have been issued. Several towns and counties in United States are named after him. Numerous streets, parks and structures (such as the Pulaski Bridge or the Pulaski Skyway) are also named in his memory. There is also a number of educational, academic, and Polish-American institutions named after him.[31] A US Navy submarine, USS Casimir Pulaski, has been named for him, as was a 19th-century United States Revenue Cutter Service cutter.[55] A Polish frigate, ORP Generał Kazimierz Pułaski, is also named after Pulaski.[56] Fort Pulaski, active during the American Civil War, is named in honor of Casimir Pulaski.[57]

Polish historian Władysław Konopczyński, who wrote a monograph on Pulaski in 1931, noted that he was one of the most accomplished Polish people, grouping him with other Polish military heroes such as Tadeusz Kościuszko, Stanisław Żółkiewski, Stefan Czarniecki and Prince Józef Poniatowski.[54]

See also

Notes

^a Older sources have cited varying dates and places of birth of Pulaski. The suggested alternative dates have been March 4, 1746 or 1747, and the alternative place of birth, Pułaski family manor at Winiary.[1][2] Modern sources agree that Pulaski was born on March 6, 1745, in the now-nonexistent Pulaski manor house, located near the present address 53 Nowy Świat St. near Warecka St. in Warsaw.[1][2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Father Stanislaw Makarewicz (1998). "The Four Birth Records of Kazimierz Pulaski". Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Koscielne. 70. translated by Peter Obst and Alexandra Medvec. The Catholic University of Lublin (KUL). Retrieved March 4, 2009.
  2. ^ a b c "Casimir Pulaski Birthday Commemoration. The Real Date of Casimir Pulaski's Birth" (PDF). Poles in America Foundation. March 6, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d Wacław Szczygielski (1986). "Pułaski Kazimierz". Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXIX. Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk. p. 386. ISBN 83-04-00148-9.
  4. ^ Griffin, Martin I.J. (1910). The American Catholic Historical Researches, Volumes 5-6; Volume 27. M. I. J. Griffin. p. 4.
  5. ^ Denslow, William R. (2004). 10,000 Famous Freemasons V3, K to P, Volume 3.
    Kessinger Publishing, prepared by the Missouri Lodge of Research. p. 370. ISBN 9781417975792.    , Url
  6. ^ a b c Szczygielski 1986, p.387.
  7. ^ a b c Szczygielski 1986, p.388.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Szczygielski 1986, p.389.
  9. ^ Janusz Maciejewski (1976). Literatura barska. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. p. 381. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Szczygielski 1986, p.390.
  11. ^ Alex Storozynski (August 3, 2010). The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution. Macmillan. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-312-62594-8. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
  12. ^ a b Daniel Stone (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795. University of Washington Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-295-98093-5. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
  13. ^ a b Szczygielski 1986, p.391.
  14. ^ a b "Pulaski Day". Castle.eiu.edu. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
  15. ^ Storozynsky 2010, pp. 55–56.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Pub. L. 111–94 (text) (PDF) Proclaiming Casimir Pulaski to be an honorary citizen of the United States.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Szczygielski 1986, p.392.
  18. ^ a b c d Storozynsky 2010, p. 56.
  19. ^ a b c d e One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Pulaski, Kazimierz" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
  20. ^ s.-citizenship-posthumously-11-march-2009 "Kazimierz Pulaski Granted U.S. Citizenship Posthumously (11 March 2009) – U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Warsaw, Poland". U. S. Department of State. March 11, 2009. Archived from s.-citizenship-posthumously-11-march-2009 the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  21. ^ Storozynsky 2010, p. 57.
  22. ^ Stanley S. Sokol; Sharon F. Mrotek Kissane; Alfred L. Abramowicz (January 1, 1992). The Polish Biographical Dictionary: Profiles of Nearly 900 Poles Who Have Made Lasting Contributions to World Civilization. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-86516-245-7. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  23. ^ McGuire, Thomas (2006). Battle of Paoli. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 31–36. ISBN 978-0-8117-3337-3.
  24. ^ Nelson, Paul David (1985). Anthony Wayne: Soldier of the Early Republic. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0-253-30751-4. OCLC 11518827.
  25. ^ Griffin, Martin (1907). Catholics and the American Revolution. Ridley Park, PA: self-published. pp. 50–54.
  26. ^ AnnMarie Francis Kajencki (2005). Count Casimir Pulaski: From Poland to America, a Hero's Fight for Liberty. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4042-2646-3. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
  27. ^ Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. XXIV No. 4 Fall 1994, pp. 876–877
  28. ^ Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America (1943). Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. p. 451. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  29. ^ Seidner, Stanley S. (1976). "In Quest of a Cultural Identity: An Inquiry for the Polish Community". New York: IUME, Teachers College, Columbia University. Retrieved October 14, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. ^ Storozynsky 2010, p. 60.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Szczygielski 1986, p.393.
  32. ^ William Scudder Stryker; Society of the Cincinnati in the State of New Jersey (1894). The affair at Egg Harbor, New Jersey, October 15, 1778. Naar, Day & Naar. p. 16. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  33. ^ Wilson, David K (2005). The Southern Strategy: Britain's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775–1780. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 107–108. ISBN 1-57003-573-3. OCLC 232001108.
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  35. ^ Wilson, David K (2005). The Southern Strategy: Britain's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775–1780. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. p. 103. ISBN 1-57003-573-3. OCLC 232001108.
  36. ^ Russell, David Lee (2000). The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-7864-0783-5. OCLC 248087936.
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  38. ^ Griffin, Martin (1907). Catholics and the American Revolution. Ridley Park, PA: self-published. p. 95.
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  40. ^ Charles Colcock Jones (1883). The history of Georgia: Revolutionary epoch. Vol. 2. Houghton, Mifflin and Co. p. 378. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  41. ^ AnnMarie Francis Kajencki (2005). Count Casimir Pulaski: From Poland to America, a Hero's Fight for Liberty. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-4042-2646-3. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
  42. ^ a b Storozynsky 2010, p. 91.
  43. ^ Francis C. Kajencki (August 2001). Casimir Pulaski, cavalry commander of the American Revolution. Southwest Polonia Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-9627190-5-9. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  44. ^ "WASP". American War of Independence – At Sea. 16 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  45. ^ Pinkowski, Edward (1997). "General Pulaski's Body". Pulaski Museum in Warka, Poland.
  46. ^ Casimir Pulaski Polish and American Hero. Project of documentary film by Jolanta Kessler-Chojecka. American Council for Polish Culture. Retrieved June 4, 2012
  47. ^ Edward Pinkowski (February 1996). "General Pulaski's Age. Baptism Record Verifies Historian's Hunch". Polish American Journal. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
  48. ^ Szymański, Leszek (1979). Kazimierz Pulaski in America: A Monograph, 1777–1779. Contra Publishers. p. 301.
  49. ^ "The Pulaski Mystery". Poles.org. April 18, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
  50. ^ "Pulaski's Grand Burial in Savannah". Poles.org. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
  51. ^ S.J.Res. 5
  52. ^ Mann, William C. (November 10, 2009). "Revolutionary War hero becomes honorary US citizen". Retrieved May 15, 2012.
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  54. ^ a b Szczygielski 1986, p.394.
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  57. ^ "Casimir Pulaski – Fort Pulaski National Monument". Nps.gov. Retrieved June 5, 2012.

Further reading

  • Collins, David R. (1997). Hero on Horseback: The Story of Casimir Pulaski. Los Angeles: Pelican Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 9781455605705. Url
  • Kajencki, Annmarie Francis (2005). Count Casimir Pulaski: From Poland to America, A Hero's Fight for Liberty. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 112. ISBN 9781404226463. Url
  • Kerner, Robert Joseph (1936). Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski, A Hero of the American Revolution. San Francisco: Slavonic Alliance of California. OCLC 30632693. Url
  • Konopczynski, Wladyslaw (1947). Casimir Pulaski. Archives and museum. Vol. 11. Annals of the Polish Roman Catholic Union. p. 64. OCLC 459864667. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Stefaniak, Iwona, ed. (2007). 40 lat Muzeum im. Kazimierza Pułaskiego w Warce: bohater, historia i perspektywy rozwoju: materiały z polsko-amerykańskiego sympozjum w Warce-Winiarach, 13–16 października 2007. Warka: Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka. p. 347. ISBN 978-83-925551-5-5. OCLC 212815661. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Casimir Pulaski.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kazimierz Pułaski.

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