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Soursop

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For the herbaceous plant, see Oxalis pes-caprae.
Annona muricata var. subonica
Soursop fruit, whole and in longitudinal section
Soursop, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy276 kJ (66 kcal)
16.84 g
Sugars13.54 g
Dietary fiber3.3 g
0.3 g
1 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
6%
0.07 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
4%
0.05 mg
Niacin (B3)
6%
0.9 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
5%
0.253 mg
Vitamin B6
3%
0.059 mg
Folate (B9)
4%
14 μg
Choline
1%
7.6 mg
Vitamin C
23%
20.6 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
14 mg
Iron
3%
0.6 mg
Magnesium
5%
21 mg
Phosphorus
2%
27 mg
Potassium
9%
278 mg
Sodium
1%
14 mg
Zinc
1%
0.1 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[1] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[2]
A. muricata flower

Soursop is the fruit of Annona muricata, a broadleaf, flowering, evergreen tree native to Mexico, Cuba, Central America, the Caribbean, and northern South America, primarily Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Soursop is also produced in some parts of Africa, Southeast Asia and the Pacific. It is in the same genus as the chirimoya and the same family as the pawpaw.

The soursop is adapted to areas of high humidity and relatively warm winters; temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) will cause damage to leaves and small branches, and temperatures below 3 °C (37 °F) can be fatal. The fruit becomes dry and is no longer good for concentrate.

Other common names include: "Coração de Boi" Mozambique, Evo (Ewe, Volta Region, Ghana),"Ekitafeeli", Uganda, "Stafeli" Swahili, Aluguntugui (Ga, Greater Accra Region, Ghana) guanábana (Spanish), graviola (Brazilian Portuguese, pronounced [ɡɾɐviˈɔlɐ]), anona (European Portuguese), corossol (French),කටු අනෝදා (Sinhalese), sorsaka (Papiamento), adunu (Acholi), Brazilian pawpaw, guyabano, guanavana, toge-banreisi, durian benggala, durian belanda, nangka blanda, ทุเรียนเทศ [turi:jen te:k] (Thai), sirsak, zuurzak (Dutch), tomoko (Kiswahili) and nangka londa.[3] In Malayalam, it is called മുള്ളാത്ത (mullaatha), literally thorny custard apple. The other lesser-known Indian names are shul-ram-fal and Lakshmana Phala. and in Harar (Ethiopia) in Harari language known for centuries as Amba Shoukh (Thorny Mango or Thorny Fruit).

The flavour has been described as a combination of strawberry and pineapple, with sour citrus flavour notes contrasting with an underlying creamy flavour reminiscent of coconut or banana.

Soursop is widely promoted (sometimes as "graviola") as a alternative cancer treatment. There is however no medical evidence that it is effective.[4]

Cultivation

The plant is grown as a commercial herb crop for its 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) long, prickly, green fruit, which can have a mass of up to 15 lb (6.8 kg),[5] making it probably the second biggest annona after the junglesop.

Fruit and leaves of Annona muricata

Away from its native area, some limited production occurs as far north as southern Florida within USDA Zone 10; however, these are mostly garden plantings for local consumption. It is also grown in parts of Southeast Asia and abundant on the Island of Mauritius. The soursop will reportedly fruit as a container specimen, even in temperate climates, if protected from cool temperatures.[citation needed]

Uses

The flesh of the fruit consists of an edible, white pulp, some fiber, and a core of indigestible, black seeds. The species is the only member of its genus suitable for processing and preservation.[citation needed]

The pulp is also used to make fruit nectar, smoothies, fruit juice drinks, as well as candies, sorbets, and ice cream flavorings.

Due to the fruit’s widespread cultivation and popularity in parts of Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, soursop and its derivative products are consumed across the world, also via branded food and beverage products available in many countries, including Brazil[6], Mexico[7], Canada[8][9], the United States[10][11][12], the UK, Ireland and Continental Europe[13][14][15][16][17], Indonesia[18], Japan[19], Malaysia[20][21], Singapore[22] [23] and Vietnam.[24][25]

In Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Harar (Ethiopia), it is a common fruit, often used for dessert as the only ingredient, or as an agua fresca beverage; in Colombia and Venezuela, it is a fruit for juices, mixed with milk. Ice cream and fruit bars made of soursop are also very popular. The seeds are normally left in the preparation, and removed while consuming, unless a blender is used for processing.

In Indonesia, dodol sirsak, a sweetmeat, is made by boiling soursop pulp in water and adding sugar until the mixture hardens. Soursop is also a common ingredient for making fresh fruit juices that are sold by street food vendors. In the Philippines, it is called guyabano, derived from the Spanish guanabana, and is eaten ripe, or used to make juices, smoothies, or ice cream. Sometimes, they use the leaf in tenderizing meat. In Vietnam, this fruit is called mãng cầu Xiêm in the south, or mãng cầu in the north, and is used to make smoothies, or eaten as is. In Cambodia, this fruit is called tearb barung, literally "western custard-apple fruit." In Malaysia, it is known in Malay as durian belanda and in East Malaysia, specifically among the Dusun people of Sabah, it is locally known as lampun. Popularly, it is eaten raw when it ripens, or used as one of the ingredients in Ais Kacang or Ais Batu Campur. Usually the fruits are taken from the tree when they mature and left to ripen in a dark corner, whereby they will be eaten when they are fully ripe. It has a white flower with a very pleasing scent, especially in the morning. While for people in Brunei Darussalam this fruit is popularly known as "Durian Salat", widely available and easily planted.It was most likely brought from Mexico to the Philippines by way of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade.[citation needed]

In the United States, soursop has been used by the New Belgium Brewing Company in their Rolle Bolle summer seasonal beer.[26]

VitaminWater (a brand of the Coca-Cola Company) carries a strawberry and guanábana (soursop) flavoured drink called “Glow (Zero).”[27]

Health and nutrition

Annonacin is a neurotoxin found in soursop seeds

Benefits

The fruit contains significant amounts of vitamin C, vitamin B1 and vitamin B2.[28]

Laboratory and field research suggests that soursop may have potential for various applications, including antiviral[29], antiparasitic, antirheumatic, astringent, emetic[30], antileishmanial and cytotoxic[31][32], antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory[33], anti-diabetic[34] and anticancer[35] effects in vitro and in vivo. Large-scale studies in humans have not been done.[36]

Risks

The compound annonacin, which is contained in the seeds of soursop, is a neurotoxin associated with neurodegenerative disease,[37] and research has suggested a connection between consumption of soursop and atypical forms of Parkinson's disease due to high concentrations of annonacin.[38]

In 2010 the French food safety agency (Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments) concluded that, based on the availabe research findings, "it is not possible to confirm that the observed cases of atypical Parkinson syndrome […] are linked to the consumption of Annona muricata," calling for further study on potential risks to human health.[39]

Soursop is included in the US Department of Agriculture’s register of approved fruits and vegetables for import.[40] The fruit is also explicitly included in US and European fruit juice regulations, in particular in the European Union Directive relating to fruit juices and certain similar products intended for human consumption[41] and in the Code of Federal Regulations of the US Food and Drug Administration.[42]

Cancer treatment

According to Cancer Research UK, "Many sites on the internet advertise and promote graviola capsules as a cancer cure, but none of them are supported by any reputable scientific cancer organisations" and "there is no evidence to show that graviola works as a cure for cancer" and consequently they do not support its use as a treatment for cancer.[4]

The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center list cancer treatment as one of the "purported uses" of soursop.[36]

In 2008 a court case relating to the sale in the UK of Triamazon, a soursop product, resulted in the criminal conviction of a man under the terms of the UK Cancer Act for offering to treat people for cancer. A spokesman for the council that instigated the action stated, "it is as important now as it ever was that people are protected from those peddling unproven products with spurious claims as to their effects."[43]

The Federal Trade Commission in the United States determined that there was "no credible scientific evidence" that the extract of soursop sold by Bioque Technologies "can prevent, cure, or treat cancer of any kind."[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  2. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  3. ^ "Graviola (Soursop)". Blackherbals. Retrieved 30 January 2012.[unreliable source?]
  4. ^ a b "Can graviola cure cancer?". Cancer Research UK.
  5. ^ http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html
  6. ^ Frutos do Brasil. http://www.frutosdobrasil.com.br/en/produtos/sorvetes/graviolalight. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  7. ^ Jumex. http://www.jumex.com/index.php/en/our-brands/juice-nectars. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  8. ^ Tropical Treets. http://www.tropicaltreets.com. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  9. ^ Sweet ‘n Nice. http://www.sweetnnice.ca/?page_id=10#3. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  10. ^ Jumex. http://www.walmart.com/ip/Jumex-Guanabana-Nectar-11.3-oz-Pack-of-24/17194301. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  11. ^ Goya. http://www.goya.com/english/product_subcategory/Beverages/Nectars-Juices. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  12. ^ Jans Food. http://www.jansfood.com/beverage-sm_beverage.html. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  13. ^ JUNA. http://www.junafruits.com/range/guanabana. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  14. ^ Rubicon Exotic. http://www.rubiconexotic.com/#/guanabana. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  15. ^ True Fruits. http://www.true-fruits.com/smoothie-saft/pink/. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  16. ^ Goya. http://www.goya.com/english/product_subcategory/Beverages/Nectars-Juices. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  17. ^ Moriba. http://www.moriba.fr/fr/12-jus-de-fruits. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  18. ^ Pokka Indonesia. https://www.facebook.com/PokkaIndonesia. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  19. ^ Tropical Maria. http://www.tropicalmaria.com/. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  20. ^ Pokka Malaysia. http://www.pokka.com.my. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  21. ^ Yeo’s. http://www.yeos.com.my/beverages.php. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  22. ^ CKL / Sagiko. http://www.chiakhimlee.com/products.html. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  23. ^ Pokka Singapore. http://www.pokka.com.sg. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  24. ^ Rita. http://www.rita.com.vn/index.php/product/index?cid=15&page=2. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  25. ^ Wonderfarm. http://www.wonderfarmonline.com/index.php/products/view/wonderfarm#01. Accessed 2013-11-12.
  26. ^ "Rolle Bolle Ale - Seasonal". New Belgium Brewing Company.
  27. ^ VitaminWater. http://www.vitaminwater.com/product?product=vitaminwaterzero_glow. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
  28. ^ Morton, Julia F. (1987). "Soursop (Annona muricata)". Fruits of warm climates. Purdue University. pp. 75–80. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ Padma, P; Pramod, NP; Thyagarajan, SP; Khosa, RL (1998). "Effect of the extract of Annona muricata and Petunia nyctaginiflora on Herpes simplex virus". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 61 (1): 81–3. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00013-0. PMID 9687085.
  30. ^ Dos Santos AF; Sant'Ana AE. "Molluscicidal properties of some species of Annona". Phytomedicine. 2001:8:115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11315753.
  31. ^ Jaramillo, MC; Arango, GJ; González, MC; Robledo, SM; Velez, ID (2000). "Cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of Annona muricata pericarp". Fitoterapia. 71 (2): 183–6. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00138-0. PMID 10727816.
  32. ^ Liaw, CC; Chang, FR; Lin, CY; Chou, CJ; Chiu, HF; Wu, MJ; Wu, YC (2002). "New cytotoxic monotetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenins from Annona muricata". Journal of Natural Products. 65 (4): 470–5. doi:10.1021/np0105578. PMID 11975482.
  33. ^ De Sousa OV; Vieira GD; De Jesus RG; De Pinho J; Yamamoto CH; Alves MS. "Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Ethanol Extract of Annona muricata L. Leaves in Animal Models". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2010 May 6:11(5):2067-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20559502.
  34. ^ Adeyemi DO; Komolafe OA; Adewole OS; Obuotor EM; Adenowo TK. "Anti hyperglycemic activities of Annona muricata (Linn)". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2008 Oct 25:6(1):62-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20162043.
  35. ^
  36. ^ a b "Graviola". Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Retrieved November 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  37. ^ Le Ven, J.; Schmitz-Afonso, I.; Touboul, D.; Buisson, D.; Akagah, B.; Cresteil, T.; Lewin, G.; Champy, P. (2011). "Annonaceae fruits and parkinsonism risk: Metabolisation study of annonacin, a model neurotoxin; evaluation of human exposure". Toxicology Letters. 205: S50. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.197.
  38. ^
    • Lannuzel, A; Michel, P.P; Höglinger, G.U; Champy, P; Jousset, A; Medja, F; Lombès, A; Darios, F; Gleye, C; Laurens, A; Hocquemiller, R; Hirsch, E.C; Ruberg, M (2003). "The mitochondrial complex I inhibitor annonacin is toxic to mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons by impairment of energy metabolism". Neuroscience. 121 (2): 287–96. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00441-X. PMID 14521988.
    • Champy, Pierre; Melot, Alice; Guérineau Eng, Vincent; Gleye, Christophe; Fall, Djibril; Höglinger, Gunter U.; Ruberg, Merle; Lannuzel, Annie; Laprévote, Olivier; Laurens, Alain; Hocquemiller, Reynald (2005). "Quantification of acetogenins inAnnona muricata linked to atypical parkinsonism in guadeloupe". Movement Disorders. 20 (12): 1629–33. doi:10.1002/mds.20632. PMID 16078200.
    • Lannuzel, A.; Höglinger, G. U.; Champy, P.; Michel, P. P.; Hirsch, E. C.; Ruberg, M. (2006). "Is atypical parkinsonism in the Caribbean caused by the consumption of Annonacae?". Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa. 70 (70): 153–7. doi:10.1007/978-3-211-45295-0_24. ISBN 978-3-211-28927-3. PMID 17017523.
    • Caparros-Lefebvre, Dominique; Elbaz, Alexis (1999). "Possible relation of atypical parkinsonism in the French West Indies with consumption of tropical plants: A case-control study". The Lancet. 354 (9175): 281–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10166-6. PMID 10440304.
  39. ^ "Avis de l'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments relatif aux risques liés à la consommation de corossol et de ses préparations" (pdf). Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments. 28 April 2010. Retrieved August 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  40. ^ https://epermits.aphis.usda.gov/manual/index.cfm?action=guidePageP&COMMOD_ID=326&dspNavBar=1
  41. ^ "COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2001/112/EC of 20 December 2001 relating to fruit juices and certain similar products intended for human consumption". See Annex IV.
  42. ^ http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=101.30
  43. ^ "Man convicted over cancer 'cure'". BBC News. 10 September 2008. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  44. ^ "FTC Sweep Stops Peddlers of Bogus Cancer Cures". FTC. 18 September 2008.
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