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Prevalence of tobacco use

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Prevalence of tobacco consumption is reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), which focuses on smoking (not smokeless chewing tobacco) due to reported data limitations.[1] Smoking has therefore been studied more extensively than any other form of consumption.[2]

Smoking is generally five times higher among men than women,[3] however the gender gap declines with younger age.[4][5] In developed countries smoking rates for men have peaked and have begun to decline, and also started to stall or decline for women.[6]

Smoking prevalence has changed little since the mid-1990s (until which time it declined in English-speaking countries, which have all implemented tobacco control). However, because of population growth, the number of smokers worldwide has increased from 721 million in 1980 to 967 million in 2012, and the number of cigarettes smoked increased from 4.96 trillion to 6.25 trillion. [7]

In Western countries, smoking is more prevalent among populations with mental health problems, with alcohol and drug problems, among criminals, and among the homeless.[8]

As of 2002, about twenty percent of young teens (13–15) smoke worldwide. 80,000 to 100,000 children begin smoking every day. Half of those who begin smoking in adolescent years are projected to go on to smoke for 15 to 20 years.[9]

The World Health Organization (WHO) states that "Much of the disease burden and premature mortality attributable to tobacco use disproportionately affect the poor". Of the 1.22 billion smokers, 1 billion of them live in developing or transitional economies. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world.[10] In the developing world, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year as of 2002.[9]

The WHO in 2004 projected 58.8 million deaths to occur globally,[11] from which 5.4 million are tobacco-attributed,[12] and 4.9 million as of 2007.[13] As of 2002, 70% of the deaths are in developing countries.[13]

It is predicted that 1.5 to 1.9 billion people will be smokers in 2025.[3]

Country

United States

Smoking prevalence among U.S. adults by state (2010)
Smoking percentages by group in the U.S. (2010)
Percentage of high-school students who reported current cigarette use (1991–2007)

Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006 falling from 42% to 20.8% of adults.[14] As of 2014, the current number of American smokers is 18.1% according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[15]

In 2005, it was estimated that 20.9% (or 45.1 million) of all U.S. adults were current cigarette smokers. Of them, 80.8% (or 36.5 million) smoked every day, and 19.2% (or 8.7 million) smoked some days. The prevalence of current cigarette smoking also varied substantially across population groups. For instance, current smoking was higher among men at 23.9% than women at 18.1%. This is consistent with other countries (see table). Among racial and ethnic groups, American Indians and Alaska Natives had the highest prevalence at 32.0%, followed by non-Hispanic whites at 21.9%, and non-Hispanic blacks at 21.5%. Asians at 13.3%, and Hispanics at 16.2% had the lowest rates.[16]

Smoking prevalence also based on education level, with the highest among adults who had earned a General Educational Development (GED) diploma at 43.2% and those with 9–11 years of education at 32.6%. Prevalence generally decreased with increasing education. Adults aged 18–24 years were at 24.4% and 25–44 years were at 24.1% had the highest prevalences. The prevalence of current smoking was higher among adults living below the poverty line at 29.9% than among among those at or above the poverty line at 20.6%.[16]

In 2005, the CDC set a 2010 target of 12% for current cigarette smoking prevalence. Certain populations had already surpassed these when it was set. This included Hispanic (11.1%) and Asian (6.1%) women, women with undergraduate (9.6%) or graduate (7.4%) degrees, men with undergraduate (11.9%) or graduate (6.9%) degrees, men aged over 65 years (8.9%), and women aged over 65 years (8.3%).[16]

Among current cigarette smokers, an estimated 42.5% had stopped smoking for at least 1 day during the preceding 12 months because they were trying to quit. Among the estimated 42.5% (or 91.8 million) of people who had smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetimes (the question the CDC asked to measure if they were ever smokers or not), 50.8% (or 46.5 million) did not smoke currently. In 2005, prevalence of current cigar smoking was 2.2% and current smokeless tobacco use was 2.3%. Prevalence of cigar smoking and use of smokeless tobacco were higher among men (4.3% and 4.5%, respectively) than women (0.3% and 0.2%).[16]

There are large regional differences in smoking rates, with Kentucky, West Virginia, Oklahoma and Mississippi topping the list, and Idaho, California and Utah at significantly lower rates.[17] The American Tobacco Industry has been little affected by the overall declining rate of tobacco consumption.[18]

Persons with mental illness, making up about 20% of the population, consume about 33% of the tobacco used. Persons with serious mental illness die 25 years earlier than average, often from smoking related illnesses.[19]

United Kingdom

See also: Smoking in England

The Health Survey for England in 2002 found a smoking rate of 26%. By 2007 the proportion of adult smokers in England had declined four percentage points to 22%.[20] Overall, the numbers of smokers in the UK in 2007 was estimated at 13.7 million.[21] The rate of smoking amongst the most socioeconomically affluent patients was 14% in 2007 and 34% for the most deprived.[21]

Canada

In December 2002, Statistics Canada published a report on smoking prevalence from 1985-2001. In that report they found from 1985 to 1991, prevalence of "current smoking" (which they defined as daily smokers and occasional smokers) declined overall, for both sexes and all age groups except for those aged 15 to 24. Even larger declines occurred from 1991 to 2001. While current smoking prevalence for youths did not significantly change from 1985 to 1994-1995, there was a significant decrease of 6 percentage points from 1994-1995 to 2001 (from 28.5% to 22.5%). Provincially, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, experienced most of their declines in current smoking prevalence from 1994-1995 onwards. All of the provinces experienced some level of declines over the entire 1985 to 2001 period. Declines in daily smoking prevalence occurred for both sexes and all age groups over the entire 17-year time span, although youth smoking did not start significantly declining until the mid-1990s. Overall, for daily cigarette consumption, smokers by 2001 had a significantly lower proportion of smoking 26 or more cigarettes daily compared with 1985 (14.0% to 5.8%). Most of the declines in the different sex or age groups occurred after 1991. At the same time however, smokers in 2001 had a significantly higher proportion of smoking 1 to 10 cigarettes daily compared with 1985 (18.6% to 31.1%). Most of the decline occurred after 1991.[22] As of 2008 the rate was estimated to be 18%, and declining.[23] A 2011 survey estimates that 17% of Canadians smoke.[24]

Israel

In Israel,[25] smoking prevalence among males had remained relatively constant at 30% in the years 1994–2004.[26] Among females the prevalence has declined slightly from 25% in 1998 to 18% in 2003.[26] For youth, 14% smoked at least once per week in a 2001 publication.[27]

In 2005, research has shown that Israeli youths have begun to use bidis and hookah, as alternative methods of tobacco use.[26] In 1990, smoking was the cause of about 1,800 male deaths in Israel which was around 12% of all male deaths.[28] Smoking has not been found to be significant cause of death among Israeli women.[28] The average number of cigarettes smoked per Israeli stands at 2162 (6).[26]

There are several anti-tobacco use legislations in effect. For instance, advertising is prohibited in youth publications and is forbidden on television and radio.[28] in addition to substantial increases in tobacco taxes, although comparatively the prices are still among the lowest compared to all of the European countries.[28] In addition, until 2004, there was no minimum age requirement for buying tobacco products in Israel,[29] however, an amendment to the tobacco marketing and advertisement law that became effective at 2004 has limited the sale of tobacco to people above the age of 18.[30]

According to Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the smoking rate in the Israeli adult population in 2009 was 20.9%, down from 34% in 2000.[31] A Ministry of Health nationwide survey conducted in 2011 found that 20.6% of the population aged 21 and older were smokers.[32] The highest percentage of smokers was among Arab males, 44% percent of whom smoked, though this figure is down from 50% in 1996.

Australia

In Australia the incidence of smoking is in decline, with figures from the 2011-12 Australian Health Survey showing 18% of the population to be current smokers,[33] a decline from 28% in 1989-90.[34]

Among the indigenous population, the rate was much higher: 50% of men and 44% of women reported being current smokers in 2007-08.[35]

People aged 25 to 34 are the most likely to smoke (24%), with a marked decline in smoking rates as age increases past 45 years in 2011-12.[33]

In 2007-08, the prevalence of smoking was strongly associated with socioeconomic disadvantage: a greater proportion of men (33%) and women (26%) who live in the most disadvantaged 20% of areas were current smokers than those who live in the least disadvantaged 20% of areas (12% and 11% respectively).[34]

New Zealand

Tobacco consumption in New Zealand peaked in the mid-1970s when 60% of the population were smokers. By 2011 that number had fallen to 20% of the population, thanks to stringent tobacco control laws which are amongst the world's strictest. However despite these laws, the number of smokers appears to be increasing as the global economy worsens and a recent spate of natural disasters have seen an increase in tobacco sales and although more males smoke than females, this gap is slowly narrowing. Tobacco consumption by Maori remains disproportionately high despite having decreased over recent years thanks to television, internet, radio and print media anti-smoking advertising aimed at Maori. The high rate of Maori tobacco consumption has been described by many Maori health advocates and academics as a "cultural genocide".

Germany

In 2005, 27% of the population admitted to being current smokers. 23% were regular smokers (28% of men and 19% of women,) while 4% smoked irregularly. The highest ratio of regular smokers was in the 20-24 age group: 38% of men and 30% of women.[36] According to a 2010 study by University of Bielefeld, 9,9% of all 15-year-old males and 10,8% of 15-year-old females smoke daily, which shows a strong decline during the last decade.[37]

Like in the most industrial countries the smoking rate in Germany decreases with increasing education level.

A 2006 comparative study found that 25.1% of male and 20.6% of female medical students in Göttingen smoke, while in London the ratios were only 10.9% and 9.1%.[38][39]

Germany has the largest number of cigarette vending machines per capita in the world: 800,000 per 82 million people.[40]

Sweden

Swedish citizens, 16 years or older, that consumed snus or smoking tobacco on a daily basis in 2011.[41]

The first research of smoking habits in Sweden was performed in 1946. It showed that 50% of men, and 9% of women were smokers. In 1977 32% of women and 41% of men were smokers.[42] The use of smoking tobacco, on a daily basis, had in 2011 decreased to only 12.5% and 14.3% among women. The use of snus, on a daily basis among men older than 15 years, was approximately 19.4% and only 3.0% for women.[41]

Rates

Percentage of females smoking any tobacco product
Percentage of males smoking any tobacco product. Note the difference between the two scales.[43]
Notes
  • ! Data were not validated by country focal point in time for publication of this report
  • * Current smoking prevalence not validated
  • In gray, data is not available

The following is from the table b of WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.[44] From the initial survey the data is adjusted making it comparable between countries.[45] Because of this, however, it is not for inferring the prevalence within those countries (table a provides for this).[46] It contains 135 "Countries with recent internationally comparable adjusted data", 18 "Countries with national data that are neither recent nor comparable internationally", and 41 "Countries with no data".[47] The data represents smoking any tobacco product at the time of the survey including daily and non-daily smoking; the error is with a 95% confidence interval (CI).[48]

Template:Prevalence of tobacco consumption country table

References

  1. ^ "Prevalence of current tobacco use among adults aged ≥ 15 years (percentage)". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
  2. ^ "Mayo report on addressing the worldwide tobacco epidemic through effective, evidence-based treatment". World Health Organization. p. 2. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
  3. ^ a b Guindon, G. Emmanuel; Boisclair, David (2003). Past, current and future trends in tobacco use (PDF). Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. pp. 13–16. Retrieved 2009-03-22.[dead link]
  4. ^ The World Health Organization, and the Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health (2001). "Women and the Tobacco Epidemic: Challenges for the 21st Century" (PDF). World Health Organization. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 2009-01-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "Surgeon General's Report—Women and Smoking". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. p. 47. Retrieved 2009-01-03. [dead link]
  6. ^ Peto, Richard; Lopez, Alan D; Boreham, Jillian; Thun, Michael (2006). Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries 1950-2000: indirect estimates from national vital statistics (PDF). Oxford University Press. p. 9. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  7. ^ Ng, Marie (Jan. 8, 2014). "Smoking Prevalence and Cigarette Consumption in 187 Countries, 1980-2012". Journal of the American Medical Association: 183–192. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ West, Robert and Shiffman, Saul (2007). Fast Facts: Smoking Cessation. Health Press Ltd. pp. 20, 26. ISBN 978-1-903734-98-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b "WHO/WPRO-Smoking Statistics". World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. 2002-05-28. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  10. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 19910909, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=19910909 instead.
  11. ^ GBD 2008, p. 8
  12. ^ GBD 2008, p. 23
  13. ^ a b "WHO/WPRO-Tobacco Fact sheet". World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. 2007-05-29. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  14. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (November 2007). "Cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2006". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 56 (44): 1157–61. PMID 17989644. Figure: Estimated percentage of persons ≥ 18 years who were current smokers, by sex {{cite journal}}: External link in |quote= (help)
  15. ^ http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/
  16. ^ a b c d Tobacco Use Among Adults: United States, 2005, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, October 27, 2006
  17. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (September 2007). "State-specific prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults and quitting among persons aged 18-35 years—United States, 2006". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 56 (38): 993–6. PMID 17898692. {{cite journal}}: External link in |journal= (help)
  18. ^ Nichter, M., and E. Cartwright. 1991 Saving the children for the tobacco industry. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 5 (3):236-256.
  19. ^ Pam Belluck (February 6, 2013). "Smoking, Once Used to Reward, Faces a Ban in Mental Hospitals". The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2013. New data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that the nearly 46 million adults with mental illness have a smoking rate 70 percent higher than those without mental illness, and consume about a third of the cigarettes in the country, though they make up one-fifth of the adult population.
  20. ^ [:http://www.ic.nhs.uk/statistics-and-data-collections/health-and-lifestyles-related-surveys/health-survey-for-england/health-survey-for-england-2007-latest-trends-%5Bns%5D Health Survey for England 2007: Latest Trends], the Information Centre for Health and Social Care, December 2008
  21. ^ a b Simpson CR,Hippisley-Cox J, Sheikh A (2010). "Trends in the epidemiology of smoking recorded in UK general practice". Brit J Gen Pract. 60 (572): e121–e127. doi:10.3399/bjgp10X483544. PMC 2828860. PMID 20202355.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Report on Smoking in Canada 1985 to 2001, Statistics Canada, Health Statistics Division, December 2002
  23. ^ http://www.cancer.ca/canada-wide/prevention/quit%20smoking/canadian%20tobacco%20stats.aspx?sc_lang=en
  24. ^ "Smoking rate falls to 17% in Canada". CBC News. 2011-09-07.
  25. ^ Tobacco Use Introduction for Israel, World Health Organization
  26. ^ a b c d Baron-Epel O. Haviv-Messika A. Tamir D. Nitzan-Kaluski D. Green M. Multiethnic differences in smoking in Israel: pooled analysis from three national surveys. European Journal of Public Health. 14(4):384-9, 2004 Dec.
  27. ^ Meijer B. Branski D. Kerem E. Ethnic differences in cigarette smoking among adolescents: a comparison of Jews and Arabs in Jerusalem. Israel Medical Association Journal: Imaj. 3(7):504-7, 2001 Jul.
  28. ^ a b c d Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), accessed July 13, 2005 (site now down)
  29. ^ WHO European Country Profiles on Tobacco Control 2003, World Health Organization, accessed November 24, 2005
  30. ^ [1]Israeli Ministry of Commerce and Industry
  31. ^ http://www.jpost.com/HealthAndSci-Tech/Health/Article.aspx?id=181972
  32. ^ "A Record Number of Non-Smokers". Walla (in Hebrew). 31 May 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  33. ^ a b Cubes&2B9F30C81002A8C1CA257AA30014C2AA&0&2011-12&29.10.2012&Previous "Table 7: Smoker status by age and sex, Australia". Australian Health Survey: First Results, 2011-12. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 19 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  34. ^ a b "Tobacco Smoking in Australia, 2007–08". Facts at your Fingertips: Health, 2011. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  35. ^ smoking in australia.xls&4841.0&Data Cubes&F12AFAED1EDDA9B5CA25784F000D5DCE&0&2011&11.03.2011&Previous "Tobacco Smoking in Australia 2007-08 Table 2.1". Facts at your Fingertips: Health, 2011. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 19 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  36. ^ "Leben in Deutschland. Haushalte, Familien und Gesundheit – Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2005" (PDF). Statistisches Bundesamt. 2005. pp. 61–67. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  37. ^ German youth smoking less
  38. ^ Raupach, T; Shahab, Baetzing (2009). "Medical students lack bacic knowledge about smoking: Findings from two European medical schools". Nicotine & Tobacco Research.
  39. ^ http://www.tabakkontrolle.de/pdf/Newsletter_April_2009.pdf
  40. ^ Rauchen: Risikofaktor Nummer 1
  41. ^ a b "Scb.se". Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  42. ^ http://www.nicorette.se/sites/nicorette_se/files/publication/Fakta%20om%20tobaksbruk%20i%20Sverige.pdf
  43. ^ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, pp.267–288.
  44. ^ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, pp.278–287.
  45. ^ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, p.67.
  46. ^ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, p.287.
  47. ^ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, p.68.
  48. ^ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, p.268–287.
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