E-commerce
This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2013) |
E-commerce |
---|
![]() |
Digital content |
Retail goods and services |
Online shopping |
Mobile commerce |
Customer service |
E-procurement |
Purchase-to-pay |
Super-apps |
Electronic commerce, commonly known as E-commerce or eCommerce, is trading in products or services using computer networks, such as the Internet. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web for at least one part of the transaction's life cycle, although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail.
E-commerce businesses usually employ some or all of the following practices:
- Provide Etail or "virtual storefronts" on websites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a "virtual mall
- Buy or sell on websites or online marketplaces.
- Gather and use demographic data through web contacts and social media.
- Use electronic data interchange, the business-to-business exchange of data.
- Reach prospective and established customers by E-mail or fax (for example, with newsletters).
- Use business-to-business buying and selling.
- Provide secure business transactions
Timeline
A timeline for the development of e-commerce:
- 1971 or 1972: The ARPANET is used to arrange a cannabis sale between students at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, later described as "the seminal act of e-commerce" in John Markoff's book What the Dormouse Said.[1]
- 1979: Michael Aldrich demonstrates the first online shopping system.[2]
- 1981: Thomson Holidays UK is first business-to-business online shopping system to be installed.[3]
- 1982: Minitel was introduced nationwide in France by France Télécom and used for online ordering.
- 1983: California State Assembly holds first hearing on "electronic commerce" in Volcano, California.[4] Testifying are CPUC, MCI Mail, Prodigy, CompuServe, Volcano Telephone, and Pacific Telesis. (Not permitted to testify is Quantum Technology, later to become AOL.)
- 1984: Gateshead SIS/Tesco is first B2C online shopping system [5] and Mrs Snowball, 72, is the first online home shopper[6]
- 1984: In April 1984, CompuServe launches the Electronic Mall in the USA and Canada. It is the first comprehensive electronic commerce service.[7]
- 1984: California becomes first US state to enact an Electronic Commerce Act defining basic consumer rights online.[citation needed]
- 1990: Tim Berners-Lee writes the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer.[8]
- 1992: Book Stacks Unlimited in Cleveland opens a commercial sales website (www.books.com) selling books online with credit card processing.
- 1992: St. Martin's Press publishes J.H. Snider and Terra Ziporyn's Future Shop: How New Technologies Will Change the Way We Shop and What We Buy.[9]
- 1992: Terry Brownell launches a fully graphical, iconic navigated Bulletin board system online shopping using RoboBOARD/FX.[citation needed]
- 1993: Paget Press releases edition No. 3 of the first[citation needed] AppStore, The Electronic AppWrapper[10]
- 1994: Netscape releases the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Netscape 1.0 is introduced in late 1994 with SSL encryption that made transactions secure.
- 1994: Ipswitch IMail Server becomes the first software available online for sale and immediate download via a partnership between Ipswitch, Inc. and OpenMarket.
- 1994: "Ten Summoner's Tales" by Sting becomes the first secure online purchase.[11]
- 1995: The US National Science Foundation lifts its former strict prohibition of commercial enterprise on the Internet.[12]
- 1995: Thursday 27 April 1995, the purchase of a book by Paul Stanfield, Product Manager for CompuServe UK, from W H Smith's shop within CompuServe's UK Shopping Centre is the UK's first national online shopping service secure transaction. The shopping service at launch featured W H Smith, Tesco, Virgin Megastores/Our Price, Great Universal Stores (GUS), Interflora, Dixons Retail, Past Times, PC World (retailer) and Innovations.
- 1995: Jeff Bezos launches Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24-hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio start broadcasting. Dell and Cisco begin to aggressively use Internet for commercial transactions.[citation needed] eBay is founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb.
- 1996: IndiaMART B2B marketplace established in India.
- 1996: ECPlaza B2B marketplace established in Korea.
- 1996: Sellerdeck, formerly Actinic, the UK's first PC/LAN e-commerce platform established.[citation needed]
- 1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.[13]
- 1999: Alibaba Group is established in China. Business.com sold for US $7.5 million to eCompanies, which was purchased in 1997 for US $149,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster launches. ATG Stores launches to sell decorative items for the home online.
- 2000: The dot-com bust.
- 2001: Alibaba.com achieved profitability in December 2001.
- 2002: eBay acquires PayPal for $1.5 billion.[14] Niche retail companies Wayfair and NetShops are founded with the concept of selling products through several targeted domains, rather than a central portal.
- 2003: Amazon.com posts first yearly profit.
- 2004: DHgate.com, China's first online b2b transaction platform, is established, forcing other b2b sites to move away from the "yellow pages" model.[15]
- 2007: Business.com acquired by R.H. Donnelley for $345 million.[16]
- 2009: Zappos.com acquired by Amazon.com for $928 million.[17] Retail Convergence, operator of private sale website RueLaLa.com, acquired by GSI Commerce for $180 million, plus up to $170 million in earn-out payments based on performance through 2012.[18]
- 2010: Groupon reportedly rejects a $6 billion offer from Google. Instead, the group buying websites went ahead with an IPO on 4 November 2011. It was the largest IPO since Google.[19][20]
- 2011: Quidsi.com, parent company of Diapers.com, acquired by Amazon.com for $500 million in cash plus $45 million in debt and other obligations.[21] GSI Commerce, a company specializing in creating, developing and running online shopping sites for brick and mortar businesses, acquired by eBay for $2.4 billion.[22]
- 2013: US eCommerce and Online Retail holiday sales reach $46.5 billion, up 10 percent.[23]
- 2014: Overstock.com processes over $1 million in Bitcoin sales.[24] India’s e-commerce industry is estimated to have grown more than 30% from a year earlier to $12.6 billion in 2013.[25] US eCommerce and Online Retail sales projected to reach $294 billion, an increase of 12 percent over 2013 and 9% of all retail sales.[26] Alibaba Group has the largest Initial public offering ever, worth $25 billion.
Business applications
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Automated_online_assistant.png/200px-Automated_online_assistant.png)
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are:
- Document automation in supply chain and logistics
- Domestic and international payment systems
- Enterprise content management
- Group buying
- Automated online assistant
- Newsgroups
- Online shopping and order tracking
- Online banking
- Online office suites
- Shopping cart software
- Teleconferencing
- Electronic tickets
- Social networking
- Instant messaging
Governmental regulation
In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive.[27] Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers' personal information.[28] As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.
The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in 2008, amends the Controlled Substances Act to address online pharmacies.[29]
There is also collaboration between Google and US federal authorities to block illegal online pharmacies from appearing in Google search results.[30] Recently FedEx Corporation pleaded not guilty to charges made against it regarding dealing with illegal online pharmacies.[31]
Conflict of laws in cyberspace [32] is a major hurdle for harmonisation of legal framework for e-commerce around the world. In order to give a uniformity to e-commerce law around the world, many countries adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996) [33]
Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair trade organisations. The purpose was stated as being to find ways of co-operating on tackling consumer problems connected with cross-border transactions in both goods and services, and to help ensure exchanges of information among the participants for mutual benefit and understanding. From this came Econsumer.gov, an ICPEN initiative since April 2001. It is a portal to report complaints about online and related transactions with foreign companies.
There is also Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989 with the vision of achieving stability, security and prosperity for the region through free and open trade and investment. APEC has an Electronic Commerce Steering Group as well as working on common privacy regulations throughout the APEC region.
In Australia, Trade is covered under Australian Treasury Guidelines for electronic commerce,[34] and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission[35] regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online,[36] and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong.[37]
Also Australian government e-commerce website[38] provides information on e-commerce in Australia.
In the United Kingdom, The FSA (Financial Services Authority)[39] is the competent authority for most aspects of the Payment Services Directive (PSD). The UK implemented the PSD through the Payment Services Regulations 2009 (PSRs), which came into effect on 1 November 2009. The PSR affects firms providing payment services and their customers. These firms include banks, non-bank credit card issuers and non-bank merchant acquirers, e-money issuers, etc. The PSRs created a new class of regulated firms known as payment institutions (PIs), who are subject to prudential requirements. Article 87 of the PSD requires the European Commission to report on the implementation and impact of the PSD by 1 November 2012.[40]
In India, the information technology act, 2000 governs the basic applicability of e-commerce. It is based upon UNCITRAL Model but is not a comprehensive legislation to deal with e-commerce related activities in India. Further, e-commerce laws and regulations in India [41] are also supplemented by different laws of India as applicable to the field of e-commerce. For instance, e-commerce relating to pharmaceuticals, healthcare, traveling, etc. are governed by different laws though the information technology act, 2000 prescribes some common requirements for all these fields. The competition commission of India regulates anti competition and anti trade practices in e-commerce fields in India.
Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce.
On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce.
Aside from traditional e-Commerce, m-Commerce as well as the nascent t-Commerce[42] channels are often seen as the current 2013 poster children of electronic I-Commerce.
Global trends
In 2000, the United Kingdom had the biggest e-commerce market in the world when measured by the amount spent per capita.[43] The Czech Republic is the European country where ecommerce delivers the biggest contribution to the enterprises´ total revenue. Almost a quarter (24%) of the country’s total turnover is generated via the online channel.[44]
Among emerging economies, China's e-commerce presence continues to expand every year. With 384 million internet users, China's online shopping sales rose to $36.6 billion in 2009 and one of the reasons behind the huge growth has been the improved trust level for shoppers. The Chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online.[45] China's cross-border e-commerce is also growing rapidly. E-commerce transactions between China and other countries increased 32% to 2.3 trillion yuan ($375.8 billion) in 2012 and accounted for 9.6% of China's total international trade [46] In 2013, Alibaba had an e-commerce market share of 80% in China.[47]
Other BRIC countries are witnessing the accelerated growth of eCommerce as well. In Russia, the total ecommerce market is projected to total somewhere between 690 billion rubles ($23 billion) and 900 billion rubles ($30 billion) in 2015, at 2010 values. This will equal 5% of total retail volume in Russia. Longer-term, the market size of Russian e-commerce could reach $50 billion by 2020. Ecommerce players need to understand unique insights about trust factor, online payments and language peculiarities to penetrate the Russian market. Brazil's eCommerce is growing quickly with retail eCommerce sales expected to grow at a healthy double-digit pace through 2014. By 2016, eMarketer expects retail ecommerce sales in Brazil to reach $17.3 billion.[48] India's ecommerce growth, on the other hand, has been slower although the country's potential remains solid considering its surging economy, the rapid growth of internet penetration, English language proficiency and a vast market of 1.2 billion consumers (although perhaps only 50 million access the internet through PCs and some estimate the most active group of e-commerce customers numbers only 2-3 million). E-commerce traffic grew about 50% from 2011 to 2012, from 26.1 million to 37.5 million, according to a report released by Com Score. Still much of the estimated 14 billion dollars in 2012 ecommerce was generated from travel sites.
eCommerce is also expanding across the Middle East. Having recorded the world's fastest growth in internet usage between 2000 and 2009, the region is home to more than 60 million internet users. Retail, travel and gaming are the region's top eCommerce segments, in spite of difficulties such as the lack of region-wide legal frameworks and logistical problems in cross-border transportation[citation needed]. E-Commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide, not only to sell to customers, but also to engage them.[49][50]
In 2012, ecommerce sales topped $1 trillion for the first time in history.[51]
Mobile devices are playing an increasing role in the mix of eCommerce. Some estimates show that purchases made on mobile devices will make up 25% of the market by 2017.[52] According to Cisco Visual Networking Index,[53] in 2014 the amount of mobile devices will outnumber the number of world population.
Multichannel Selling is also worth mentioning, when it comes to e-commerce. As stated in E-commerce trends for 2014, multichannel selling is relatively young but though has already managed to become a key driver for promotion of small business companies unable to compete with media giants in Google. The essence of it lies in equipping a few shopping platforms like Amazon or Nextag for goods promotion.
Impact on markets and retailers
Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified price competition, as it increases consumers' ability to gather information about products and prices. Research by four economists at the University of Chicago has found that the growth of online shopping has also affected industry structure in two areas that have seen significant growth in e-commerce, bookshops and travel agencies. Generally, larger firms are able to use economies of scale and offer lower prices. The lone exception to this pattern has been the very smallest category of bookseller, shops with between one and four employees, which appear to have withstood the trend.[54]
Individual or business involved in e-commerce whether buyers or sellers rely on Internet-based technology in order to accomplish their transactions. E-commerce is recognized for its ability to allow business to communicate and to form transaction anytime and anyplace.[55] Whether an individual is in the US or overseas, business can be conducted through the internet. The power of e-commerce allows geophysical barriers to disappear, making all consumers and businesses on earth potential customers and suppliers. eBay is a good example of e-commerce business individuals and businesses are able to post their items and sell them around the Globe.[56]
Distribution channels
E-commerce has grown in importance as companies have adopted pure-click and brick-and-click channel systems. We can distinguish pure-click and brick-and-click channel system adopted by companies.
- Pure-click or pure-play companies are those that have launched a website without any previous existence as a firm.
- Bricks-and-clicks companies are those existing companies that have added an online site for e-commerce.
- Click-to-brick online retailers that later open physical locations to supplement their online efforts.[57]
See also
- Alternative payments
- Mobile commerce
- Comparison of shopping cart software
- Digital economy
- Electronic bill payment
- Electronic money
- E-commerce credit card payment system
- Comparison of free software e-commerce web application frameworks
- Non-store retailing
- Online marketplace
- Paid content
- Payments as a service
- Payment card
- Social commerce
- Types of E-commerce
- Virtual economy
- Wire transfer
References
- ^ "Online highs are old as the net: the first e-commerce was a drugs deal". The Guardian. London. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
{{cite news}}
:|first=
missing|last=
(help) - ^ Tkacz, Ewaryst; Kapczynski, Adrian (2009). Internet — Technical Development and Applications. Springer. p. 255. ISBN 978-3-642-05018-3. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
The first pilot system was installing in Tesco in the UK (first demonstrated in 1979 by Michael Aldrich).
- ^ 1988 Palmer.C Using IT for competitive advantage at Thomson Holidays, Long range Planning Vol 21 No.6 p26-29, Institute of Strategic Studies Journal,London- Pergamon Press [now Elsevier.B.V.] December 1988.
- ^ "E Commerce – Essays – Hpandurang92". Study mode. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ "Online shopping: The pensioner who pioneered a home shopping revolution". BBC News. 16 September 2013.
- ^ Aldrich, Michael. "Finding Mrs Snowball". Retrieved 8 March 2012.
- ^ "The Electronic Mall". GS Brown. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ "Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb, the first Web client". W3. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ Snider, J.H.; Ziporyn, Terra (1992). Future Shop: How New Technologies Will Change the Way We Shop and What We Buy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-06359-7. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ "AppWrapper Volume 1 Issue 3 Ships" (press release).
- ^ http://news.cnet.com/E-commerce-turns-10/2100-1023_3-5304683.html
- ^ Kevin, Kelly (August 2005), "We Are the Web", Wired, vol. 13, no. 8
- ^ "FIrst Electronic Stamps Being Put to Test". Sunday Business. 6 April 1998. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
- ^ "eBay acquires PayPal". Investor. eBay. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ "Diane Wang: Rounding up the "Ant" Heroes". Sino Foreign Management. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ "R.H. Donnelley Acquires Business.com for $345M". Domain Name Wire. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ "Amazon Buys Zappos; The Price is $928m, not $847m". TechCrunch. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ Ahmed, Saqib Iqbal (27 October 2009). "GSI Commerce to buy Retail Convergence for $180 mln". Reuters. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
- ^ "Groupon rejects Google's $6 billion offer". MS‐NBC. MSN. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ "Groupon's IPO biggest by U.S. Web company since Google". Reuters. 4 November 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Amazon buys Diapers.com parent in $545 mln deal". MarketWatch. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ "eBay Acquires GSI Commerce For $2.4 Billion in Cash And Debt". TechCrunch. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ "2013 Holiday Season U.S. Desktop E-Commerce Spending Reaches Record $46.5 Billion, Up 10 Percent vs. Year Ago". 7 January 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
- ^ Duryee, Tricia (4 March 2014). "Overstock hits $1 million in sales from virtual currency". Geekwire. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
- ^ Laus, Petronela (8 January 2014). "India Weighs FDI In E-Commerce". The Wall Street Journal India.
- ^ "US eCommerce Forecast: 2013 to 2018". Forrester Research.
- ^ "Advertising and Marketing on the Internet: Rules of the Road". Federal Trade Commission.
- ^ "Enforcing Privacy Promises: Section 5 of the FTC Act". Federal Trade Commission.
- ^ "H.R. 6353: Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008". Govtrack.
- ^ "Illegal Online Pharmacies Are On Hit List Of Google And Federal Authorities Of US". Exclusive Techno Legal Centre Of Excellence For Cyber Crimes Investigation In India. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ "FedEx Corporation Pleaded Not Guilty To U.S. Charges Of Delivering Prescribed Drugs From Illegal Internet Pharmacies". E-Retailing Laws And Regulations In India. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ "Conflict Of Laws In Cyberspace, Internet And Computer Era". Conflict Of Laws In Cyberspace, Internet And Computer Era. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ "UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996)". UNCITRAL. 12 June 1996. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ "Australian Treasury Guidelines for electronic commerce". Australian Federal Government.
- ^ "Australian Competition and Consumer Commission". Australian Federal Government.
- ^ "Dealing with Businesses Online in Australia". Australian Federal Government.
- ^ "What to do if thing go wrong in Australia". Australian Federal Government.
- ^ "Australian government ecommerce website". Australian Federal Government.
- ^ "FSA". UK.
- ^ "The Payment Services Regulations 2009". UK: Legislation. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ "E-Retailing Laws And Regulations In India". Online Business, E-Business And E-Tailing Laws And Regulations In India And E-Commerce Laws And Regulations In India. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ Hacon, Tom. "T-Commerce – What the tablet can do for brands and their consumers". Governor Technology. Retrieved 2013-03-233.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Robinson, James (28 October 2010). "UK's internet industry worth £100bn". The Guardian (report). London. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ Eurostat (18 June 2013). "Ecommerce contribution in Europe" (infographic). Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ Olsen, Robert (18 January 2010). "China's migration to eCommerce". Forbes.
- ^ Tong, Frank (16 September 2013). "China's cross-border e-commerce tops $375 billion in 2012". Internet Retailer.
- ^ Steven Millward (17 September 2014). "Here are all the must-see numbers on Alibaba ahead of record-breaking IPO". Tech In Asia. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
- ^ "More Buyers Join Brazil's Robust Ecommerce Market". eMarketer.
- ^ Eisingerich, Andreas B.; Kretschmer, Tobias (March 2008). "In E-Commerce, More is More". Harvard Business Review. 86: 20–21.
- ^ Burgess, S; Sellitto, C; Karanasios, S (2009), Effective Web Presence Solutions for Small Businesses: Strategies and Successful Implementation, IGI Global
- ^ "Ecommerce Sales Topped $1 Trillion for First Time in 2012". eMarketer. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
- ^ Enright, Allison. "Top 500 U.S. E-Retailers - U.S. e-commerce sales could top $434 billion in 2017". Internet Retailer. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- ^ "Cisco Visual Networking Index".
- ^ "Economics focus: The click and the dead". The Economist. 3–9 July 2010. p. 78.
- ^ "E-commerce Security: Security improvement in E-commerce websites". 23 August 2014.
- ^ O’Brien, A. J. & Marakas, M. G. (2011). Management Information Systems. 10e. New York: NY
- ^ (Gap Inc/The) (10 July 2013). "Click-to-Brick: Why Online Retailers Want Stores in Real Life". Business week. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
Further reading
- Laudon, Kenneth C.; Guercio Traver, Carol (2014). E-commerce. business. technology. society. 10th edition. Pearson. ISBN 978-013-302444-9.
- Chaudhury, Abijit; Kuilboer, Jean-Pierre (2002). e-Business and e-Commerce Infrastructure. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-247875-6.
- Frieden, Jonathan D.; Roche, Sean Patrick (19 December 2006). "E-Commerce: Legal Issues of the Online Retailer in Virginia" (PDF). Richmond Journal of Law and Technology. 13 (2).
- Graham, Mark (2008). "Warped Geographies of Development: The Internet and Theories of Economic Development" (PDF). Geography Compass. 2 (3): 771. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00093.x.
- Humeau, Philippe; Jung, Matthieu (21 June 2013). In depth benchmark of 12 ecommerce solutions (PDF).
- Kessler, M (22 December 2003), "More shoppers proceed to checkout online", USA today, retrieved 13 January 2004.
- Kotler, Philip (2009). Marketing Management. Pearson: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-81-317-1683-0.
- Miller, Roger (2002). The Legal and E-Commerce Environment Today (hardcover ed.). Thomson Learning. ISBN 0-324-06188-9. 741 pp.
- Nissanoff, Daniel (2006). FutureShop: How the New Auction Culture Will Revolutionize the Way We Buy, Sell and Get the Things We Really Want (hardcover ed.). The Penguin Press. ISBN 1-59420-077-7. 246 pp.
- Seybold, Pat (2001). Customers.com. Crown Business Books (Random House). ISBN 0-609-60772-3.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png)
E-Commerce and E-Business at Wikibooks
- Small Business E-Commerce Resources, US: SBA.
Dipesh Solanki