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Lissachatina fulica

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See also: Achatina achatina and Archachatina marginata

Lissachatina fulica
in Ubud, Bali
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Eupulmonata
clade Stylommatophora
informal group Sigmurethra
Superfamily:
Achatinoidea
Family:
Achatinidae
Subfamily:
Achatininae
Genus:
Achatina
Subgenus:
Lissachatina
Species:
A. fulica
Binomial name
Achatina fulica
(Férussac, 1821)

Achatina fulica is a species of land snail in the family Achatinidae, known commonly as the giant African snail or giant African land snail.[1] Outside of its native range it thrives in many types of habitat in areas with mild climates, it feeds voraciously and is a vector for plant pathogens, causing severe damage to agricultural crops and native plants, it competes with native snail taxa, it is a nuisance pest of urban areas, and it spreads human disease.[1] It is listed as one of the top 100 invasive species in the world.[2]

Subspecies

  • Achatina fulica hamillei Petit, 1859[3]
  • Achatina fulica rodatzi Dunker, 1852
  • Achatina fulica sinistrosa Grateloup, 1840
  • Achatina fulica umbilicata Nevill, 1879

Distribution

The species is native to East Africa,[3] but it has been widely introduced to other parts of the world through the pet trade, as a food resource, and by accidental introduction.

This species has been found in China since 1931 (map of distribution in 2007), and its initial point of distribution in China was Xiamen.[4] The snail has also been established in the Pratas Islands, of Taiwan,[5] throughout India, the Pacific, Indian Ocean islands, and the West Indies. In the United States, it has become established in Hawaii[6] and eradication is underway in Florida.[7]

The species has recently been observed in Bhutan (Gyelposhing, Mongar), where it is an invasive species. It has begun to attack agricultural fields and flower gardens. It is believed there that dogs have died as a result of consuming the snail.

Description

The adult snail is around 7 centimetres (2.8 in) in height and 20 centimetres (7.9 in) or more in length.

The shell has a conical shape, being about twice as high as it is broad. Either clockwise (dextral) or counter-clockwise (sinistral) directions can be observed in the coiling of the shell, although the right-handed (dextral) cone is the more common. Shell colouration is highly variable, and dependent on diet. Typically, brown is the predominant colour and the shell is banded.[8] The shell is particularly tough and has the highest heavy metal content of any snail species. [9]

Apertural view of the shell
Lateral view of the shell
Abapertural view of the shell

Ecology

Habitat

The giant African snail is native to East Africa, and can be traced back to Kenya and Tanzania. It is a highly invasive species, and colonies can be formed from a single gravid individual. In many places, release into the wild is illegal. Nonetheless, the species has established itself in some temperate climates and its habitat now includes most regions of the humid tropics, including many Pacific islands, southern and eastern Asia, and the Caribbean. The giant snail can now be found in agricultural areas, coastland, natural forest, planted forests, riparian zones, scrub and shrublands, urban areas, and wetlands.

Feeding

The giant African snail is a macrophytophagous herbivore; it eats a wide range of plant material, fruit, and vegetables. It will sometimes eat sand, very small stones, bones from carcasses and even concrete as calcium sources for its shell. In rare instances the snails will consume each other.

In captivity, this species can be fed on grain products such as bread, digestive biscuits, and chicken feed. It can be supplemented with calcium for shell development. It requires about 18.28% of crude protein in its diet for optimal growth.[10]

Life cycle

This species is a simultaneous hermaphrodite; each individual has both testes and ovaries and is capable of producing both sperm and ova. Instances of self-fertilization are rare, occurring only in small populations. Although both snails in a mating pair can simultaneously transfer gametes to each other (bilateral mating), this is dependent on the size difference between the partners. Snails of similar size will reproduce in this way. Two snails of differing sizes will mate unilaterally (one way), with the larger individual acting as a female. This is due to the comparative resource investment associated with the different genders.[citation needed]

Like other land snails, these have intriguing mating behaviour, including petting their heads and front parts against each other. Courtship can last up to half an hour, and the actual transfer of gametes can last for two hours. Transferred sperm can be stored within the body for up to two years. The number of eggs per clutch averages around 200. A snail may lay five to six clutches per year with a hatching viability of about 90%.

Adult size is reached in about six months, after which growth slows, but does not ever cease. Life expectancy is commonly five or six years in captivity, but the snails may live for up to ten years. They are active at night and spend the day buried underground.

Fresh eggs
Hatching from eggs
Juvenile snail

The giant African snail is capable of aestivating for up to three years in times of extreme drought, sealing itself into its shell by secretion of a calcerous compound that dries on contact with the air. This is impermeable; the snail will not lose any water during this period.[citation needed]

Parasites

Parasites of Achatina fulica include:

As an invasive species

In many places the snail is a pest of agriculture and households with the ability to transmit human and plant pathogens. Suggested preventative measures include strict quarantine to prevent introduction and further spread. It has been given top national quarantine significance in the United States.[6] In the past, quarantine officials have been able to successfully intercept and eradicate incipient invasions on the mainland USA.[13]

In the wild, this species often harbors the parasitic nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which can cause a very serious meningitis in humans. Human cases of this meningitis usually result from a person having eaten the raw or undercooked snail, but even handling live wild snails of this species can infect a person with the nematode and cause a life-threatening infection.[14]

In some regions, an effort has been made to promote use of the giant African snail as a food resource to reduce its populations. However, promoting a pest in this way is a controversial measure, because it may encourage the further deliberate spread of the snails.

One particularly catastrophic attempt to biologically control this species occurred on South Pacific Islands. Colonies of A. fulica were introduced as a food reserve for the American military during World War II and they escaped. A carnivorous species (Florida rosy wolfsnail, Euglandina rosea) was later introduced by the United States government, but it instead heavily preyed upon the native Partula, causing the loss of most Partula species within a decade.

Human use

Achatina fulica are used by some practitioners of Candomblé for religious purposes in Brazil as an offering to the deity Oxalá. The snails substitute for a closely related species, the African giant snail (Archachatina marginata) normally offered in Nigeria. The two species share a common name (Ìgbín, also known as ibi or boi-de-oxalá in Brazil), and are similar enough in appearance to satisfy religious authorities.[15] They are also edible if cooked properly.

  • Adult shell size range
    Adult shell size range
  • Adult and juvenile
    Adult and juvenile
  • Three shells
    Three shells
  • Feeding on dry cat food
    Feeding on dry cat food
  • Feeding on a leaf
    Feeding on a leaf

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference.[15]

  1. ^ a b Achatina fulica. Global Invasive Species Database. ISSG. IUCN.
  2. ^ View 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species. Global Invasive Species Database. ISSG. IUCN.
  3. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.3897/zookeys.70.762, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.3897/zookeys.70.762 instead.
  4. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000368, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000368 instead. figure 5.
  5. ^ Wu S.-P., Hwang C.-C., Huang H.-M., Chang H.-W., Lin Y.-S. & Lee P.-F. (2007). "Land Molluscan Fauna of the Dongsha Island with Twenty New Recorded Species". Taiwania 52(2): 145-151. PDF.
  6. ^ a b Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment". American Malacological Bulletin 27: 113-132. PDF
  7. ^ Campo-Flores, Arian. October 4th, 2011. "Giant Alien Snails Attack Miami, Though They're Not in Much of a Rush: Eradication Teams Go House to House, Nabbing 10,000 Invaders; 'Crunch Under Our Feet'." Wall Street Journal. Link
  8. ^ Skelley, PE; Dixon, WN; and Hodges, G. 2011. Giant African land snail and giant South American snails: field recognition. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Gainesville, Florida. PDF
  9. ^ Jatto, Ejeomo.Osazuwa (2013). "Kinetic Studies Of Wastewater Treatment From Rubber Factory Using Snail Shell" (PDF). Journal Artical. New York Science Journal. pp. 25–33. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  10. ^ Template:Pt icon Soares C. M., Hayashi C., Gonçalves G. S., Nagae M. Y. & Boscolo W. R. (1999). "Exigência de proteína para o caracol gigante (Achatina fulica) em fase de crescimento. Protein requirements for giant snail (Achatina fulica) during the growth phase". Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 21(3): 683-686. abstract, PDF.
  11. ^ a b c Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1590/S0036-46652010000400009, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1590/S0036-46652010000400009 instead. PDF.
  12. ^ a b c d Template:Es icon Libora M., Morales G., Carmen S., Isbelia S. & Luz A. P. (2010). "Primer hallazgo en Venezuela de huevos de Schistosoma mansoni y de otros helmintos de interés en salud pública, presentes en heces y secreción mucosa del molusco terrestre Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822). [First finding in Venezuela of Schistosoma mansoni eggs and other helminths of interest in public health found in faeces and mucous secretion of the mollusc Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822)]. Zootecnia Tropical 28: 383-394. PDF.
  13. ^ PBS "Alien Invasion". Accessed on 6 January 2008
  14. ^ African snail: Deadly invasion in South America
  15. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1186/1746-4269-5-23, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-5-23 instead.
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