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Desmond Ford

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Desmond "Des" Ford (born Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 2 February 1929) is an evangelical Christian and an Australian theologian.

Within the Seventh-day Adventist Church he was a controversial figure.[1] He was dismissed from ministry in the Adventist church in 1980 following his critique of the church's investigative judgment teaching. He has since worked through the non-denominational evangelical ministry Good News Unlimited. Ford disagrees with some aspects of traditional Adventist end-time beliefs. However he still defends a conservative view of Scripture, the seventh-day Sabbath, and a vegetarian lifestyle. He views the writings of Ellen G. White as useful devotionally but as she made clear,[2] and as the Adventist Church believes, not at the level of Canon.

Ford shares the sermon time at the Good News Unlimited congregation which meets on Saturdays in the Brisbane suburb of Milton[3] and in periodic seminars on the eastern seaboard of Australia.

Biography

Early life and conversion

Desmond Ford was born in Townsville, Queensland, Australia on 2 February 1929, to Wilfred Ford and Lillian Simpson. He had one brother, Val, who was three and a half years older. The Ford lineage consisted of farmers and cattlemen of English and Australian descent. The Simpson lineage derived from England, Ireland and China. Desmond's parents were nominal Anglican Christians, with his father almost an atheist in practice, and his mother presenting "a religious façade." Wilfred encouraged his son to read, beginning a lifelong obsession for the "unusually gifted" boy.[4]

When Lillian was pregnant with Desmond, an Adventist book salesman shared insights on nutrition with the family, sparking a chain of events impacting Desmond's life. At an Adventist camp meeting in 1939 Desmond was given a Bible, which he would complete 3 years later, around the time he finished primary school. However his parents divorced when he was nine; Wilfred moved to Canberra, and Lillian and the boys later moved to Sydney, New South Wales (NSW). He passed his Intermediate Certificate in 1943. However due to the family's poverty and Australia's involvement in World War II, Desmond had to drop out of school. He became officially employed with Associated Newspapers at the age of 15, although he had started working there months earlier, and was promoted from copy boy to an editorial position because of his published work. Meanwhile, Desmond took night classes for high school. All along, Desmond was being influenced by encounters with Adventists and other Christians, and steadily collected books on Christian theology, and the creation-evolution controversy.[5][6]

Ford was challenged by the strict lifestyle standards presented in Ellen G. White's Messages to Young People, and gave up the cinema and reading fiction. Reading novels had been his main childhood hobby, and became replaced with reading theology.[7] White's book The Great Controversy was a key influence on his conversion. In winter 1946 he publicly responded to a call for commitment to God's service. Ford was impressed by the Christian character of many of the Adventists who had nurtured him. In September he was officially baptised into the church. This was despite strong opposition from his brother; and his mother was also originally resistant to his conversion, having become disenchanted with the Adventist church herself. Ford resigned from his job, and returned briefly to Townsville with his family. He then left in 1947 for the Australasian Missionary College (nicknamed "Avondale", and later known as Avondale College) in the Lake Macquarie region of NSW, to train for the ministry.[8]

Seminary

Ford found Avondale an exciting time for mental and spiritual growth. He was an active participant in class discussions, and occasionally taught classes to fill in for the lecturers. He was particularly inspired by Dr. William Murdoch, and carried out research for him. Ford gave talks in nearby churches, and published around a dozen articles for church magazines during this time. He also led students in Bible study. He struggled financially, and worked on Avondale's farm and elsewhere, and also selling Adventist books.[9]

He graduated from the Ministerial Course in Avondale in 1950, with high marks.[10]

Early ministry

Ford lived in a caravan (trailer) with his mother, who insisted on accompanying him, while canvassing (selling Christian books). Ford was sent to help build a new church in the coastal town of Coffs Harbour, NSW. In 1951, still in his first year of service as a pastor, he was sent to Newcastle, NSW, then an industrial city, to assist evangelist George Burnside. While Burnside was a dynamic presenter, Ford's biographer Milton Hook describes him as a fundamentalist (see: historic Adventism), and draws an analogy with a rugged, gung-ho cowboy like a John Wayne character. Ford questioned him on some end-times interpretations, resulting in conflict between the pair – a sign of further things to come.[11][12] Later he sold books in the Lake Macquarie and nearby Upper Hunter regions, which he found challenging work.[13]

He worked as a pastor in various churches and as an evangelist for about 7 years in NSW, in Australian[6][14] rural towns.

In 1952 Ford pastored the Coffs Harbour area, under a supervisor. His mother returned to Queensland. In December he married Gwen Booth, with whom he had shared a budding friendship and romance since their meeting at Avondale, where she studied teaching. Gwen had been raised in humble circumstances in Yass, and was a quiet achiever who cared about others, and had a deep faith in Jesus.[15] The following year they moved to the country town of Quirindi, where Ford pastored the church. From 1954 to mid-1955, Ford pastored in the Gunnedah area, then moved north to Inverell.[16] There a public debate with Burgin, a Church of Christ minister and a "formidable opponent" of Adventists, brought Ford respect. The topic was the Sabbath, with the specific title "Is the Seventh Day or the First Day Binding on Christians?" Arguably Ford won the debate. He later baptised some of Burgin's church members.[17] He was ordained. The couple stayed till the end of 1957, living on a meagre income throughout this whole period.[citation needed]

Return to Avondale

The South Pacific Division called him back to Avondale to complete his ministry course.[12][14] He completed a BA in 1958,[18] and went on to complete a Master's degree in systematic theology at the SDA Washington Seminary in 1959.[6] Ford subsequently received a PhD in the rhetorical analysis of Paul's letters from Michigan State University in 1961.[6] In the same year he returned to Australia and became head of the Religion Department at Avondale College, where he would remain until 1977.[19] At Avondale, Ford taught many classes, including public speaking, homiletics, and evangelism. He was a member of the Biblical Research Committee in Australia and the United States.[6]

He completed his second PhD in 1972 from the University of Manchester, while on leave from teaching at Avondale.[18] His supervisor was the renowned Protestant theologian F. F. Bruce. His field was New Testament studies, specifically eschatology (end times).[6][19] Ford entitled his thesis, The Abomination of Desolation in Biblical Eschatology.[20] His main expertise has been biblical apocalyptic literature, such as Daniel and Revelation, and eschatology.[6]

Tension over theology

See also: Historic Adventism and Progressive Adventism

Ford was a primary opponent of, along with Hans K. LaRondelle, and corrective influence, on the perfectionism within the SDA church, especially its form as taught by fellow Australian Robert Brinsmead.[21]

Ford believes that victory over the guilt of sin (justification) was provided at the cross, victory over the power of sin (sanctification) is the work of a lifetime and victory over the presence of sin (glorification) occurs at the return of Christ Jesus. Ford disagrees with the belief of sinless perfection, and acknowledges the final removal of sin occurs when mortality changes to immortality at the return of Jesus Christ. Ford believes that victory over the presence of sin does not occur during this lifetime, but at the return of Jesus Christ.[22]

Ford teaches that justification precedes sanctification, because victory over the guilt of sin, precedes victory over the power of sin. Ford teaches that while justification is distinct from sanctification, the two concepts are always found together, in the same manner as two railway lines are distinct but never separate. Adventist belief places an equal emphasis on sanctification compared to justification, while still believing both are necessary for salvation.

Ford disagrees strongly with the belief of "eschatological perfectionism," which is the teaching that a final generation of believers must achieve a state of complete sinlessness (or Christlikeness) in the final period just before the second coming of Jesus (see Last Generation Theology). Mainstream Adventists consider the life and character of Christ as a perfect example that all must imitate. M. L. Andreasen felt the cleansing of the heavenly sanctuary, or investigative judgment also involve the cleansing of the lives of believers on earth. This belief in sinlessness arose particularly from M. L. Andreasen's interpretation of the investigative judgment doctrine, which he based on concepts found in The Great Controversy by Ellen G. White.

Original Sin

According to Anglican Geoffrey Paxton, during the 1960s scholars such as Ford and Edward Heppenstall highlighted the concept of original sin within the SDA church.[23]

Seventh-day Adventists have historically preached a doctrine of inherited weakness, but not a doctrine of inherited guilt.[24] Ellen White and others such as George Storrs, and Uriah Smith were disposed to de-emphasise the corrupt nature inherited from Adam, instead stressing the importance of actual, personal sins committed by the individual. Adventists traditionally understand sins of commission as the transgression of God's law, either wilfully or in ignorance. They base their belief on texts such as "Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the law: for sin is the transgression of the law." (1 John 3:4) [25] Progressive Adventists add to this with some form of original sin.[26][27]

Robert Brinsmead & Debate

Ford urged Brinsmead to study the Reformers. As a result, Brinsmead ultimately rejected perfectionism.[18] Around 1970, there was a major controversy amongst Australian Adventists over whether "righteousness by faith" included both justification and sanctification.[18] This had been sparked by Brinsmead, and Ford became caught up in it.[18] Tensions over Ford and the theology teaching at Avondale more generally, led to a meeting of Australian church leaders on 3–4 February 1976 to hear accusations by a group of "Concerned Brethren". Ford's understanding of righteousness by faith was the main issue,[28] while the report mentions "the Sanctuary, the Age of the Earth and Inspiration."[29] In April a group of church leaders and theologians, including Ford met in Palmdale, California, to discuss the meaning of righteousness by faith.[30] Ford was the "center of attention." The resulting document was titled the "Palmdale Statement".[31][32]

United States, and increasing tensions with church leadership

In response to criticisms of his theology, in 1977 the church moved him to the United States, where he taught Religion at Pacific Union College for three years.[6][19][33] The classes he taught included the life and teachings of Christ, the Pauline epistles, Christian apologetics, Daniel and Revelation, the major and minor prophets of the Old Testament, introduction to theology, and biblical theology.[6]

In October 1979 Ford was invited to address a chapter meeting of the Association of Adventist Forums (now Adventist Forums) held at the College, on the topic of Hebrews 9 and its implications for the Adventist investigative judgment teaching.[6] The talk was titled, "The Investigative Judgment: Theological Milestone or Historical Necessity?" The talk criticized some aspects of the traditional understanding; Ford was summoned to the General Conference headquarters in Washington, D.C.[6] He was given six months to write up his views. Late in 1979, he stopped lecturing and moved to Takoma Park, Maryland.[19] Ford produced the 991-page manuscript, Daniel 8:14, the Day of Atonement, and the Investigative Judgment .[34] Ford, together with the majority of Christendom, believes the atonement was completed on the cross when Jesus cried out, "It is finished." And the Seventh-Day Adventist Church agrees with Ford on this point, declaring Christ's "sacrifice in behalf of man was full and complete".[35] "On the cross the penalty for human sin was fully paid."[36] Like Ford, Seventh-Day Adventists see Christ's work in the heavenly sanctuary as the application of the benefits of the already completed atonement, and not as an added payment or continuation of the work of atonement begun on the cross, as some groups do that teach salvation by works.

Expulsion from teaching and ministry

Main article: Glacier View controversy

In August 1980, a group of Adventist theologians and administrators convened at Glacier View Ranch in Colorado to examine Ford's views. According to TIME magazine, he "made the case that White's 'sanctuary' explication of 1844 no longer stood up, and that 'investigative judgment' undercut the belief in salvation by God's grace apart from good works."[37] The culmination of this event was Ford losing his employment with the denomination [37] as a minister and theology professor.[19] After counsel from the General Conference, the Australasian Division withdrew "Ford's ministerial credentials."[38]

To commemorate the 30-year anniversary of Glacier View, the Sydney Adventist Forum held a pretend courtroom trial to assess the accuracy of Ford's claim that the Consensus Document has been largely in agreement with him. They concluded, "Ford was found to be substantially correct in claiming that the 114-member Sanctuary Review Committee (SRC) Consensus Document was in agreement with his twelve propositions—while Ministry was judged to have considerably over-stated its case." It concluded, "In retrospect, it is clear that the SRC made—in five days—more progress in understanding this biblical doctrine than the church has typically made in any fifty years of its history."[39]

The Nature of Christ

Ford holds to the prelapsarian position on the human nature of Christ, which is that Jesus Christ was born with the human nature that Adam possessed before the Fall.[40][41] He disagrees with postlapsarian Adventists, who believe that Jesus Christ was born with Adam's fallen nature which was passed on to all humanity after the Fall.[42][43] It should be noted that the Adventist church has not taken an official position on this theological issue within its statement of Fundamental Beliefs, but rather chooses to utilise biblical terminology in its fundamental belief on the nature of Christ.[44][45] This is because the Adventist church acknowledges that there are limits to the human ability to fully define the incarnation of Christ and theological justification can be provided for both the prelapsarian and postlapsarian positions.[46][47]

Prelapsarian Adventists believe that Jesus took on Adam's pre-Fall human nature, which means that Jesus did not inherit any internal human predisposition to sin. They believe that it was necessary for Jesus to have this pre-Fall human nature in order for him to be the Saviour of humanity. Otherwise, if Jesus had inherited our predispositions to sin, his human nature would have been corrupted and he would have needed a saviour himself. Prelapsarian Adventists base their belief on biblical texts that confirm Jesus' sinlessness[48] and statements in Ellen White's writings such as:

"Be careful, exceedingly careful as to how you dwell upon the human nature of Christ. Do not set Him before the people as a man with the propensities of sin. He is the second Adam. The first Adam was created a pure, sinless being, without a taint of sin upon him; he was in the image of God. He could fall, and he did fall through transgressing. Because of sin, his posterity was born with inherent propensities of disobedience. But Jesus Christ was the only begotten Son of God. He took upon Himself human nature, and was tempted in all points as human nature is tempted. He could have sinned; He could have fallen, but not for one moment was there in Him an evil propensity. He was assailed with temptations in the wilderness, as Adam was assailed with temptations in Eden."

— Ellen White, Letter 8, 1895 in Manuscript Releases, Volume 13, p. 18-20.

Postlapsarian Adventists believe that Jesus took on human nature with all of the post-fall moral weaknesses and frailties that post-fall humans experience but without propensity to sin. Despite this, they say because he managed to resist temptation both from within and without, and lived a perfectly obedient life, Jesus is therefore our supreme Example in whose footsteps all Christians must follow, and also achieve a perfectly obedient life. The fact that Jesus overcame sin completely, despite having no advantage over other post-fall human beings, demonstrates that we too must live a life of complete obedience, as we trust in him. Postlapsarian Adventists believe that Ellen White supports this position in statements in her writings, such as:

"The Lord Jesus came to our world, not to reveal what a God could do, but what a man could do, through faith in God's power to help in every emergency. Man is, through faith, to be a partaker in the divine nature, and to overcome every temptation wherewith he is beset."

— Ellen G. White, Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary, Volume 7, p. 929 par. 6

and:

"Notwithstanding that the sins of a guilty world were laid upon Christ, notwithstanding the humiliation of taking upon Himself our fallen nature, the voice from heaven declared Him to be the Son of the Eternal."

— Ellen White, The Desire of Ages, p. 112.

Ford does not agree with the postlapsarian claims that these statements confirm that Jesus has a post-fall human nature. Ford believes, as most Adventists do, that when Ellen White referred to "our fallen nature" she meant a human nature with the physical degeneration that was a consequence of the Fall. This is in line with other contemporary theologians who believe in Christ's perfection, yet have used the term "fallen nature" without meaning spiritual degeneration. Ellen White was very clear about the unstained spiritual nature of Jesus in her later years.[49]

Personal life

Ford married Gwen Booth with whom he had three children – Elènne Gwen Ford (born 29 October 1955)[50][51] Paul Wesley Ford (born 20 December 1957),[52] and Luke Ford (born 1966).[53] Gwen died of breast cancer in April 1970.[54] Ford married Gillian Wastell ("Gill") in November of that year.[55] Elènne works as a barrister. She also owns the "Mango Hill Farm" organic farm attraction on Queensland's Sunshine Coast, which includes farmstays, a small function centre, cooking school, etc.[56][57] It is located in Peachester, and for some years was the location of Ford's twice-a-month Gospel fellowships. Luke converted to Judaism and is a controversial internet blogger.[58]

Ford's biography, written by Milton Hook, was published in 2008.[59]

Publications

Ford has written around 30 books and numerous articles.

  • Unlocking God's Treasury, 1964
  • Discovering God's Treasures, 1972. Same book as Unlocking God's Treasury.
  • Answers on the Way, 1976
  • Daniel, 1978
  • The Abomination of Desolation in Biblical Eschatology, 1979
  • Daniel 8:14, The Day of Atonement, and the Investigative Judgment, 1980
  • Physicians of the Soul, God's Prophets Through the Ages, (Nashville, TN: Southern Publishing Association, 1980) ISBN 0-8127-0262-X. Includes Ford's views on Ellen G. White as a prophetess. It also traces Ford's childhood encounters with Adventists and the influence of Ellen G. White's books on helping him find Christ and becoming an Adventist.
  • The Forgotten Day, 1981, about the Sabbath
  • Crisis, 2 vols., 1982
  • The Adventist Crisis of Spiritual Identity, 1982
  • Coping Successfully with Stress, 1984
  • Will there be a Nuclear World Holocaust? 1984
  • How to Survive Personal Tragedy, 1984
  • A Kaleidoscope of Diamonds: The Jewelled Glories of the Cross Revealed, 2 vols, 1986
  • Worth More Than a Million, 1987
  • Daniel and the Coming King, 1996
  • Right With God Right Now: How God Saves People as Shown in the Bible's Book of Romans, 1998
  • The End of Terrorism, 2004
  • Eating Right for Type 2 Diabetes, 2004
  • God's Odds, 2006
  • For the Sake of the Gospel: Throw out the bathwater, but keep the Baby, 2008
  • Jesus Only, 2008
  • The Time is at Hand, 2009
  • The Coming Worldwide Calvary, 2009
  • The Final Roller-Coaster, 2010
  • How Long, O Lord, 2010
  • Jesus Only (abridged), 2013. Abridged by Ritchie Way.
  • For more publications see Hook, p. 394, 395

Also:

  • Inside Story (written by Gillian Ford)
  • Why Believe? Source Book

References

  1. ^ Peter H. Ballis (1999). Leaving the Adventist Ministry: A Study of the Process of Exiting. Praeger. p. 123.
  2. ^ (Selected Messages vol. 1, p. 24)
  3. ^ http://www.goodnewsunlimited.org.au/
  4. ^ Milton Hook (2008). Desmond Ford: Reformist Theologian, Gospel Revivalist (Adventist Today), 9–10
  5. ^ Hook, p11–16
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k http://www.goodnewsunlimited.org.au/ See the brief biography on the Good News Unlimited website
  7. ^ Hook, p10
  8. ^ Hook, p17, 20–24. Desmond Ford, Physicians of the Soul (Nashville, Tennessee: Southern Publishing, 1980), p99–100, 105, 108
  9. ^ Hook, p26–30
  10. ^ Hook p27, 32–36.
  11. ^ Hook, p39–43
  12. ^ a b Colin and Russell Standish, The Gathering Storm and the Storm Burst, p53
  13. ^ Hook, p46
  14. ^ a b Interview with Desmond Ford by Adrian Zytkoskee in Spectrum 11:2 (November 1980), 53–61
  15. ^ See Hook, p30–32, 39-40, 47–49. Another source is Archibald Hefren, "Life Sketch of Gwen Ford". Australasian Record (25 May 1970), p14; cited in Hook, p37
  16. ^ Hook, p50–51
  17. ^ Hook, p51–54
  18. ^ a b c d e "Ford, Desmond (1929- )" in Historical Dictionary of Seventh-day Adventists by Gary Land
  19. ^ a b c d e Reflections On Adventism: An Interview With Dr. Desmond Ford by Adventist Today Forum. Accessed 25 October 2007
  20. ^ "The Abomination of Desolation". Retrieved 15 June 2006.
  21. ^ Schwarz, Richard W. (1979). Light Bearers to the Remnant. Boise, Idaho; Oshawa, Ontario, Canada: Pacific Press and General Conference Department of Education. pp. 456–461. ASIN B0006CZ2QO.
  22. ^ Evangelicals And Adventists Together See Item # 4 in article
  23. ^ Pain and Progress: The 1960s, chapter of The Shaking of Adventism by Geoffrey J. Paxton
  24. ^ E. G. White, Signs of the Times, August 29, 1892
  25. ^ Are We Born Saved or Lost? See quote in article "Willful choice makes one a sinner (1 John 3:4; Isaiah 59:2)."
  26. ^ Original Sin in Questions On Doctrine Manuscript by Froom, Anderson
  27. ^ Original Sin
  28. ^ "Advance and Retreat: The 1970s" chapter in The Shaking of Adventism
  29. ^ "Church Growth Experiments in Secular Australia" by E. Bruce Price in Here We Stand: Evaluating New Trends in the Church edited by Samuel Koranteng-Pipim. Berrien Springs, Michigan: Adventists Affirm, 2005. ISBN 0-9677622-1-9 (publisher's page). Chapter republished in Samuele Bacchiocchi's Endime Issues Newsletter No. 130. The quote is from the official report, as reprinted in Price's chapter
  30. ^ "Christ Our Righteousness" (DjVu). Adventist Review. 153 (22). Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald: 4–7. ISSN 0161-1119. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
  31. ^ Adventisarchives.org"DjVu.
  32. ^ Adventists: Heirs of the Reformation, chapter 1 of The Shaking of Adventism by Geoffrey J. Paxton
  33. ^ L. R. Tarling, The Edges of Seventh-day Adventism (Bermagui South: Galilee, 1981), 215-16; D. Ford, "The Historical Background of the Crisis," in D. & G. Ford, The Adventist Crisis of Spiritual Identity (Newcastle, Cal.: Desmond Ford Publications, 1982), 23.
  34. ^ Ford, Desmond (November 1980). "Daniel 8:14 and the Day of Atonement" (PDF). Spectrum. 11 (2). Roseville, California: Adventist Forums: 30–36. ISSN 0890-0264. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
  35. ^ The Desire of Ages, page 819
  36. ^ Seventh-day Adventists Believe, 1988, page 315
  37. ^ a b Ostling, Richard N.; Jim Castelli; Dick Thompson (2 August 1982). "The Church of Liberal Borrowings". Time. Time Inc. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
  38. ^ Sanctuary Debate Documents
  39. ^ Trevor G Lloyd, "Sydney Adventist Forum assesses Desmond Ford and Ministry magazine against Consensus Document". Adventist Today online, 12 November 2010
  40. ^ Evangelicals And Adventist Together? See Item # 2
  41. ^ The Legacy of Ford
  42. ^ Half Adam? a sermon by Larry Kirkpatrick
  43. ^ Christ's Human Nature by Joe Crews
  44. ^ Fundamental Belief 4: Son and Fundamental Belief 10: Experience of Salvation
  45. ^ Christ's Human Nature by Ángel Manuel Rodríguez
  46. ^ What Nature Did Jesus Take? Unfallen
  47. ^ What Nature Did Jesus Take? Fallen
  48. ^ For example, John 8:29, 2 Cor 5:21, Heb 4:15, 1 Peter 1:18,19 and 1 John 3:5
  49. ^ Ellen White on the Human Nature of Christ by Denis Fortin
  50. ^ Hook, p54–55
  51. ^ Chapter of a recent Ford book. Reprinted from notes from a presentation made by Desmond Ford to the Sydney Adventist Forum meeting at the Castle Hill Adventist Church (website) in 1997
  52. ^ Hook, p63–64
  53. ^ Hook, p104
  54. ^ Hook, p104–111
  55. ^ Hook, p119–121
  56. ^ Mangofillfarm.com, Cath Fouracre, "Love at First Sight Impressions Last". Caboolture News 20 August 2008, p9; reprint
  57. ^ "A Labour of Love Bears Fruit"; reprint
  58. ^ Noah Shachtman (1 February 2001). "'The Most Hated Man in Web Porn'". Wired. Retrieved 14 June 2007.
  59. ^ Milton Hook (2008). Desmond Ford: Reformist Theologian, Gospel Revivalist (Adventist Today).

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