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Richard Ramirez

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This article is about the serial killer. For the noise musician, see Richard Ramirez (musician).
Richard Ramirez
Richard Ramirez in 2007
Born
Ricardo Leyva Muñoz Ramírez

(1960-02-29)February 29, 1960
El Paso, Texas, United States
DiedJune 7, 2013(2013-06-07) (aged 53)
Greenbrae, California, United States
Cause of deathB-cell lymphoma
Other names
  • "The Night Stalker"
  • "The Walk-In Killer"
  • "The Valley Intruder"
Height6 ft 1 in (185 cm)
Spouse
Doreen Lioy
​
​
(m. 1996; div. 2013)​
Conviction(s)
Criminal penaltyDeath
Details
Victims14
Span of crimes
April 10, 1984  –  August 24, 1985
CountryUnited States
State(s)California
Date apprehended
August 31, 1985

Ricardo Leyva Muñoz Ramírez, known as Richard Ramirez (February 29, 1960 – June 7, 2013), was an American serial killer, rapist, burglar, and Satanist. His highly publicized home invasion crime spree terrorized the residents of the greater Los Angeles area, and later the residents of the San Francisco area, from June 1984 until August 1985. Prior to his capture, Ramirez was dubbed the "Night Stalker" by the news media. He used a wide variety of weapons, including handguns, knives, a machete, a tire iron, and a hammer. Ramirez, who was an avowed Satanist, never expressed any remorse for his crimes. The judge who upheld his thirteen death sentences remarked that Ramirez's deeds exhibited "cruelty, callousness, and viciousness beyond any human understanding".[1] Ramirez died of complications from B-cell lymphoma while awaiting execution on California's death row.

Early life and education

Ramirez was born in El Paso, Texas, on February 29, 1960, the youngest of Julian and Mercedes Ramirez's five children.[2] His father, a Mexican national and former Juarez policeman who later became a laborer on the Santa Fe railroad,[3] was a hard-working man prone to fits of anger that often resulted in physical abuse.[4]

As a child, Ramirez sustained two serious head injuries. When he was two years old a dresser fell on top of him, causing a forehead laceration requiring 30 stitches to close.[5] When he was five years old he was knocked unconscious by a swing at a park,[6] after which he experienced frequent epileptic seizures that persisted into his early teens.[7]

As a 12-year-old he was strongly influenced by his older cousin, Miguel ("Mike") Ramirez,[8] a decorated U.S. Army Green Beret combat veteran who often boasted of his gruesome exploits during the Vietnam War. He shared Polaroid photos of his victims, including Vietnamese women he had raped.[9] In some of the photos Mike posed with the severed head of a woman he had abused.[10]

Ramirez, who had smoked marijuana since the age of 10, bonded with Mike over many joints and gory war stories.[11] Mike taught his young cousin some of his military skills, such as killing with stealth and surety.[12] Around this time, Ramirez began to seek escape from his father's violent temper by sleeping in a local cemetery.[12]

"Richie", as he was known to his family, was present on May 4, 1973, when Mike fatally shot his wife Jessie in the face with a .38 caliber revolver, during a domestic argument.[13] After the shooting Richie became sullen and withdrawn from his family and peers. Later that year, he moved in with his older sister Ruth and her husband Roberto, an obsessive "peeping Tom" who took Richie along on his nocturnal exploits.[14] Ramirez also began using LSD and cultivated an interest in Satanism.[15]

Mike Ramirez was found not guilty of Jessie's murder by reason of insanity (with his combat record as a mitigating factor) and was released in 1977, after four years of incarceration at the Texas State Mental Hospital. His influence over Richard continued.[16][17]

The adolescent Ramirez began to meld his burgeoning sexual fantasies with violence, including forced bondage and rape.[18] While still in school, he took a job at a local Holiday Inn, where he used his passkey to rob sleeping patrons.[19] His employment ended abruptly after a hotel guest returned to his room to find Ramirez attempting to rape his wife.[20] Though the husband beat Ramirez senseless at the scene, criminal charges were dropped when the couple, who lived out of state, declined to return to testify against him.[21]

Ramirez dropped out of Jefferson High School in the ninth grade.[22][23] At the age of 22 he moved to California, where he settled permanently.[24]

Murders

On April 10, 1984, 9-year-old Mei Leung was found murdered in a hotel basement where Ramirez was living in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco. The girl had been raped, beaten and stabbed to death, and her body was found hanging from a pipe.[25] This, his first known killing, was not initially identified as being connected to the crime spree. In 2009, Ramirez's DNA was matched to DNA obtained at the crime scene.[26] In 2016, officials disclosed evidence of a second suspect, identified through a DNA sample retrieved from the crime scene, who is believed to have been present at Leung's murder. Described as being a juvenile at the time, authorities have not publicly identified the suspect, and have not brought charges due to the lack of sufficient evidence.[27]

"Night Stalker" crimes

On June 28, 1984, 79-year-old Jennie Vincow was found brutally murdered in her apartment in Glassell Park.[28] She had been stabbed repeatedly while asleep in her bed, and her throat slashed so deeply that she was nearly decapitated.[29] Ramirez's fingerprint was found on a mesh screen he removed to gain access through an open window.[30]

On March 17, 1985, Ramirez attacked 22-year-old Maria Hernandez outside her home in Rosemead, shooting her in the face with a .22 caliber handgun after she pulled into her garage.[31] She survived when the bullet ricocheted off the keys she held in her hands as she lifted them to protect herself.[32] Inside the house was her roommate, Dayle Okazaki, 34, who heard the gunshot and ducked behind a counter when she saw Ramirez enter the kitchen. When she raised her head he shot her once in the forehead, killing her.[33]

Within an hour of the Rosemead home invasion Ramirez pulled 30-year-old Tsai-Lian "Veronica" Yu out of her car in Monterey Park, shot her twice with a .22 caliber handgun, and fled.[34] She was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital.[35] The two murders (and third attempt) in a single day attracted extensive coverage from news media, who dubbed the curly-haired attacker with bulging eyes and wide-spaced, rotting teeth "The Walk-in Killer" and "The Valley Intruder".

On March 27, 1985, Ramirez entered a home that he had burgled a year earlier in Whittier at approximately 2 a.m. and killed the sleeping Vincent Zazzara, age 64, with a gunshot to his head from a .22 caliber handgun.[36] Zazzara's wife Maxine, age 44, was awakened by her husband's murder, and Ramirez beat her and bound her hands while demanding to know where her valuables were.[37] While he ransacked the room, Maxine escaped her bonds and retrieved a shotgun from under the bed, which was not loaded.[38] An infuriated Ramirez shot her three times with the .22, then fetched a large carving knife from the kitchen.[39] Her body was mutilated with multiple stab wounds, and her eyes were gouged out and placed in a jewelry box, which Ramirez left with.[39] The autopsy determined that the mutilations were post-mortem. Ramirez left footprints from a pair of Avia sneakers in the flower beds, which the police photographed and cast. This was virtually the only evidence that the police had at the time. Bullets found at the scene were matched to those found at previous attacks, and the police realized a serial killer was at large. Vincent and Maxine's bodies were discovered by their son, Peter.[40]

On May 14, 1985, Ramirez returned to Monterey Park in search of another random victim, and entered the home of Bill Doi, 66, and his disabled wife Lillian, 56.[41] Surprising Doi in his bedroom, Ramirez shot him in the face with a .22 semi-automatic pistol as Doi went for his own handgun.[42] After beating the mortally wounded man into unconsciousness, Ramirez entered Lillian's bedroom, bound her with thumbcuffs, then raped her after he had ransacked the home for valuables.[43] Bill Doi died of his injuries while in the hospital.[44]

On the night of May 29, 1985, Ramirez drove a stolen Mercedes-Benz to Monrovia and stopped at the house of Mabel "Ma" Bell, 83, and her sister Florence "Nettie" Lang, 81.[45] Finding a hammer in the kitchen, he bludgeoned and bound the invalid Lang in her bedroom, then bound and bludgeoned Bell before using an electrical cord to electrically shock the woman.[46] After raping Lang, he used Mabel Bell's lipstick to draw a pentagram on her thigh, as well as on the walls of both bedrooms.[46] Discovered two days later, both women were found alive but comatose; Bell later died of her injuries.[47][48]

The next day, he drove the same car to Burbank and sneaked into the home of Carol Kyle, 42.[49] At gunpoint, he bound Kyle and her 11-year-old son with handcuffs and ransacked the house.[50] He released Kyle to direct him to where the family's valuables were; he then sodomized her repeatedly.[51] He also repeatedly ordered her not to look at him, telling her at one point that he would "cut her eyes out". He fled the scene after retrieving the child from the closet and binding the two together again with the handcuffs.[52]

On the night of July 2, 1985, he drove a stolen Toyota to Arcadia, randomly selecting the house of Mary Louise Cannon, 75.[53] After quietly entering the widowed grandmother's home, he found her asleep in her bedroom. He bludgeoned her into unconsciousness with a lamp and then repeatedly stabbed her using a 10-inch butcher knife from her kitchen. She was found dead at the crime scene.[53]

On July 5, 1985, Ramirez broke into a home in Sierra Madre and bludgeoned 16-year-old Whitney Bennett with a tire iron as she slept in her bedroom. After searching in vain for a knife in the kitchen, Ramirez attempted to strangle the girl with a telephone cord. He was startled to see sparks emanate from the cord, and when his victim began to breathe, he fled the house believing that Jesus Christ had intervened and saved her.[54] She survived the savage beating, which required 478 stitches to close the lacerations to her scalp.[55]

On July 7, 1985, Ramirez burglarized the home of Joyce Lucille Nelson, 61, again in Monterey Park. Finding her asleep on her living room couch, he beat her to death using his fists and kicking her head. A shoe print from an Avia sneaker was left imprinted on her face.[56]

After cruising two other neighborhoods, he returned to Monterey Park and chose the home of Sophie Dickman, 63.[57] Ramirez assaulted and handcuffed Dickman at gunpoint, attempted to rape her, and stole her jewelry; when she swore to him that he had taken everything of value, he told her to "swear on Satan".[58]

On July 20, 1985, Ramirez purchased a machete before driving a stolen Toyota to Glendale.[59] He chose the home of Lela Kneiding, 66, and her husband Maxon, 68.[60] He burst into the sleeping couple's bedroom and hacked them with the machete, then killed them with shots to the head from a .22 caliber handgun.[61] He further mutilated their bodies with the machete before robbing the house of valuables.[61]

After quickly fencing the stolen items from the Kneidling residence, he drove to Sun Valley. At approximately 4:15 am, he broke into the home of the Khovananth family.[62] He murdered Chainarong Khovananth, by shooting the sleeping man in the head with a .25 caliber handgun, killing him instantly.[63] He then repeatedly raped Somkid Khovananth, beating and sodomizing her. He bound the couple's terrified 8-year-old son before dragging Somkid around the house to reveal the location of any valuable items, which he stole. During his assault he demanded that she "swear to Satan" that she was not hiding any money from him.[64]

On August 6, 1985, Ramirez drove to Northridge and broke into the home of Chris and Virginia Peterson.[65][66] Ramirez crept into the bedroom, startled Virginia, 27, and shot her in the face with a .25 caliber semi-automatic handgun.[67] He shot Chris Peterson in the temple and attempted to flee, but Peterson fought back and avoided being hit by two more shots during the struggle before Ramirez escaped.[68] The couple survived their injuries.[69]

On August 8, 1985, Ramirez drove a stolen car to Diamond Bar and chose the home of Sakina Abowath, 27, and her husband Elyas Abowath, 31.[70] Sometime after 2:30 am he entered the house and went into the master bedroom. He instantly killed the sleeping Elyas with a shot to the head from a .25 caliber handgun.[71] He handcuffed and beat Sakina while forcing her to reveal the locations of the family's jewelry, and then brutally raped and sodomized her. He repeatedly demanded that she "swear on Satan" that she would not scream during his assaults.[72][73] When the couple's 3-year-old son entered the bedroom, Ramirez tied the child up and then continued to rape Sakina.[74] After Ramirez left the home, Sakina untied her son and sent him to the neighbors for help.[75]

Ramirez, who had been following the media coverage of his crimes, left the Los Angeles area and headed to the San Francisco Bay area.[76] On August 18, 1985, Ramirez entered the home of Peter and Barbara Pan. Peter, aged 66, was killed in his sleep with a gunshot to his temple from a .25 caliber handgun.[77] Barbara, aged 62, was beaten and sexually violated before being shot in the head and left for dead.[78] At the crime scene Ramirez used lipstick to scrawl a pentagram and the phrase, "Jack the Knife", on the bedroom wall.[78]

When it was discovered that the ballistic and shoe print evidence from the Night Stalker crime scenes matched the Pan crime scene, then-mayor of San Francisco Dianne Feinstein divulged the information in a televised press conference.[79] This leak infuriated the detectives in the case, as they knew the killer would be following media coverage and have an opportunity to destroy crucial forensic evidence.[79] Ramirez, who had indeed been watching the press, dropped his size 11 1/2 Avia sneakers over the side of the Golden Gate Bridge that night.[80] He remained in the area for a few more days before heading back to the Los Angeles area.[80]

On August 24, 1985, Ramirez traveled 76 miles south of Los Angeles, in a stolen orange Toyota, to Mission Viejo. That night, he arrived at the home of James Romero Jr, who had just returned from a family vacation to Rosarito Beach in Mexico. Romero's son, 13-year-old James Romero III happened to be awake and heard Ramirez's footsteps outside the house. Thinking that there was a prowler, James went to wake his parents and Ramirez fled the scene. James raced outside and was able to note the color, make, and style of the car, as well as a partial license plate number. Romero contacted the police with this information, believing James had chased away a thief.[81]

After this encounter, Ramirez broke into the house of Bill Carns, 30, and his fiancée, Inez Erickson, 29,[82] through a back door.[83] Ramirez entered the bedroom of the sleeping couple and awakened Carns when he cocked his .25 caliber handgun. He shot Carns three times in the head before turning his attention to Erickson. Ramirez told the terrified woman that he was "The Night Stalker" and forced her to swear she loved Satan as he beat her with his fists and bound her with neckties from the closet.[84] After stealing what he could find, he dragged Erickson to another room to rape and sodomize her. He then demanded cash and more jewelry, making Erickson "swear on Satan" there was no more. Before leaving the home Ramirez told Erickson, "Tell them the Night Stalker was here."[85] Erickson untied herself and went to a neighbor's house to get help for her severely injured fiancé. Surgeons were able to remove two of the bullets from his head, and he survived his injuries.[86]

Erickson was able to give a detailed description of the assailant to investigators,[87] and police were able to obtain a cast of Ramirez's footprint from the Romero house.[81] The stolen car was found on August 28 in Wilshire Center, Los Angeles, and police were able to obtain a single fingerprint from the rearview mirror despite Ramirez's careful efforts to wipe the car clean of his prints.[86] The print was positively identified as belonging to Richard Muñoz Ramirez, who was described as a 25-year-old drifter from Texas, with a long rap sheet that included many arrests for traffic and illegal drug violations.[88] Law enforcement officials decided to release to the media a mug shot of Ramirez from a December 12, 1984 arrest (photo, below right) for car theft, and "The Night Stalker" finally had a face.[89] At the police press conference it was announced: "We know who you are now, and soon everyone else will. There will be no place you can hide."[90]

Capture

Ramirez was 24 years old when he began his serial murders. This mugshot of Ramirez, taken on December 12, 1984, after an arrest for car theft, directly led to his apprehension.[89]

On August 30, 1985, Ramirez took a bus to Tucson, Arizona, to visit his brother, unaware that he had become the lead story in virtually every major newspaper and television news program across the state of California.[91][92] After failing to meet his brother, he returned to Los Angeles early on the morning of August 31. He walked past officers, who were staking out the bus terminal in hopes of catching the killer should he attempt to flee on an outbound bus, to a convenience store in East Los Angeles. After noticing a group of elderly Mexican women fearfully identifying him as "El Matador" (or "The Killer"), Ramirez saw his face on the covers on the newspaper rack and fled the store in a panic.[93] After running across the Santa Ana Freeway, he attempted to carjack a woman but was chased away by bystanders, who pursued him.[94] After hopping over several fences and attempting two more carjackings, he was eventually subdued by a group of residents, one of whom had struck him over the head with a metal bar in the pursuit. The group held him down, relentlessly beating him until police arrived and took Ramirez into custody.[95]

Trial and conviction

Jury selection for the case started on July 22, 1988. At his first court appearance, Ramirez raised a hand with a pentagram drawn on it and yelled "Hail Satan".[96] On August 3, 1988, the Los Angeles Times reported that some jail employees overheard Ramirez planning to shoot the prosecutor with a gun, which Ramirez intended to have smuggled into the courtroom.[97] Consequently, a metal detector was installed outside the courtroom, and intensive searches were conducted on people entering. On August 14, the trial was interrupted because one of the jurors, Phyllis Singletary, did not arrive at the courtroom. Later that day, she was found shot to death in her apartment. The jury was terrified; they could not help wondering if Ramirez had somehow directed this event from inside his prison cell, and if he could reach other jury members. However, Ramirez was not responsible for Singletary's death; she had been shot and killed by her boyfriend, who later committed suicide with the same weapon in a hotel.[98] The alternate juror who replaced Singletary was too frightened to return to her home.

On September 20, 1989, Ramirez was convicted of all charges: 13 counts of murder, 5 attempted murders, 11 sexual assaults, and 14 burglaries.[99] During the penalty phase of the trial, on November 7, 1989, he was sentenced to die in California's gas chamber.[100] He stated to reporters after the death sentences, "Big deal. Death always went with the territory. See you in Disneyland."[101]

The trial cost $1.8 million, which at the time made it the most expensive in the history of California, until surpassed by the O. J. Simpson murder case in 1994.[102]

Love object

See also: Hybristophilia

By the time of the trial, Ramirez had fans who were writing him letters and paying him visits.[103] Beginning in 1985, Doreen Lioy[104] wrote him nearly 75 letters during his incarceration. In 1988, he proposed to her, and on October 3, 1996, they were married in California's San Quentin State Prison.[105] For many years before Ramirez's death, Lioy stated that she would commit suicide when Ramirez was executed. However, Lioy and Ramirez eventually separated. By some estimates, he would have been in his early seventies before his execution was carried out, due to the lengthy California appeals process.[106]

Appeals

On August 7, 2006, his first round of state appeals ended unsuccessfully when the California Supreme Court upheld his convictions and death sentence. On September 7, 2006, the California Supreme Court denied his request for a rehearing.[107] Ramirez had appeals pending until the time of his death.[108]

Death

Ramirez died of complications secondary to B-cell lymphoma, at Marin General Hospital in Greenbrae, California, on June 7, 2013.[96][109][110] He had also been affected by "chronic substance abuse and chronic hepatitis C viral infection".[109] At 53 years old, he had been on death row for more than 23 years.

See also

References

  1. ^ Botelho, Greg (June 7, 2013). ""Night Stalker", mass murderer, dies". CNN. p. 3. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
  2. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 191.
  3. ^ "Biography". Crime and investigation network UK: AETN UK. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  4. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 186.
  5. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 195.
  6. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 200.
  7. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 202.
  8. ^ Martin, Douglas (June 7, 2013). "Richard Ramirez, the 'Night Stalker' Killer, Dies at 53". The New York Times. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  9. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 207.
  10. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 208.
  11. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 208–209.
  12. ^ a b Carlo 1996, p. 209.
  13. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 210–211.
  14. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 219–220.
  15. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 220.
  16. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 213.
  17. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 227.
  18. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 218–219.
  19. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 223–224.
  20. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 224–225.
  21. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 226.
  22. ^ Valdez, Diana Washington (2013-06-08). "El Paso relatives of 'Night Stalker' Richard Ramirez react to his death". El Paso Times. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  23. ^ "Richard Ramirez, the Night Stalker — 'A Good Boy'". Crime Library on truTV.com.
  24. ^ Foreman 1992, p. 115.
  25. ^ Van Derbeken, Jaxon (October 23, 2009). "'Night Stalker' tied to slaying of S.F. girl". San Francisco Chronicle (SFGate).
  26. ^ Vives, Ruben (October 23, 2009). "San Francisco police link 'Night Stalker' Richard Ramirez to girl's 1984 slaying". Los Angeles Times.
  27. ^ Schram, Jamie (March 14, 2016). "Mystery 'second suspect' tied to infamous Night Stalker serial killer". New York Post.
  28. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 17.
  29. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 19.
  30. ^ Freed, David (September 5, 1985). "Night Stalker Suspect Tied to '84 Killing : Fingerprint on Screen Where Glassell Park Woman, 79, Was Slain". LA Times.
  31. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 26–27.
  32. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 27.
  33. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 27–28.
  34. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 30.
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  37. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 50.
  38. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 50–51.
  39. ^ a b Carlo 1996, p. 51.
  40. ^ Anthony Bruno. "The Night Stalker: Serial Killer Richard Ramirez ("If You Look At Me Again, I'll Shoot You!")". Murderpedia: Crime Library. Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  41. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 62.
  42. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 63–64.
  43. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 64.
  44. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 67.
  45. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 69–70.
  46. ^ a b Carlo 1996, p. 71.
  47. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 78–79.
  48. ^ "Night Stalker serial killer who terrorized California with a spree of satanic murders dies in hospital after 24 years on death row". Daily Mail. AP. July 7, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  49. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 72.
  50. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 73.
  51. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 74-75.
  52. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 76.
  53. ^ a b Carlo 1996, pp. 90–91.
  54. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 95–98.
  55. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 101.
  56. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 105–106.
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  65. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 513.
  66. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 135.
  67. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 136.
  68. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 136–137.
  69. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 137.
  70. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 139–140.
  71. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 140–141.
  72. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 141–142.
  73. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 147.
  74. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 143.
  75. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 145.
  76. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 153.
  77. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 154–155.
  78. ^ a b Carlo 1996, p. 155.
  79. ^ a b Carlo 1996, p. 157.
  80. ^ a b Carlo 1996, p. 158.
  81. ^ a b Buchanan, Paul (May 15, 2017). "How a 13-Year-Old Boy Brought Down L.A.'s Most Notorious Serial Killer". Los Angeles (magazine). Retrieved May 26, 2017.
  82. ^ Lindgren, Kristina (August 25, 1986). "Shattered Dreams: 'Night Stalker' Victim Fights to Regain His Memory, Rebuild Life a Year After Attack". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
  83. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 160–162.
  84. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 162–163.
  85. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 163.
  86. ^ a b Carlo 1996, p. 164.
  87. ^ Bruno, Anthony. "The Night Stalker: Serial Killer Richard Ramirez ( "I Love Satan")". Crime Library. Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
  88. ^ "Crime File – Famous criminal: Richard Ramirez: The Night Stalker". Crime and investigation network UK: AETN UK. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  89. ^ a b Carlo 1996, p. 172.
  90. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 173.
  91. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 174.
  92. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 245.
  93. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 246–247.
  94. ^ Carlo 1996, pp. 247–249.
  95. ^ Carlo 1996, p. 252.
  96. ^ a b Deutsch, Linda; Don Thompson (July 7, 2013). "Calif. serial killer Richard Ramirez dies". The Big Story. The Associated Press. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
  97. ^ Chen, Edwin (August 3, 1988). "Night Stalker Prosecutor Tells of Death Threat". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  98. ^ Ramsland, Katherine, PhD. "The Night Stalker: Serial Killer Richard Ramirez (The Los Angeles Trial)". Crime Library. Turner Entertainment Networks. Retrieved May 21, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  99. ^ Chen, Edwin (September 21, 1989). "Ramirez Guilty on All Night Stalker Murder Charges". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  100. ^ Charles Montaldo. "The End of the Night Stalker – Richard Ramirez" (Article). About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  101. ^ "US serial killer Richard Ramirez dies in hospital". The Guardian. Associated Press. 2013-06-07. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  102. ^ Greg Botelho (June 9, 2013). "Serial killer, rapist Richard Ramirez -- known as 'Night Stalker' -- dead at 53". CNN. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  103. ^ Peter Fimrite, Michael Taylor (March 27, 2005). "No shortage of women who dream of snaring a husband on Death Row". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications Inc. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  104. ^ "The Night Stalker's wife". CNN. Cable News Network, Inc. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  105. ^ Anthony Bruno. "The Night Stalker: "Satanists Don't Wear Gold" (The marriage of Richard Ramirez and Doreen Lioy)". Crime Library. Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  106. ^ Barnes, Ed (March 22, 2010). "In California, Killers Sit on 'Symbolic' Death Row for Decades, Costing Billions". Fox News.
  107. ^ "Supreme Court Minutes Wednesday, September 27, 2006, San Francisco, California" (PDF).
  108. ^ "California's 'Night Stalker' serial killer Richard Ramirez dies after decades on death row". The Washington Post. June 7, 2013.
  109. ^ a b Winton, Richard (June 17, 2013). "'Night Stalker' Richard Ramirez died of complications from lymphoma". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  110. ^ Lloyd, Jonathan (June 7, 2013). ""Night Stalker" Richard Ramirez Dies". 4 NBC Southern California. Retrieved 2013-06-07.

Bibliography

  • Carlo, Philip (1996). The Night Stalker: The Life and Crimes of Richard Ramirez (Paperback ed.). New York, New York: Kensington Publishing Corp. ISBN 978-0-786-00379-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Foreman, Laura; The editors of Time-Life Books (1992). Serial Killers – True Crime (Hardcover ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books. ISBN 978-0-7835-0001-0. {{cite book}}: |last2= has generic name (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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