Nephrozoa

Nephrozoa; Temporal range: Ediacaran - Present, 555–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Diversity of nephrozoans
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Clade:	Bilateria
Clade:	Nephrozoa; Jondelius et al. , 2002
Phyla
	Superphylum Deuterostomia Chordata; "Ambulacraria" Hemichordata; Echinodermata; ; ; Protostomia (unranked) Superphylum Ecdysozoa Kinorhyncha; Loricifera; Priapulida; Nematoda; Nematomorpha; Onychophora; Tardigrada; Arthropoda; ; Spiralia (unranked) Superphylum Platyzoa Platyhelminthes; Gastrotricha; Rotifera; Acanthocephala; Gnathostomulida; Micrognathozoa; Cycliophora; ; Superphylum Lophotrochozoa Hyolitha †; Nemertea; Phoronida; Bryozoa; Entoprocta; Brachiopoda; Mollusca; Annelida; ; ; Chaetognatha Sagittoidea Aphragmophora; Phragmophora; ; ; ;
Synonyms
	Eubilateria Peter Ax, 1987

Nephrozoa is a major clade of bilaterians, divided into the protostomes and the deuterostomes, containing almost all animal phyla and over a million extant species. Its sister clade is the Xenacoelomorpha. The coelom, the excretory organs, and nerve cords developed in the Nephrozoa.^[1]

Chordates (which include all the vertebrates) are deuterostomes.^[2] It seems very likely that the 555 million year old Kimberella was a member of the protostomes.^[3]^[4] If so, this means that the protostome and deuterostome lineages must have split some time before Kimberella appeared — at least 558 million years ago, and hence well before the start of the Cambrian 538.8 million years ago.^[2]

Notes

^ Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016). "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature. 530 (7588): 89–93. doi:10.1038/nature16520.
^ ^a ^b Erwin, Douglas H.; Eric H. Davidson (1 July 2002). "The last common bilaterian ancestor". Development. 129 (13): 3021–3032. PMID 12070079.
^ Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, eds. (2007), The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, vol. 286, London: Geological Society, ISBN 978-1-86239-233-5, OCLC 156823511
^ Butterfield, N.J. (December 2006). "Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale". BioEssays. 28 (12): 1161–6. doi:10.1002/bies.20507. PMID 17120226.

References

Data related to Nephrozoa at Wikispecies

Balavoine, G. (17 April 1998). "EVOLUTION: One or Three Cambrian Radiations?" (PDF). Science. 280 (5362): 397–398. doi:10.1126/science.280.5362.397. ISSN 0036-8075. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Bourlat, S; Nielsen, C; Economou, A; Telford, M (October 2008). "Testing the new animal phylogeny: A phylum level molecular analysis of the animal kingdom". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.008. ISSN 1055-7903.
Jondelius, Ulf; Ruiz-Trillo, Inaki; Baguna, Jaume; Riutort, Marta (April 2002). "The Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians and not members of the Platyhelminthes". Zoologica Scripta. 31 (2): 201–215. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00090.x. ISSN 0300-3256.

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[1] Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016). "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature. 530 (7588): 89–93. doi:10.1038/nature16520.

[Erwin20002-2] Erwin, Douglas H.; Eric H. Davidson (1 July 2002). "The last common bilaterian ancestor". Development. 129 (13): 3021–3032. PMID 12070079.

[Fedonkin2007-3] Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, eds. (2007), The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, vol. 286, London: Geological Society, ISBN 978-1-86239-233-5, OCLC 156823511

[Butterfield2006-4] Butterfield, N.J. (December 2006). "Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale". BioEssays. 28 (12): 1161–6. doi:10.1002/bies.20507. PMID 17120226.

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