Blocking of Wikipedia by the People's Republic of China

The blocking of Wikipedia in mainland China is a series of denials of access, which the People's Republic of China's government and internet service providers (ISPs) located in mainland China have imposed to prevent access to Wikipedia and Wikimedia sites. These function in a similar way to a content filter. It is mainly done by using its six billion US dollars worth of Golden Shield Project.

The PRC government and respective ISPs have adopted a practice of filtering access to Internet sites and content by users in mainland China. As with internet censorship in the PRC in general, the territories of Hong Kong and Macau, which have separate legal systems, are not affected. Wikimedia sites have been blocked at least three times in their history, and as is with all blocks in the PRC, there was no warning beforehand or explanations afterwards. Technically adept Internet users in China are currently able to circumvent the block fairly easily including the 29 Chinese Wikipedia moderators from mainland China.

In April 2006, Baidu announced its intention to open a Wiki-like Chinese language online encyclopedia, based in mainland China as an additional service, called "Baidu Baike".

Reasons for blocking

China's strict censorship laws block information that it deems a threat. For example, when the UK's Financial Times newspaper interviewed a Chinese style wikipedia - Baidu's chief Robin Li, he said that "it has barred users from including any "malicious evaluation of the current national system", any "attack on government institutions" or "promotion of a dispirited or negative view of life."

First block

The first block lasted between June 2 and June 21, 2004. It began when access to the Chinese Wikipedia from Beijing was blocked on the 15th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

Possibly related to this occurrence, on May 31 an article from the IDG News Service was published, discussing the Chinese Wikipedia's treatment of the protests. The Chinese Wikipedia also has articles on various controversial topics in China, such as Taiwanese independence, written by contributors from Taiwan and elsewhere, Falun Gong, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, and so on. A few days after the initial block of Chinese Wikipedia, all Wikimedia sites were blocked in mainland China.

In response to the blocks, two sysops on the Chinese Wikipedia, Shizhao and Mountain, contacted their respective ISPs, and confirmed that the Wikimedia sites had been blocked. Shizhao's ISP, China Science & Technology Net, expressed willingness to submit an appeal to lift the block. Shizhao and Mountain then drafted an appeal, which was submitted on June 15, 2004. The appeal stated that Wikipedia was an encyclopedia that does not serve any political bias, strives to be neutral, and provides an avenue for foreigners to understand China and Chinese culture. The appeal also compared the Chinese Wikipedia's coverage of controversial topics to coverage in existing encyclopedias in China, and suggested that the blocking of Wikipedia would prevent sysops from removing undesirable content. All the Wikimedia sites were unblocked between June 17 and June 21, 2004. One month later, the first Chinese Wikipedian moderators' meeting was held in the capital city - Beijing on July 25, 2004.

There was no explanation for the block, either before or after its occurrence. The block had an effect on the vitality of Chinese Wikipedia, which suffered sharp dips in various indicators such as the number of new users, the number of new articles, and the number of edits. In some cases, it took anywhere from 6 to 12 months in order for these to return to their levels of May 2004.

Second block

The second and less serious block lasted between September 23 and September 27, 2004. During this 4-day period, access to Wikipedia was erratic or unavailable to some users in mainland China — this block was not comprehensive and some users in mainland China were never affected. The exact reason for the block was unknown, but it may have been linked with the closing down of YTHT BBS, a popular Peking University-based BBS that was shut down a few weeks earlier for hosting overtly radical political discussions. Former users from the BBS had arrived en masse on Chinese Wikipedia. Chinese Wikipedians once again prepared a written appeal to regional ISPs, but the block was lifted before the appeal was actually sent out.

Third block

The third and current block began on 19 October 2005. Nearly a year later on 10 October 2006, the block was partially lifted.

In response to the block, the main page of the Chinese Wikipedia has added a message at the top directing any mainland China user who succeeds in getting through to a special status page. Dozens of editors from across mainland China have reported on the status page that they can only access Wikipedia using proxy servers.

On 21 October 2005, Shizhao once again submitted an appeal to his ISP, and stated, "If nothing goes wrong, the block should be lifted within one week." On October 24, Shizhao posted, "The block will be lifted by Wednesday [October 26]. According to procedure (the details of which are unknown), after the appeal is submitted, a reply will come within 3 business days, and my appeal has already been submitted by the ISP on Friday. My ISP has said that so far they haven't encountered a case where an appeal has failed. This should be good news, but it's still impossible to know the reason for the block."

The appeal submitted strove to be closer to the position of the Chinese government than the first appeal submitted in 2004. It stated, "... [t]he most effective approach is not to reject [this project] outside our borders, but to participate in it actively. If we block Wikipedia, we lose the opportunity to speak with the world with a Chinese voice, and allow forces such as evil cults and Taiwanese independence [to] control the development of content in the project, thus presenting to the world a twisted [image of] China; as users, we lose a channel through which we could access knowledge, a channel whose importance is rising constantly; such an act [i.e. blocking] is no different from cutting away our own voice and tongue, or shutting our own eyes and ears; it is closing the doors to our country in the age of the internet." (~Original text~)

In the morning of 31 October 2005, Chinese Standard Time (UTC +8), Wikipedians from all parts of mainland China began to report that they could access Wikipedia without using proxies. It was initially thought that the block had indeed been lifted, but later on the apparent "unblocking" was linked to the deployment of an LVS load balancer in front of the squid in the Korean server cluster, which changed the IP address of Wikimedia sites for users in China, thus circumventing the block. In any case, within a few hours normal access to Wikipedia was once again impossible.

There has been some discussion that a self-censored version could be made available to users in mainland China, and supporters argue that 99% of Wikipedia would remain intact while many others completely disagree.

Chinese Wikipedia Self-censorship

Not only China blocked wikipedia in large, International Herald Tribune and New York Times also reported that the Chinese Wikipedia appears to be censored. For one, International Herald Tribune Asia-Pacific published an article in November, 2006 entitled "Chinese-language Wikipedia presents different view of history" that compared the English and Chinese versions on a few topics.

on sensitive questions of China's modern history or on hot-button issues, the Chinese version diverges so dramatically from its English counterpart that it sometimes reads as if it were approved by the censors themselves.

For another, the New York Times published another report On December 1, 2006 by Howard W. French, entitled "Wikipedia lays bare two versions of China's past."

Some say the object should be to spread reliable information as widely as possible, and that, in any case, self-censorship is pointless because the government still frequently blocks access to Wikipedia for most Chinese Internet users. 'There is a lot of confusion about whether they should obey the neutral point of view or offer some compromises to the government,' said Isaac Mao, a well-known Chinese blogger and user of the encyclopedia. 'To the local Wikipedians, the first objective is to make it well known among Chinese, to get people to understand the principles of Wikipedia step by step, and not to get the thing blocked by the government.

And "the articles are already pre-censored by party-leaning moderators and users." Both articles conclude the difference between the Chinese article and the English one on the sample topic is the result of cencorship, which includes blocking Wikipedia.

November 30th, 2006, CBS published a similar online article titled: Is Wikipedia China Really Wikipedia?

Reactions to the blocking

Chinese Wikipedians have expressed fears about the detrimental effects that a permanent ban would have. First of all, the block deprives a useful resource from the majority of Chinese speakers in the world. Moreover, since mainland Chinese form a significant portion of the Chinese Wikipedia community (46% of all users in March 2005), a long-term block could severely stunt the growth of Wikipedia similar to the June 2004 block. Finally, as the presence of contributors from multiple communities and viewpoints has helped in ensuring neutrality in some controversial topics (e.g. Taiwanese independence), the sudden removal of one community could exacerbate systemic bias on the Chinese Wikipedia.

There has been much speculation over the cause of the block. Possible reasons offered include controversial articles in Wikipedia itself and recent controversial events in the news that Wikipedia has covered, though as of now none of these are confirmed.

Unblocking and reblocking

Beginning from October 10, 2006, conflicting reports came in from different parts of China about a possible lifting of the block. The first report of a change was by a blogger in Liuzhou, Guangxi, who posted his finding to an online forum at about 6 pm on October 10, 2006, Beijing Time. However, access appears to differ depending on location and internet service provider as a result of more fine-grained blocking. According to initial reports by bloggers within China, China Netcom residential DSL in Beijing allowed access to English Wikipedia but denied access to Chinese Wikipedia. Meanwhile China Telecom DSL in Shanghai allowed access to both, as did CETC-CHINACOMM Communications Co. Ltd in Beijing. Various providers in Anhui blocked access to Chinese Wikipedia but not to the English version. Posters to the Slashdot online forum who stated that they were in Beijing further noted that while they could access the English language version of the article on Tiananmen Square, which includes a brief description of the 1989 protests, the article Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 remained blocked. There was a similar report that the article democracy is available on English Wikipedia, while Falun Gong is unavailable. In contrast, Reporters Without Borders stated on 12 October that English Wikipedia appeared entirely unblocked, including the article on the 1989 protests, but that the Chinese language version was unaccessible for most Chinese. The advocacy organization criticized the government shift as meant "to appease its critics abroad while continuing to censor the information available to its own population," while congratulating "those in charge of Wikipedia, especially Jimmy Wales". Wikipedia users state that other language editions, including German, Japanese, and Korean are available at this time.

On 10 November 2006, blogger Andrew Lih reported that Chinese Wikipedia appeared to have been fully unblocked. Lih confirmed the full unblocking several days later and offered a partial analysis of the effects based on the rate of new account creation on Chinese Wikipedia. Prior to the unblocking, 300-400 new accounts were created on Chinese Wikipedia daily. In the four days since the unblocking, the rate of new registrations more than tripled to over 1,200 daily, jumping into the second fastest growing Wikipedia after the English version. Similarly, there were 75% more articles created in the week ending on November 13th than during the week before. Coming on the same weekend that Chinese Wikipedia passed the 100,000 article mark, Lih predicted that the second 100,000 would come quickly but that the existing body of Chinese Wikipedia users would have their hands full teaching the new users and teaching them basic Wikipedia policies and norms.

On 16 November, 2006, Reuters news agency reported the main page of the Chinese language version of Wikipedia (zh.wikipedia.org) could be displayed and searches for apolitical terms turned up results, but some subjects remained blocked, such as "June 4". However, subsequent reports suggested that both the Chinese and English versions had been reblocked the next day on 17 November. It is not yet confirmable if the unblocking that occurred in October and November 2006 was due to technical problems of the "Golden Shield Project" or for any other reasons.

Moderators working under blockage

While the majority of the Chinese people are blocked from using the Wikipedia, mainland China actually has the largest number of moderators for the Chinese Wikipedia, total of 29.

The capital city - Beijing actually has 6, Shanghai has 6, Guangdong province has 6, Hunan province has 1, Jiangsu province has 3, Shanxi province has 1, Shandong province has 1, Zhejiang province has 1, Heilongjiang province has 1, Hubei has 1, other areas have 2.

The moderators in several Chinese cities are able to openly advertise for meetings and have met in person.

Psiphon software

Psiphon software will allow Internet-blocked countries such as China to access Wikipedia. "We're aiming at giving people access to sites like Wikipedia," a free, user-maintained online encyclopedia, and other information and news sources, Michael Hull, Psiphon's lead engineer, told CBC News Online.

See also

• Chinese Wikipedia
• Internet censorship in mainland China
• Golden Shield Project
• Politics of China
• Human rights in the People's Republic of China
• Baidu Baike

External links

• Chinese Wikipedia

News reports

• Baidu - the Chinese Wikipedia
• China 'unblocks' Wikipedia site (BBC News)
• Reference Tool On Web Finds Fans, Censors (Washington Post Foreign Service)
• Full Text: Cui Objects to Wikipedia Shutdown (translated by The Washington Post Beijing Bureau)
• Full Text: Shi's Defense of Wikipedia (translated by The Washington Post Beijing Bureau)
• China and Internet Censorship (CNN.com)
• Authorities block access to online encyclopaedia (International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX))