List of lay Catholic scientists
Many Catholics have made significant contributions to the development of science and mathematics from the Middle Ages to today. These scientists include Galileo Galilei,[1] René Descartes,[2] Louis Pasteur,[3] Blaise Pascal, André-Marie Ampère, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, Pierre de Fermat, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Alessandro Volta,[4] Augustin-Louis Cauchy, Pierre Duhem, Jean-Baptiste Dumas, Alois Alzheimer, Georgius Agricola, and Christian Doppler.
For additional Catholic scientists, see the List of Catholic churchmen-scientists.
Catholic scientists
- Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799) – mathematician who wrote on differential and integral calculus
- Georgius Agricola (1494–1555) – father of mineralogy[5]
- Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605) – father of natural history
- Rudolf Allers (1883–1963) – Austrian psychiatrist; the only Catholic member of Sigmund Freud's first group, later a critic of Freudian psychoanalysis
- Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915) – credited with identifying the first published case of presenile dementia, which is now known as Alzheimer's disease[6]
- André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836) – one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism
- Leopold Auenbrugger (1722–1809) – first to use percussion as a diagnostic technique in medicine
- Adrien Auzout (1622–1691) – astronomer who contributed to the development of the telescopic micrometer
- Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856) – Italian scientist noted for contributions to molecular theory and Avogadro's Law[7]
- Francisco J. Ayala (1934–) – Spanish-American biologist and philosopher at the University of California, Irvine[8][9]
- Jacques Babinet (1794–1872) – French physicist, mathematician, and astronomer who is best known for his contributions to optics [10]
- Stephen M. Barr (1953–) – professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Delaware and a member of its Bartol Research Institute
- Joachim Barrande (1799–1883) – French geologist and paleontologist who studied fossils from the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of Bohemia [11]
- Laura Bassi (1711–1778) – physicist at the University of Bologna and Chair in experimental physics at the Bologna Institute of Sciences, the first woman to be offered a professorship at a European university
- Antoine César Becquerel (1788–1878) – pioneer in the study of electric and luminescent phenomena
- Henri Becquerel (1852–1908) – awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his co-discovery of radioactivity
- Carlo Beenakker (1960–) – professor at Leiden University and leader of the university's mesoscopic physics group, established in 1992.
- Giovanni Battista Belzoni (1778–1823) – prolific Italian explorer and pioneer archaeologist of Egyptian antiquities[12]
- Pierre-Joseph van Beneden (1809–1894) – Belgian zoologist and paleontologist who established one of the world's first marine laboratories and aquariums[13]
- Claude Bernard (1813–1878) – physiologist who helped to apply scientific methodology to medicine
- Jacques Philippe Marie Binet (1786–1856) – mathematician known for Binet's formula and his contributions to number theory
- Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774–1862) – physicist who established the reality of meteorites and studied polarization of light
- John Birmingham (astronomer) (1816–1884) – Irish astronomer who discovered the recurrent nova T Coronae Borealis and revised and extended Schjellerup's Catalogue of Red Stars.[14]
- Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1777–1850) – zoologist and anatomist who coined the term paleontology and described several new species of reptiles[15]
- Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679) – often referred to as the father of modern biomechanics
- Raoul Bott (1923–2005) – mathematician known for numerous basic contributions to geometry in its broad sense[16][17]
- Marcella Boveri (1863–1950) – biologist and first woman to graduate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Theodor Boveri (1862–1915) – first to hypothesize the cellular processes that cause cancer
- Louis Braille (1809–1852) – inventor of the Braille reading and writing system
- Edouard Branly (1844–1940) – inventor and physicist known for his involvement in wireless telegraphy and his invention of the Branly coherer
- James Britten (1846–1924) – botanist, member of the Catholic Truth Society and Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great[18]
- Hermann Brück (1905–2000) – Astronomer Royal for Scotland from 1957–1975; honored by Pope John Paul II
- Albert Brudzewski (c. 1445–c.1497) – first to state that the Moon moves in an ellipse
- Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707–1788) – one of the pioneers of natural history, especially through his monumental Histoire Naturelle
- Nicola Cabibbo (1935–2010) – Italian physicist, discoverer of the universality of weak interactions (Cabibbo angle), President of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences from 1993 until his death
- Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) – awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for pioneering vascular suturing techniques
- John Casey (mathematician) (1820–1891) – Irish geometer known for Casey's theorem
- Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625–1712) – first to observe four of Saturn's moons and the co-discoverer of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter
- Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789–1857) – mathematician who was an early pioneer in analysis
- Andrea Cesalpino (c.1525–1603) – botanist who also theorized on the circulation of blood
- Jean-François Champollion (1790–1832) – published the first translation of the Rosetta Stone
- Michel Chasles (1793–1880) – mathematician who elaborated on the theory of modern projective geometry and was awarded the Copley Medal
- Guy de Chauliac (c.1300–1368) – most eminent surgeon of the Middle Ages
- Chien-jen Chen (1951–) – Taiwanese epidemiologist researching hepatitis B, liver cancer risk of people with hepatitis B, link of arsenic to blackfoot disease, etc.[19]
- Michel Eugène Chevreul (1786–1889) – Considered one of the major figures in the early development of organic chemistry;[20] stated "Those who know me also know that born a Catholic, the son of Christian parents, I live and I mean to die a Catholic"[21]
- Albert Claude (1899–1983) – awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his contributions to cytology
- Mateo Realdo Colombo (1516–1559) – discovered the pulmonary circuit,[22] which paved the way for Harvey's discovery of circulation
- Arthur W. Conway (1876–1950) – remembered for his application of biquaternion algebra to the special theory of relativity
- E. J. Conway (1894–1968) – Irish biochemist known for works pertaining to electrolyte physiology and analytical chemistry[23]
- Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896–1984) – shared the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with his wife for their discovery of the Cori cycle
- Gerty Cori (1896–1957) – biochemist who was the first American woman win a Nobel Prize in science (1947)[24]
- Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis (1792–1843) – formulated laws regarding rotating systems, which later became known as the Corialis effect
- Domenico Cotugno (1736–1822) – Italian anatomist who discovered the nasopalatine nerve, demonstrated the existence of the labyrinthine fluid, and formulated a theory of resonance and hearing, among other important contributions
- Maurice Couette (1858–1943) – best known for his contributions to rheology and the theory of fluid flow; appointed a Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pope Pius XI in 1925[25]
- Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736–1806) – physicist known for developing Coulomb's law
- Clyde Cowan (1919–1974) – co-discoverer of the neutrino
- Jean Cruveilhier (1791–1874) – made important contributions to the study of the nervous system and was the first to describe the lesions associated with multiple sclerosis; originally planned to enter the priesthood
- Endre Czeizel (1935–2015) – Discovered that folic acid prevents or reduces the formation of more serious developmental disorders, such as neural tube defects like spina bifida
- Gabriel Auguste Daubrée (1814–1896) – pioneer in the application of experimental methods to the study of diverse geologic phenomena[26]
- Peter Debye (1884–1966) – Awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936 "for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases."[27]
- Charles Enrique Dent (1911–1976) – British biochemist who defined new amino-acid diseases such as various forms of Fanconi syndrome, Hartnup disease, argininosuccinic aciduria and homocystinuria[28]
- René Descartes (1596–1650) – father of modern philosophy and analytic geometry
- César-Mansuète Despretz (1791–1863) – chemist and physicist who investigated latent heat, the elasticity of vapors, the compressibility of liquids, and the density of gases[29]
- Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805–1859) – mathematician who contributed to number theory and was one of the first to give the modern formal definition of a function
- Peter Dodson (1946–) – American paleontologist at the University of Pennsylvania; co-editor of The Dinosauria, widely considered the definitive scholarly reference on dinosaurs
- Ignacy Domeyko (1802–1889) – Polish scientist who made major contributions to the study of Chile's geography, geology, and mineralogy
- Christian Doppler (1803–1853) – Austrian physicist and mathematician who enunciated the Doppler effect
- Pierre Duhem (1861–1916) – historian of science who made important contributions to hydrodynamics, elasticity, and thermodynamics
- Félix Dujardin (1801–1860) – biologist remembered for his research on protozoans and other invertebrates; became a devout Catholic later in life and was known to read The Imitation of Christ[30]
- Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1800–1884) – chemist who established new values for the atomic mass of thirty elements
- André Dumont (1809–1857) – Belgian geologist who prepared the first geological map of Belgium and named many of the subdivisions of the Cretaceous and Tertiary[31]
- Charles Dupin (1784–1873) – mathematician who discovered the Dupin cyclide and the Dupin indicatrix[32]
- John Eccles (1903–1997) – awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on the synapse[33]
- Stephan Endlicher (1804–1849) – botanist who formulated a major system of plant classification
- Bartolomeo Eustachi (c.1500–1574) – one of the founders of human anatomy
- Jean-Henri Fabre (1823–1915) – naturalist, entomologist, and science writer; "The Homer of Insects"
- Hieronymus Fabricius (1537–1619) – father of embryology
- Gabriele Falloppio (1523–1562) – pioneering Italian anatomist who studied the human ear and reproductive organs
- Mary Celine Fasenmyer (1906–1996) – religious sister and mathematician, founder of Sister Celine's polynomials
- Hervé Faye (1814–1902) – astronomer whose discovery of the periodic comet 4P/Faye won him the 1844 Lalande Prize and membership in the French Academy of Sciences
- Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665) – number theorist who contributed to the early development of calculus
- Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) – awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his work in induced radioactivity
- Jean Fernel (1497–1558) – physician who introduced the term physiology
- Fibonacci (c.1170–c.1250) – popularized Hindu-Arabic numerals in Europe and discovered the Fibonacci sequence
- Hippolyte Fizeau (1819–1896) – first person to determine experimentally the velocity of light[34]
- Lawrence Flick (1856–1938) – American physician who pioneered research and treatment of tuberculosis
- Philip G. Fothergill FRSE (1908-1967) – British biologist and historian of science
- Léon Foucault (1819–1868) – invented the Foucault pendulum to measure the effect of the earth's rotation
- Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787–1826) – discovered Fraunhofer lines in the sun's spectrum
- Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827) – made significant contributions to the theory of wave optics
- Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs (1774–1856) – confirmed the stoichiometric laws and observed isomorphism and the cation exchange of zeolites[35]
- Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) – father of modern science[36]
- Luigi Galvani (1737–1798) – formulated the theory of animal electricity
- Dorothy Annie Elizabeth Garrod (1892–1968) – archaeologist specialised in the Palaeolithic period.
- William Gascoigne (1610–1644) – developed the first micrometer
- Riccardo Giacconi (1931–) – Nobel Prize-winning astrophysicist who laid the foundations of X-ray astronomy
- Paula González (1932–) – religious sister and professor of biology
- Peter Grünberg (1939–2018) – German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate[37]
- Johannes Gutenberg (c.1398–1468) – inventor of the printing press
- Paul Guthnick (1879–1947) – Astronomer who pioneered the application of photoelectric methods to the measurement of the brightness of celestial bodies[38]
- Samuel Stehman Haldeman (1812–1880) – American naturalist and convert to Catholicism who researched fresh-water mollusks, the human voice, Amerindian dialects, and the organs of sound of insects
- Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy (1783–1875) – one of the pioneers of modern geology[39]
- Eduard Heis (1806–1877) – astronomer who contributed the first true delineation of the Milky Way
- Jan Baptist van Helmont (1579–1644) – founder of pneumatic chemistry
- Victor Franz Hess (1883-1964) - an Austrian-American physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics, who discovered cosmic rays.
- George de Hevesy (1885–1966) – Hungarian radiochemist and Nobel laureate[40]
- Charles Hermite (1822–1901) – mathematician who did research on number theory, quadratic forms, elliptic functions, and algebra
- John Philip Holland (1840–1914) – developed the first submarine to be formally commissioned by the US Navy
- Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748–1836) – first to propose a natural classification of flowering plants
- Mary Kenneth Keller (c.1914–1985) – Sister of Charity and first American woman to earn a PhD in computer science, helped develop BASIC
- Annie Chambers Ketchum (1824–1904) – convert to Catholicism and botanist who published Botany for academies and colleges: consisting of plant development and structure from seaweed to clematis
- Brian Kobilka (1955–) – American Nobel Prize winning professor who teaches at Stanford University School of Medicine[41][42]
- Karl Kreil (1798–1862) – meteorologist and astronomer who conducted important studies of terrestrial magnetism [43]
- Stephanie Kwolek (1923–2014) – chemist who developed Kevlar at DuPont in 1965
- René Laennec (1781–1826) – physician who invented the stethoscope
- Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736–1813) – mathematician and astronomer known for Lagrangian points and Lagrangian mechanics
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) – French naturalist, biologist and academic whose theories on evolution preceded those of Darwin
- Johann von Lamont (1805–1879) – astronomer and physicist who studied the magnetism of the Earth and was the first to calculate the mass of Uranus
- Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) – Nobel Prize winner who identified and classified the human blood types
- Pierre André Latreille (1762–1833) – pioneer in entomology
- Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) – father of modern chemistry[44]
- Claude-Nicolas Le Cat (1700–1768) – invented or perfected several instruments for lithotomy and was one of the first adherents of a mechanistic approach to physiology[45]
- Xavier Le Pichon (1937– ) – French geophysicist; known for his comprehensive model of plate tectonics, helping create the field of plate tectonics
- Jérôme Lejeune (1926–1994) – pediatrician and geneticist, best known for his discovery of the link of diseases to chromosome abnormalities
- Jacques Jean Lhermitte (1877–1959) – French neurologist and neuropsychiatrist; clinical director at the Salpêtrière Hospital
- Karl August Lossen (1841–1893) – geologist who mapped and described the Harz Mountains[46]
- Jonathan Lunine (1959–) – planetary scientist at the forefront of research into planet formation, evolution, and habitability; serves as vice-president of the Society of Catholic Scientists[47]
- William James MacNeven (1763–1841) – Irish-American physician and chemist who was an early proponent of atomic theory[48]
- Juan Martín Maldacena (1968–) – Argentine theoretical physicist, first Carl P. Feinberg Professor of Theoretical Physics in the Institute for Advanced Study's School of Natural Sciences, and first proponent of AdS/CFT correspondence[49]
- Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694) – father of comparative physiology[50]
- Étienne-Louis Malus (1775–1812) – discovered the polarization of light
- Anna Morandi Manzolini (1714–1774) – anatomist and anatomical wax artist who lectured at the University of Bologna
- Giovanni Manzolini (1700–1755) – anatomical wax artist and Professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna
- Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) – father of wireless technology and radio transmission
- Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658–1730) – one of the founders of modern oceanography[51]
- Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759) – known for the Maupertuis principle and for being the first president of the Berlin Academy of Science
- Michele Mercati (1541–1593) – one of the first to recognize prehistoric stone tools as man-made
- Charles W. Misner (1932–) – American cosmologist dedicated to the study of general relativity
- Kenneth R. Miller (1948–) – American cell biologist and molecular biologist who teaches at Brown University[52]
- Mario J. Molina (1943–) – Mexican chemist, one of the precursors to the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole (1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
- Peter Joseph Moloney (1891–1989) – Canadian immunologist and pioneering vaccine researcher, who worked out the first large-scale purification of insulin in 1922; International Gairdner Award, 1967)[53]
- Gaspard Monge (1746–1818) – father of descriptive geometry
- John J. Montgomery (1858–1911) – American physicist and inventor of gliders and aerodynamics
- Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682–1771) – father of modern anatomical pathology[54]
- Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858) – founder of modern physiology[55]
- Joseph Murray (1919–2012) – Nobel Prize in Medicine laureate[56]
- John von Neumann (1903–1957) – Hungarian-born American mathematician and polymath[57] who converted to Catholicism[58]
- Charles Nicolle (1866–1936) – French bacteriologist who received the 1928 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his identification of lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus; came back to the Catholic Church at the end of his life
- Martin Nowak (1965–) – evolutionary theorist and Director of the Program for Evolutionary Dynamics at Harvard University; serves on the board of the Society of Catholic Scientists[47]
- Karin Öberg (1982–) – her Öberg Astrochemistry Group discovered the first complex organic molecule in a protoplanetary disk; serves on the board of the Society of Catholic Scientists[47]
- Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598) – created the first modern atlas and theorized on continental drift
- Jean-Michel Oughourlian (1940- ) – Armenian-French neuropsychiatrist and psychologist; President of the Association of Doctors of the American Hospital of Paris; honorary member of the Association Recherches Mimétiques
- Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) – French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and philosopher
- Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) – father of bacteriology[3][59]
- Christopher J. Payne (1988–) – biology professor at Malone University and long-term forest ecologist[60]
- Pierre Joseph Pelletier (1788–1842) – co-discovered strychnine, caffeine, quinine, cinchonine, among many other discoveries in chemistry[61]
- Georg von Peuerbach (1423–1461) – called the father of mathematical and observational astronomy in the West[62]
- Gabrio Piola (1794–1850) – Italian physicist and mathematician who made fundamental contributions to continuum mechanics
- Michael Polanyi (1891–1976) – Hungarian polymath, made contributions to physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy
- Giambattista della Porta (1535–1615) – Italian polymath, made contributions to agriculture, hydraulics, military engineering, and pharmacology
- Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998) – Croatian-Swiss organic chemist, winner of the 1975 Nobel Prize for chemistry
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) – awarded the Nobel Prize for his contributions to neuroscience
- Giancarlo Rastelli (1933–1970) – Pioneering cardiac surgeon at the Mayo Clinic who developed the Rastelli procedure; he is a Servant of God in the Catholic Church
- René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757) – scientific polymath known especially for his study of insects
- Francesco Redi (1626–1697) – his experiments with maggots were a major step in overturning the idea of spontaneous generation
- Henri Victor Regnault (1810–1878) – chemist with two laws governing the specific heat of gases named after him[63]
- Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro (1853–1925) – one of the founders of tensor calculus
- Norbert Rillieux (1806–1894) – a French-speaking Creole, one of the earliest chemical engineers and inventory of the multiple-effect evaporator
- Gilles de Roberval (1602–1675) – mathematician who studied the geometry of infinitesimals and was one of the founders of kinematic geometry
- Clemens C. J. Roothaan (1918–2019) – physicist known for developing the Roothaan equations
- Frederick Rossini (1899–1990) – Priestley Medal and Laetare Medal-winning chemist[64]
- Paolo Ruffini (1765–1822) – Italian mathematician who contributed to the Abel–Ruffini theorem and described Ruffini's rule
- Paul Sabatier (chemist) (1854–1941) – awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work improving the hydrogenation of organic species in the presence of metals
- Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant (1797–1886) – remembered for Saint-Venant's principle, Saint-Venant's theorem, and Saint-Venant's compatibility condition; given the title Count by Pope Pius IX in 1869
- Theodor Schwann (1810–1882) – founder of the theory of the cellular structure of animal organisms
- Ignaz Semmelweis (1818–1865) – early pioneer of antiseptic procedures, discoverer of the cause of puerperal fever
- J. Wolfgang Smith (1930–) – mathematician, physicist, and philosopher of science
- George Sperti (1900–1991) – inventor of Preparation H hemorrhoid medication, the Sperti Ultraviolet Lamp, and Aspercreme; co-founder of the Institutum Divi-Thomae and of the Basic Science Research Laboratory of the University of Cincinnati
- Horatio Storer (1830–1922) – physician; founder of the Gynaecological Society of Boston, the first medical society devoted exclusively to gynecology; leader of the "physicians' crusade against abortion"
- Karl Stern (1906–1975) – German-Canadian neurologist and psychiatrist; lecturer in neuropathology and assistant neuropathologist at the Montreal Neurological Institute
- Miriam Michael Stimson (1913–2002) – American Adrian Dominican Sister, chemist, and the second woman to lecture at the Sorbonne; played a role in the history of understanding DNA
- Louis Jacques Thénard (1777–1857) – discovered hydrogen peroxide and contributed to the discovery of boron[65]
- Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647) – inventor of the barometer
- Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli (1397–1482) – Italian mathematician, astronomer and cosmographer
- Richard Towneley (1629–1707) – mathematician and astronomer whose work contributed to the formulation of Boyle's Law
- Louis René Tulasne (1815–1885) – biologist with several genera and species of fungi named after him
- Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1763–1829) – discovered the chemical element beryllium
- Urbain Le Verrier (1811–1877) – mathematician who predicted the discovery of Neptune
- Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) – father of modern human anatomy
- François Viète (1540–1603) – father of modern algebra[66]
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) – Renaissance anatomist, scientist, mathematician, and painter
- Vincenzo Viviani (1622–1703) – mathematician known for Viviani's theorem, Viviani's curve and his work in determining the speed of sound
- Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) – physicist known for the invention of the battery[4]
- Wilhelm Heinrich Waagen (1841–1900) – geologist and paleontologist who provided the first example of evolution described from the geologic record, after studying Jurassic ammonites[67]
- James Joseph Walsh (1865–1942) – dean and professor of nervous diseases and of the history of medicine at Fordham University; Laetare Medal recipient
- Karl Weierstrass (1815–1897) – often called the father of modern analysis[68]
- Anna Wierzbicka (1938–present) – linguist, founder of the Natural Semantic Metalangauge (NSM), based at the Australian National University (ANU), her research was cited more than 41,000 times [69]
- E. T. Whittaker (1873–1956) – English mathematician who made contributions to applied mathematics and mathematical physics
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768) – one of the founders of scientific archaeology
- Bertram Windle (1858–1929) – anthropologist, physician, and former president of University College Cork
- Jacob B. Winslow (1669–1760) – convert to Catholicism who was regarded as the greatest European anatomist of his day [70]
- Antonino Zichichi (1929–) – Italian nuclear physicist, former President of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare[71][72]
- Gregory Zilboorg (1890–1959) – Ukrainian-American psychiatrist and historian of psychiatry[73]
See also
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